ä̸꤬ɸФץåϡĿͤǤϤʤҲǤ롥ȤΤϡطʤˤ̤Ȥ꤬뤫ꥹǤϾĴ¤ƤƤħϤȤϤ̤ϺĤäƤ롥αؤƤåȥɤΥ饹 Glaswegian Ȥ̾⤤¤ȼѸäƤꡤȤƤĥ饹̱ΤʤˤץåļԤ⤤롥ꥹ٤СܤξǤϤʤܤǤ2--3ΤǶޤ̤ϸäߤǤ⡤ɽäˤ뤳ȤϾʤʤäȤϤ;϶ĤäƤ롥üԸĿͤʤпϤˤȤ礭ץå餫ηƤĿͤϾʤʤ褦˻פ롥
Ʊ褦⼫֤ȤǤʤ¾塤ޤ줿Ȥ˷ޤäƤޤΤǤ롥줽ΤΤϸŷŪ˳ȤϤϼ֤ȤǤʤȤǡȩοȱʤɤηŪħƱ褦ˡ֤äޤ줿ΡפǤ롥Ǻ̤ȤȤϡ褢äƤϤʤʤŪħȤϰۤʤꡤϼǡֶǤפȤǽ⤷ʤDzءֶפ٤ʤΤǤ롥ꤵƤΤϡ̾ζ̸ɸȤҿΤȤȡ̸ɸ줬ꤵƤʤСֶפȤǰ⤢ꤨʤ̤ץåʤ̤ץåκˤϡɸդ줿ҿȡ˽٤Ȥ礭ʼҲΰϤ롥üԸĿͤǤϤʤҲȹͤʤ
ܤˤ̤ץåεϡʹߤɸȤʤ붵˵롥ϤޤФȤʷϵꡤܤ˸ɸβĤϹԤʤäդ꤫̱²ռιޤȤȤ˹μʤȤɸؤνФ褦ˤʤäгŪʶĥƹ˵Ϥ褦ˤʤȤΤϡˤ귿ѥǤ롥Τ褦ɸ춵餬Ϥ˿ʤ졤֤ȤǤ䤷ʤ줿cf. #1741. ȤƤȳ (1) ([2014-02-01-1])#1784. ([2014-03-16-1])ˡβѤΡΤȤݤ̱ΰռ˿߹ޤ졤塤ߤ˻ޤǤν뤳ȤʤĤäƤʰʾ塤ġpp. 110--18 ȡˡ
ꥹˤϡҤΤȤꡤܤΤΤǤ롥ϡṲ̄ץåˤܤǤϤ100ǯۤɤǤΤФꥹǤ300--400ǯۤɤ⤢뤫ˤĤƤϡεǡ
𡡡ܤ١ȽŹҴȿӡ1958ǯ
դˤϡformality Υ٥뤬¸ߤ롥ܸȤˤ⡤줬ǽŪ˸ŪʰʪդͽǤС㤨д˴ְ㤤Τʤ褦ĤʤɡʤդʧΤ̤Ǥ롥ŻҥʸϤʤɤǤϡʪϳʼ٤뤳Ȥ¿ӥͥʤŪŪʤζʸϤǤäƤæʤɤϷ褷ƾʤʤŪʥʸϤǤСʤæʤɤΩĤȤϡïиƤȤǤ롥ˡʬɤळȤΤʤ˺ϿʤɤǤϡʸˡƤꡤŬ˻Ȥäꤹ롥⤷ͤ˸졤äƤȻŦ줿ȤƤ⡤䤿ϤϸǤϤʤάʽˤʤȿʤդˤϡˡδȤ̤μȤơformality δγʼάȤ롥ϸѸǤƱǤ롥
Ѹˤֻɸಽȸ경塹ȿʹԤƤ17--18ˤ⡤ƱäֻˤϡȤ̤μȤ formality μ¸ߤƤAddison, Dryden, Swift, Johnson ʤʸͤϡ1ĤθꤷֻDZѸȤĥˡεϤΩ褦ȤϤޤǸŪʸϤ˸ꤵƤȤΤϡ修ʤɤǤϡɤ줿ֻˤѤƤǤ롥Swift ¾ͤμˤֻˤϸäˤ⤫餺 jail/gaol, hear/here/heer, college/colledge ʤɤɤƤJohnson ϼǤֻθ경ˤäŪʽʪǤ complete/compleet, pamphlet/pamflet, dos/do's/does ѰۤJohnson Ǥ顤修ˤƤä˸ˡɬפƤʤäΤǤ롥Horobin (157) ϡ17--18ˤ뤳ξˤĤơʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Rather being a marker of literacy or education, non-standard spellings in private letters seem to have been considered a marker of relative formality. These private spellings do not appear in printed works, which follow the accepted standard spelling conventions.
ξϡ¿쾯ʤ19ʹߡߤޤ³ƤȤäƤǤϤʤդˤĤƤϡˡ formality ꡤ뤤ϸȤƱƤϤʤʤȤȤ
ȤȤǤСԥ塼ǤΤȤ¿ʤäƤŪʥƤȤǤ顤ȾмưŪ˥ڥåѴʸʤɤΥåǽư褦ˤʤäƤĤƤϿǡȼԤäƤŪʥåǽߡԥ塼ˤäƻŪʽʪΰˤƤƤȤˡл뤹뵬ϼŪΩοͤˤȤäƤϡΤ褦ʼưåǽ¸ߤ˾ޤפΤ⤷ʤˡθȤ⤤뤫 Swift Johnson Ǥ顤ΤεϤβĤˤפΤǤϤʤפȤɬפˤʤΤϸŪʸ̮ˤƤǤꡤŪʸ̮ǤפⶵΤ©줷롥ȾưǺư륹ڥåѴظ˹Ƥ뼭βʤΤϤΤȾХ֥åܥåȤʤäƤǡˡפפƤȤȤϡͤƤߤ©줷Ф꤫鴶롥Swift Johnson θζ̤ϡƳQŪäƤΤ⤷ʤ
դؤοβȤˤĤƤϡ#1844. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä (2) ([2014-05-15-1]) Ȥ줿
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
16ˤˡ (orthography) ꡤMulcaster Ȥ "right writing" ꤬줿cf. #1407. Ѹ3Ĥ ([2013-03-04-1])ˡѸֻϡˤƱͤˤǤ˺𤷤ƤޤƤβѲˤȯֻЪΥꡤޤޤɽŪǤʤʤäĿͥ٥ǤϤֻηϤռƤĿͤĶ٥ǤϤޤ경ƤʤäĤϥƥˡäδ줿ãˤϡ⤦1ۤɤλ֤ߤɬפäʲȤ Baugh and Cable (208--14) εҤ˰͵16ˡᤰ⤹롥
Ŀͥ٥ǤϰӤֻηϤܻؤ줿ȽҤ٤ΤʤˤϻŪˤȤɤޤΤ⤢СǤƸˤΤ⤢äŪȤƤϡŵؼԤǤä John Cheke (1514--57) ϡĹ첻첻2Ĥ֤뽬 (ex. taak, haat, maad, mijn, thijn) <e> 뽬 (ex. giv, belev) <y> <i> Ѥ뽬 (ex. mighti, dai) ޤRichard Stanyhurst Virgil (1582) ˺ݤơĹΤɽ魯ֻηϤФ㤨 thee, too, mee, neere, coonning, woorde, yeet ʤɤ֤ä
Ūˤ줿Τϡ1558ǯ˽Ǥ줿ƿ̾ An A. B. C. for Children Ǥ롥Ǥ첻Ĺ <e> (ex. made, ride, hope) ʤɤƤ뤬ۤοǤΤߤԽʬʰäŪʻߤȤƺǽ˵Τϡŵؼ Thomas Smith (1513--77) ˤ1568ǯ Dialogue concerning the Correct and Emended Writing of the English Language Smith ϥե٥åȤ34ʸ䤷Ĺ첻դʤɤϥƥǽ줿ᡤڤ뤳ȤϤʤä
ǯ1569ǯ³1570ǯJohn Hart (c. 1501--74) An Orthographie A Method or Comfortable Beginning for All Unlearned, Whereby They May Bee Taught to Read English ǤHart ϡ<ch>, <sh>, <th> ʤɤŻ ((digraph)) ФüʸƤʤɤSmith λߤƱ͡ŪˤˡޤȤ˼뤳ȤϤʤä
1580ǯWilliam Bullokar (fl. 1586) Booke at large, for the Amendment of Orthographie for English Speech ˽ФSmith Hart οʸƳԤ˽äȤȿ̶դȤΥե٥åȤΤߤֻפܻؤ˥ȵ桤ݥȥեʤɤˤߤʤʸղäᡤ̤Ȥ Smith Hart Ʊʾɤߤˤ٤ˡǤäƤޤä
Smith, Hart, Bullokar ϩϡ17ˤ³1634ǯCharles Butler (c. 1560--1647) The English Grammar, or The Institution of Letters, Syllables, and Woords in the English Tung Ǥ <e> ˵դΥݥȥեѤꡤ<th> <t> դˤʸȤäꤷʾ塤Smith Butler ޤǤεŪɽֻפϤ⼺Ԥ˽ä
嵭εɤФơݼɡɡ뤤Ťֻ경δĤФȤ븽¨ɤȤǤƤ֤٤ϩͼԤϡRichard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ǤʤαѸ˾νʪˤĤƤϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) mulcaster γƵǰäƤˡֻФϡֻȯΤˤɽ路ʤפäܼŪʲˡϤʤΤ顤δŪֻˤƤ⤦褤ΤˤǽŪʵϤϿ͡뤳ȤȤ٤Ǥ롥 The First Part of the Elementarie (1582) ˤơĤƤФƤ롥<fetch> <scratch> <t> ¸ٻ<glasse> <confesse> θ <e> ¸ٻ <e> ˤĤƤϡ#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʵ§Ƥ
#1387. 츻ŪֻκѤ17 ([2013-02-12-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡMulcaster Ƥɬɸಽ줿ֻȿǤƤ餺ȾʾȿǤƤˡʬŪɾܸꤹ뤫⤷ʤǤֻפϩɤ鲺ɤإեȤӤǧƤ褤βϩ English Schoole-Master (1596) Edmund Coote (fl. 1597) The English Grammar (1640) Ben Jonson (c. 1573--1637) ˰Ѥ졤Edward Phillips ˤ The New World of English Words (1658) ˽Ф17ȾФޤǤˤϡֻθ경ܴۤλ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
˴ؤƤ (40--64) ܤؤͭѤǤ롥
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
졡رѸػˡ١Ѹ13罤۽Ź1975ǯ
Mesthrie and Rakesh (12--17) ˡ"INTEGRATING NEW ENGLISHES INTO THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPLEX" ꤹϤꡤWorld Englishes 뤤 New Englishes ȤŪʻαѸˤΤȤ館Ƥꡤ
ѸγȻϡͭ˰鸽ߤޤǡ4Ĥ crossings ˤʹԤƤȤ1 crossing ϡ5ȾФޥ̱²֥ƥϤäƤΰܽάؤʳ顤ݥȥ˥뤢뤤ϥݥȥ۵褦ʣαѸѼ¿֡ܿǤ¸ߤƤʣαѸѼȤƤϡ²²塼²ʤɤδ֤̱²Ѽζ̤ܽ餫餢äܽϰѼҲѼȯãߤ줿¿֤ӸܿȤƤϡظȤƤΥȸαƶظȤƤΥƥȤܿ˵ظȤƤθťΥɸȤκʤɤŦ롥ȥˤäƤϡ1000ǯ˱Ѹ˾ƽդɸबȯŸ³ΥޥˤषοϡѸɸѼ "the first decline" ȸƤ٤ (13)
2 crossing ϡѸ1164ǯ Henry II ɤݤΡѸγȻؤΤȤѸ줬ɤذܿ줫̤ȤƤ夹뤳ȤϤʤäषɤο̱ԤϥɤƱƤ椭Ѹ⼺줿ܤϡ#1715. Ireland ˤѸˡ ([2014-01-06-1]) Ȥ줿
Ѹ줫ѸˤơѸ˾2ܤνդɸಽưɤˤȯɸѼϡʹߡߤ˻ޤǡѸˤøŪϰ̤Ƥ20äƤΥꥫѼȯŸˤꡤޤ20Ⱦߤ褦ˤʤäɸѼ狼æ뷹ѼĹˤꡤøŪϰ̤Ū˲äƤƤ롥ϰ̤㲼ϡɤδߤСѸɸѼ "a second decline" (16) ȸƤ٤"a second decline" ˤƤϡ"the first decline" ΤȤΤ褦ɸѼ綠ΤΤ䤨櫓ǤϤʤȤդϤޤ¸ߤ³ƤꡤꥫѼ䤽¾ѼȤδ֤Ūϰ̤㲼ƤȤˤʤ
ǡѸʹߤϡˤϤο̱ϻۤŸƤѸγȻˤĤƤϡ#1700. ꥹȯαѸγȻǯɽ ([2013-12-22-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥Ǥ¿夲ƤѸϤΥꥹʤȥꥫˤηǤ뿢̱ϼΤȤǡΥ뤳ȤˤʤäΥˤϡȤƤαѸѼ郎üԤȤȤ˰ܿ줿 ("colonies of settlement") ⤢СкŪŪȤ뿢̱ϻۤˤƱѸ줬2Ȥƽ줿 ("colonies of exploitation") ⤢äԤ the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, St. Helena, the Falklands ʤɤΤ ENL ϰ衤Ԥϥեꥫ䥢Τ ESL ϰбʡ#177. ENL, ESL, EFL ϰΥꥹȡ ([2009-10-21-1]) ӡ#409. ̱ϲͼǤߤ World Englishes ʬ ([2010-06-10-1]) ȡˡƤο̱ϻۤäƤʤݸΤȤƤϰ̤и Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq ʤɤǤϡESL EFL ŪʱѸѼ郎ߤ롥ޤ20ʹߤϱƤο̱ϻۤˤľŪˤϷиƤʤȤ⡤ܡϤϤǡEFL 뤤 ELF ȤƤαѸѼ郎ؤФƤ롥ǤϡѸüԤοưɬȼʤѸ4 crossing äƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤѸ˾ơѸȤ줬üԤ̤ΰưȼ鷺˳ȻƤΤ
Ѹ˾4Ĥ crossings ˤϤ줾˰㤤ߤ뤬Ȥ櫓ݥȥ4 crossing ռǡ crossings ֤ȡѸ˵ҤΤοƶΤǤϤʤλ¤ϡꥹˤ˴ѤȤ̤Ȥ롥
Mesthrie, Rajend and Rakesh M. Bhatt. World Englishes: The Study of New Linguistic Varieties. Cambridge: CUP, 2008.
ѸˤǤϡդɸಽδäϡ14Ⱦ15ˤƤΥɥۤ줿ȹͤƤ롥ܥ֥Ǥϡ#306. Samuels ѸȯãȤɸ4ס ([2010-02-27-1])#929. ѸɸδפȤʤäͳ ([2011-11-12-1])#1228. ѸˤˤɸѸȯŸȳΩäơ ([2012-09-06-1])#1245. ʣŪβȤƤνȤɸѸȯŸ ([2012-09-23-1]) ʤɤεǼ夲Ƥ
λθ塤ѸˤưѤƳȯŸȤ⡤ֻɸಽή˴ŪʱƶڤܤȹͤƤ롥#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡǶϤΰոФưФƤ뤬ʤȤѸ˾ΥߥȤƤϡѤоλֻɸಽˤ䤫˿ʤǤȤϤ褽ŤʤäƤ롥
Ѹ줫ѸˤƤΤλˡäդǤѲ¿äƤ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; [2009-11-18-1]) ɮƬˡ#1290. ۻۻ⤿餷üΰ ([2012-11-07-1]) ǵ褦ʼλҲξüʹԤƤäդѲƤˤ⤫餺դɸಽƤȤȤϡ˾ȸ虜ʤǡḽѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) Ƥޤä
Τ褦ήؤơѸֻɸಽϡ˾塤ʥߥƤޤäȤ롥Ѳդ®ȤֺϡʬŪˤϡȤֺбƤȤߤ뤳ȤǤΰ̣ǤϤˤƤ뤳ȤϡˤǤȤȤǤ⤢Τ⤷ʤΤСѸˤˤֻɸಽϡδä14--15ۤ줿Ȥ¤ǤʤȤ°ɥϤۤ줿Ȥ¤ˤطƤ롥Horobin (84--85) ŦƤ褦ˡƱ椷ƤäݼŪäΥɥֻɸಽδפ˿줿Ȥΰ̣礭
㤨СǤϡ<gh> ʤɤֻɽ蘆Ƥ /ç, x/ ϤǤ̵ȤʤäƤꡤ"knight" <nit>, "doughter" <datter> ʤɤ֤ƤǤϤλҲϤޤƤ餺ä <gh> ֻ¸졤ḽɸŪֻ <knight>, <doughter> Τʤ˸경뤳Ȥˤʤä /ç, x/ ξüȤѲϸؤڤΤǡɡɸŪֻ <nit> Ȥʤ뤫 <knight> Ȥʤ뤫κϡֺǤȤȤǤȤͤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ɸಽ <wh> ֻˤĤƤƱȤ롥ĤǤǤ /h/ ƤݼŪʥɥȯˤƤ /h/ ݤƤˡɸŪֻΤʤˤ <h> ȤƸ경뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤäŪɾСȯˤĤƤϿŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤꡤֻˤĤƤݼŪŪʤΤ¿ɸδפȤʤäȤϢơѸθѲΡ̤ءפȾŤˤĤơ#941. ѸθѲϤʤ̤ŤΤ ([2011-11-24-1]) ӡ#1843. conservative radicalism ([2014-05-14-1]) Ȥ줿
ʤ /x/ ˴ؤơǤ /f/ ؤȯŸdough ʴˤб duff ʥաʴθǤץǥˤؼѤ줿㤬ʡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ⻲ȡˡΤ褦ȯֻȤδط̩Ǥ㤬ä¿äʤСḽɸŪֻäľʤΤˤʤäȤϤꡤѸֻɸಽˤϡ֤Ǥʤ֤⺮äƤ롥
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
#583. ɥĸ켰̾ƬʸѤϱѸˤ⤢ä ([2010-12-01-1]) ˤ褦ˡAddison, Dryden, Swift ʤɤγ17--18ˤϡ̾θƬʸϤäνμݤϥɤȤʤ̾ʸ뤳Ȥä̾ǤвǤʸȤHorobin (157) ˤСδظˤϿβäȤ
The convention seems to have been for a writer to leave the business of spelling to the compositors who were responsible for setting the type for printed texts. This practice led to the introduction of a distinctive feature of punctuation found in this period: the capitalization of nouns. This practice has its origins in an author's wish to stress certain important nouns within a piece of writing. Because ultimate authority for spelling and punctuation lay with compositors, who were often unable to distinguish capital letters from regular ones in current handwriting, they adopted a policy of capitalization of nouns by default.
#1829. եƥȤ3Ĥεǽ ([2014-04-30-1]) εǻȤ (45--46) ϡȼԤˤƤƥȤνǽ˱ƶڤܤƤ뤳ȤŦƤ롥
줿ƥȤǤϡǽΥǤʬŪˡǽΥǤϤۤȤɤäѤ黺ȵФƽɬϤ⤿ʤ¤Ϥ椨ˡʬܤ줿ΤɤȤϡʬǽΤȤ̤ܤˤƤ봶ΤǤ롥줿ΤФƤ븢Ҥγˤ롥
θ塤̾θƬϤ٤ʸȤˡδĹ³Ĥɸಽ뤳ȤϤʤäդɸಽˤ뿢ȤŪˤդƤɬפʤǶθǤϰȼԤνɸಽؤδͿ⾮˸Ѥ뷹ǧ뤬δͿΤΤǧƤ櫓ǤϤʤβϴְ㤤ʤäϢơcat:printing standardisation ΤĤεȤ줿
ѸǤǤڤˤʤä̾ʸδϥɥĸǤɸಽƤ롥ϥɥĸˤˤϰŤǯ8 Oslo ؤdz줿 ICHL 21 (International Conference on Historical Linguistics) ˻äޤˡɥĸˤ뤳ζˡȯŸˤĤƤθȯɽꡤ̣İ긵˻ĤäƤˤȡɥĸǤ16--17ˤδȯŸǽ餫餹٤Ƥ̾줬ʸ줿櫓ǤϤʤ[+animal] ΰ̣̾줫Ϥޤꡤ[+agentive], [+material] ʤɤνǿʹԤȤŪˤ⡤ȤƤΤۤŪȤƤ̾ʸᤫäȤֻѲóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ˽ΤȴؿΤФƤ롥
ˤʸȾʸζ̤ȯˤĤƤϡ#1309. ʸȾʸ ([2012-11-26-1]) ȡ
Horobin, Simon. Does Spelling Matter? Oxford: OUP, 2013.
١롦 衡ʸȥߥ˥١ҡʸ˥ӡ1988ǯ
٤ƤθϸŪˤϤۤʿȤäƤ褤ҲŪˤͥΤ¤Ǥ롥ǤϡҲŪͥϲˤäƷޤΤ㤨Сɸಽ줿ѼȡȸƤФɸŪѼȤ٤СԤΤۤͤ⤤ȤߤʤΤǡɸಽƤ٤פ餷Ȥ狼뤬Ʊ٤ɸಽƤѸȥ륺Ȥ٤˱ѸΤۤҲŪΩ줬Ϥ뤫˹⤤ΤϲˤΤüԤʤˤ⤫餺ƥ˲֤ͤƤΤϤʤȤ⡤ɸಽ٤ȤǤ¬뤳ȤǤʤ
μҲŪʲͤ˴ؤ7Ĥ°ƤƤ롥1976ǯ Bell ƤΤǡWardhaugh (31--39) ⤷ƤΤǡ褦7Ĥ°Ȥϡstandardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, de facto norms Ǥ롥
(1) standardization: 줬ɸಽϲƤ١ɸϡ̾ʸˡʸؤȼäƤꡤҲŪʸŪŪξħȤƵǽ롥̾ˤѤǤ⤢롥ѸˤĤƤϡ#1396. "Standard English" Ȥϲ ([2013-02-21-1]) ȡ
(2) vitality: ȯʸ춦ƱΤ¸ߤƤ뤫ݤѹˤ Manx Cornish Τ褦ʥȷϸϤǤ˻ȤʤäƤꡤüԶƱΤ¸ߤʤΤǡvitality ʤȤȤˤʤ롥ŵꥷƥüԤ¾夤ʤΤ vitality ϤʤȤ뤬θŵϸˤʸŪʱƶϤäƤ뤿ˡManx Cornish ξȤ϶̤٤
(3) historicity: θ춦ƱΤĹˤͭƤȴƤ١ӥνѼüԤϡĹˤͭơθ˸ҤǧϡȷӤĤ뤳ȤˤäƼҲŪʲͤӤӤ롥
(4) autonomy: ¾Ѽ狼ΩƤꡤλʤǸȤߤʤ١Ѽ郎ΩƤ뤫¸Ƥ뤫ɬҴŪʤΤǤϤʤŪʴǤ뤳Ȥ¿δˤĤƤϡ#1522. autonomy heteronomy ([2013-06-27-1]) ӡ#1523. Abstand language Ausbau language ([2013-06-28-1]) εȡ
(5) reduction: Ѥ䵡ǽ̾Ƥ١(4) Ω복ǰǤ heteronomy ˤᤤ㤨Сԥʤɤϲ̤쵡ǽμबɸ٤ƾʤ
(6) mixture: 줬礷ƤǤ١ŪʸѤĿ͡ˤȤäơ¾줫μѸä¿Ѽϡͤ㤤Ѽ˸롥ŵŪˤϡԥϲͤ㤯줬Ǥ롥
(7) de facto norms: üԤεϤ˽Ȥ١ˤäȸääȹͤ뵬ϼζ
ϡüԤФɾδȸƤ褤
ָפȸƤФҲŪͤι⤤ѼǤо7Ĥ°ˤĤƹäƤ롤Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤѼ老Ȥ˳°ͤϰۤʤΤ̤ʾͤ°οȼޤޤ°ͤȤ߹碌Ū˹⤤Ѽ郎ҲŪ˲ͤѼȤߤʤ䤹ָפȸƤФ䤹ȤȤȹͤ롥ʤ7°ϡ#1519. ҲŪؤƻ ([2013-06-24-1]) ˷ǤɽΤʤμҲŪ°ȡʬŪӤǤ롥
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 6th ed. Malden: Blackwell, 2010.
20Ⱦ˼ҲؤȯŸƤʤǡȤʬäƤ#1380. micro-sociolinguistics macro-sociolinguistics ([2013-02-05-1]) ѸȤƶ̤ macro-sociolinguistics ˴ޤޤ1ʬǤ롥ˤȼ̤롥ظȤϲ٤路ϡŪˤϤȤ餺ǤŪΩۤ褦ȤӤƤʲˤĤƤϡ[2013-02-06-1]ε#1381. "interventionist" sociolinguisticsפȡˡ
ϸϤˤ֤δؤβˤĤƤƤ뤬ޤŪˤȤɤޤäƤ롥٥롤ˡƤ顤ʲΤ褦ʬࡦ (69)
٥
* Ū٥
- Ū
- Ū
- ϰŪ
* ˡŪ٥
- ˡ
- ˡ
-
-
- ʤ
ˡ
* Ū
* Ū
*
* λˡ
* ʸ
Ƥ3ˤĤά⤹ȡ֤ؤβˤϡɽˡκñꥹȤʤɤ㤬ޤޤ롥λˡ˴ؤϡ˱ƲäʤФʤʤꡤؤκȸꤹΤΤǤ롥ʸȤǤϡݸΤ褦ʾ̤ϰ̤˰夲ꡤɤθݸ뤳Ȥʤɤꤹ (66)
ȤϡɤΤ褦ʥ٥롤ˡƤǤ졤켫Ȥ뤤üԤȿȤ븫⤢롥ºݡؼԤΤʤˤŪʰոĤΤ⾯ʤʤϤεˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤롥
ؤˤСˡˤäƺΤǤϤʤˤüԤμλʪǤꡤŪҲŪʰϤѲ롥ȤŪʤȤˡʹ֤ϸؤäƸѲβ˲ʪήѤơѲߡƯ褦ȤΤ(75)
ˤϡΤ褦ˤҤ١Ф뿵Ť٤Ƥ롥
γǰΤΤꤲκȤϡʹ֤Ϥɤ٤ޤǰĤθΥѥʣθѤδط˲ǤΤȤΤǤ롥¿㤫餳βǽȤȤ狼뤬ɬפΤΤˡ줬ƤƤ褦ˡͷΥѥȥޥǵǽƤꡤˤȤΤΤʤ̵ޤ줿ΤؼԤԤμ¸ΤʤǺ褦ȤƤ롥ޤˤϼԤ⤢ꡤºݤˤ֤Ĥ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ͷΥѥȥޥϤθ³ãΤäơϤߤθϤʳظȤѲθ§ϡ˳Ѳ褦Ȥԡϡͤ˸줿ˤ롤ȤȤüԤˤΰȤ뤫⤷ʤ(147)
륤ˡ ԡˡظȤϲ١ҡ2000ǯ
Ѹֻ줢뤤¿ˤĤƤϡme_dialect spelling εʤɤǸڤƤֻɸಽϲƤ븽δФ餹ȿʤȤѸνɤϤDzȤäƤΤǤ롥ѸƥȤ˸礦θԤˤȤäƤϡºݾǺޤȤ¿#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1]) ǽҤ٤Ȥ֤
ѸΥƥȤɤͤϡǤΤˡϿƤֻĤƤʤФʤʤƥȤ˸ֻΤޤޤǼϿƤݾڤϤʤǤ롥٤ԺɡϿƤʤΤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ˤϡѼԤɸֻƤˤ⤫餺ºݤֻˤɸʤȤޤޤ꤬롥
θŪ褹٤ MED (Middle English Dictionary) ˻Ȥȡ#1178. MED Spelling Search ([2012-07-18-1]) ǰֻɽǽˤʤɡؤƤ櫓Ǥ롥
Ѹ¿ֻͤؤΤϡ˸θԤʤΤѸνɤ⡤Ƥ졤ϤؤϴƤΤǤϤʤ餳٤ФʤǤϤ뤬ˤֻɸಽܻؤ줿ΤǤϤʤֻɸಽˤĤƤ spelling standardisation γƵȡˡ
Crystal (227) ˤȡѸüԤϤؤƤȤ⤷롥15 Wycliffe οΥʱѸ˾ΥˤԤԤäե٥åȽˤ餶ʤä̵̾ԻԤϡֻηǤŪʤΤǤϤʤȤɼԤǤäƤɬפäΤǤ롥ʲϡ1425ǯ East Midland ΥƥȤǡBritish Library MS Royal 17.B ff. 5a--b Kuhn ι (272) Ѥ褦
Sumtyme þe same word & þe self þat is writen of sum man in oo manere is writen of a-noþir man in a-noþir manere. . . . Þese diuerse maneris of writyng ben to be considerid in þis concordaunce. ffor per chaunse, aftir my manere of writyng, sum word stondiþ in sum place, which same word, aftir þi maner of writying, shulde stonde in anoþir place. If it plese to ony man to write þis concordaunce, & him þenkiþ þat summe wordis ben not set in ordre aftir his conseit & his manere of writyng, it is not hard, if he take keep wiþ good avisement in his owne writyng, to sette suche wordis in such an ordre as his owne conseit acordiþ wel to.
ˤʤä顤ɼԤϼʬǥʤȸФθĴΤ褦˸Ҥ٤ʤФʤʤääΤ
Crystal, David. The Stories of English. London: Penguin, 2005.
Kuhn, Sherman M. "The Preface to a Fifteenth-Century Concordance." Speculum 43 (1968): 258--73.
ε#1433. 10θűѸƥȤʬۡ ([2013-03-30-1]) ǸűѸˤĤƳѤKentish ɸѸ˱ƶͿƤʲǽΤ2ĤۤɤߤƤߤɸ2˴ޤޤ첻 e Ǥ롥
ǤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1]) #563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1]) #570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1]) ǸںѤߤǤΤǡ첻ʻˤˤĤƤˤϤȤ줿ĤޤǤСűѸˤ West-Saxon y Anglian Ǥ i ˡKentish Ǥ e бȤ첻㤬äʬۤϤ褽Ѹؤۤ졤Ǥ <u> ֻ /y/ ȯԤʤ졤Ǥ <i> /ɪ/ Ǥ <e> /ɛ/ Ԥʤ줿ѸѸˤƤäȿʤֻɸಽ˺ݤƤϡɤ첻ʻˤ̤ȤФ줿ñˤäưۤʤäƤꡤֻȯδ֤Ǥפʤ⸽ƤޤäǤֻȯδطƤ busy bury ʤɤ㤬
嵭ɸಽβǡűѸ Kentish Ѹͳ褹첻ʻ<e> /ɛ/ Ѥ줿ϾʤΤΡ#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1]) ǵ褦 merry (West-Saxon myrig) knell (West-Saxon cnyllan) 롥Ǥϼ䤷Τǡɸ2äƤߤ
leftʺˤϴܸ졦ٸˤȸ츻 lift ʻ夲ˤƱǤ롥ΤȤ뤳ȤֵʼˡפȤĤʤΤǤϤʤȤWest-Saxon Ǥ lyftʶˤȤƸ뤬ֺפθϤäƤʤνФ1200ѸΤȤǤ롥MED Ǥϡlift (adj.) ȤƸФΩäƤ롥
̤ˤС#329. αȺ ([2010-03-22-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡleftʺˤϰĸǡּ夤פȤ캬̤ꡤleprosyʥϥ¡ˤʤɤƱȤʤ롥West-Saxon lyftādl (paralysis) 1ǤȤƴޤޤƤ뤳ȤФиڤ롥
θ츻Τˤ衤űѸ Kentish ͳ첻ʻˤѤƸɸѸ夷Ǥ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ
⤦1Ĥϡhemlockʥɥ˥ˤǤ롥ƥ˻餷ȿƤ롥West-Saxon Ǥ hymlic(e) ȤƸѸǤϡMED hemlok(e (n.) ȤƸФΩäƤ뤬ºݤˤϼ첻ʻˤdzǧ롥
Ƥ Kentish ɸѸǴΤƤȤäǤ
εǡ#1420. Johnson's Dictionary ħȳס ([2013-03-17-1]) Ҳ𤷤Samuel Johnson (1709--84) ϡѸ켭˾Τߤʤ餺Ѹ˾ǤפʿʪǤ롥λ (the Age of Reason) 18ϼο18Ҥʤ⡤ʴѼΩѸνաȤ櫓ֻˤɸಽ⤿餹Ȥ夬äΤǡJohnson ¿ʬŪʵϴѤΤȤϤäŪˤߤвơQХȤä碌ʸͤä
ʲǤϡThe Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language (1747) ڤ "The Preface to A Dictionary of the English Language" (1755) ΰѤˤꡤDr Johnson θѤΰüΤƤߤѤΥڡϡCrystal ˤ롥
Johnson ϡ2Ⱦˤ錄Ѹֻɸಽή˻¾νǤäʪȤߤƤ褤बѤˤϸ¼ŪʴѽŻϩä[2013-03-04-1]ε#1407. Ѹ3Ĥפ (2) ȡˡΰ٤ͺۤʪäƤ롥
When a question of orthography is dubious, that practice has, in my opinion, a claim to preference, which preserves the greatest number of radical letters, or seems most to comply with the general custom of our language. But the chief rule which I propose to follow, is to make no innovation, without a reason sufficient to balance the inconvenience of change; and such reasons I do not expect often to find. All change is of itself an evil, which ought not to be hazarded but for evidence advantage; and as inconstancy is in every case a mark of weakness, it will add nothing to the reputation of our tongue. ("Plan" 7)
ŪֻפԲǽäƤꡤǤãѤƤ뤫Τ褦Johnson ϡܼŪ˸ϼ˽ΤȤϡʹ֤δѤλʪǤȹͤƤ롥ΰѤǤϡQuintilian 礤˽Фơanomalist Ω餫ˤƤ[2012-12-03-1]ε#1316. analogist and anomalist controversy (2)פȡˡ
To our language may be with great justness applied the observation of Quintilian, that speech was not formed by an analogy sent from heaven. It did not descend to us in a state of uniformity and perfection, but was produced by necessity and enlarged by accident, and is therefore composed of dissimilar parts, thrown together by negligence, by affectation, by learning, or by ignorance. ("Plan" 11)
Johnson "Plan" (1747) "Preface" (1755) ޤǤδ֤ˡꤹ뤳ȤԲǽäȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥κȤ̤ơ겺ʴѼطФƤäΤǤ롥ʸϤϡJohnson Ѳ褯սȤơФʸ˰ѤƤ롥
Those who have been persuaded to think well of my design, require that it should fix our language, and put a stop to those alterations which time and chance have hitherto been suffered to make in it without oppositions. With this consequence I will confess that I flattered myself for a while; but now begin to fear that I have indulged expectation which neither reason nor experience can justify. When we see men grow old and die at a certain time one after another, from century to century, we laugh at the elixir that promises to prolong life to a thousand years; and with equal justice may the lexicographer be derided, who being able to produce no example of a nation that has preserved their words and phrases from mutability, shall imagine that his dictionary can embalm his language, and secure it from corruption and decay, that it is in his power to change sublunary nature, and clear the world at once from folly, vanity, and affectation. ("Preface" 37--38)
ʴѼȤϡθ경ȤۤФԤǰ˶ᤤȤ롥
If the changes that we fear be thus irresistible, what remains but to acquiesce with silence, as in the other insurmountable distresses of humanity? it remains that we retard what we cannot repel, that we palliate what we cannot cure. Life may be lengthened by care, though death cannot be ultimately defeated: tongues, like governments, have a natural tendency to degeneration; we have long preserved our constitution, let us make some struggles for our language. ("Preface" 40)
ͥοʸԤθ˽ä뤳Ȥˤäơܤ䤹Ѹ경Ȥ˾ϡ18ŪǤ롥Johnson ˤ⸽Ƥ뤳θѤ뤤ϸѲѤϡ19ӸؤȤȤˡޤۤʤä֤Ƥ椯褦ˤʤ롥
Johnson ϡѸˤΤߤʤ餺ػ˾1ʪä
Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. Selected, Edited and with an Introduction by David Crystal. London: Penguin, 2005.
Ѹä16ˤϱѸ礭꤬3ĤäBaugh and Cable (203) ɽڤС"(1) recognition in the fields where Latin had for centuries been supreme, (2) the establishment of a more uniform orthography, and (3) the enrichment of the vocabulary so that it would be adequate to meet the demands that would be made upon it in its wiser use" Ǥ롥
(1) 16ϡvernacular ǤѸ줬ƥƤʬؤȡεǽȲͤƤäǤ롥ȾФޤǤϡSir Thomas Elyot (c1490--1546), Roger Ascham (1515?--68), Thomas Wilson (1525?--81) , George Puttenham (1530?--90) ɽѸνꤿϡѸǽȤˤĤƤ "apologetic" äȾˤʤȤΤ褦ͤӤΩʤʤäƤ롥Ѹؤοϡä Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) "I love Rome, but London better, I favor Italie, but England more, I honor the Latin, but I worship the English." Ƥ롥
(2) ֻɸಽưϡSir John Cheke (1514--57), Sir Thomas Smith (1513--77; De Recta et Emendata Linguae Anglicae Scriptione Dialogus [1568]), John Hart (d. 1574; An Orthographie [1569]), William Bullokar (fl. 1586; Book at Large [1582], Bref Grammar for English [1586]) ʤɤˤŪɽŪʽƤͳơRichard Mulcaster (The First Part of the Elementarie [1582]), E. Coot (English Schoole-master [1596]), P. Gr. (Paulo Graves?; Grammatica Anglicana [1594]) ʤɤˤ벺ʴϩؤȸ줬ȤƼ˰Ȥλٻ夷
(3) #478. ѸΤ褦˼ڤƤϼΤƤ줿ƥ ([2010-08-18-1])#576. inkhorn term ȱѸ켭 ([2010-11-24-1])#1226. Ѹˤäǯʬۡ ([2012-09-04-1]) ʤɤεǷ֤Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡ16ϼȤƥƥ줫餪ӤμѸ줬ήͥʸͤ¿Sir Thomas Elyot Τ褦 "augment our Englysshe tongue" ܻؤΤǤ롥
vernacular ȤƤνѸ嵭3ĤطʤˤϡؤεʼҲѲäƤ Baugh and Cable (200) ȤСװ5Ĥä
1. the printing press
2. the rapid spread of popular education
3. the increased communication and means of communication
4. the growth of specialized knowledge
5. the emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language
ޤˡʸβ褦[2012-03-29-1]ε#1067. Ѹȸܸθüѡפ⻲ȡ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
16Ⱦ17ȾФˤơؼԤ䶵դˤѸֻפαưäդλϡ#441. Richard Mulcaster ([2010-07-12-1]) άҤĤޤǤ John Cheke (1514--57)Thomas Smith (1513--77), John Hart (d. 1574), William Bullokar (1530?--1590?) ʤɤȤɽ̾ΤȤ˵ŪʲפܻؤΤФ Richard Mulcaster (1530?--1611) ϴ¸ֻηϤ¤Ѥ벺ʲפܻؤ
ŪˡθֻɸಽϩϡMulcaster Τ褦ʲʲפ˱äΤȤʤäȤΤƤ롥Mulcaster ɤľŪˤθϩ˱ƶͿΤŪɾΤˤϲƤʤθ Francis Bacon (1561--1626) Dr Johnson (1709--84) ˤäƷѾ뤳Ȥˤʤ벺ϩʷϵ˹ȤȤϸ䤿ѤƤɸֻȤδطϤɤޤľŪʤΤ
ɾˤĤƻŦƤ٤ȤϡMulcaster ϡƥ䥮ꥷ˴Ť etymological respelling ʸʤɤԤʤäƤʤȤǤ롥Brengelman (351--52) Ѥ롥
Mulcaster omits d in advance, advantage, adventure, the c in victual, indict, and verdict, the g in impregnable and sovereignty, the n in convent, b in doubt and debt, h in hemorrhoids, l in realm, h in rhyme; he does not use th, ph, and ch in Greek words such as authentic, blaspheme, and choleric. Base-final t becomes c before certain suffixes---impacient, practiocioner, substanciall---and in general Mulcaster's spelling reflects the current pronunciation of words of Latin origin and in part their French spelling.
ѺǸˤƱեδŪֻ˽Ȥϡ1 Caxton ٤Ƥ礭ʰ㤤ϤʤȤˤʤ롥Caxton ΥեŪֻСactour; adjoust, adourer; adresse, emense; admiracion, commocyon, conionccion; publique, poloticque ʤɤ (Brengelman 352)
ɸֻˤߤ etymological respelling ˴ؤƤСϼȤ Mulcaster θλ塤17ˡؼԤμˤäƳΩ줿ȹͤƤ褤Brengelman (352) ϡ17 etymological respelling ѤͻҤEberhard Buchmann ʸ (Der Einfluß des Schriftbildes auf die Aussprache im Neuenglischen. Univ. of Berlin diss., 1940) ȤƤ롥
From the list of words Eberhard Buchmann assembled to show the influence of the written language on modern spoken English we can see some of the general rules seventeenth-century scholars followed in restoring Latin spellings: c is restored in arctic, -dict (indict), -duct (conduct), -fect (perfect); a is replaced by ad- (administer, advance, adventure); h is restored in habit, harmony, heir, heresy, hymn, hermit); l is restored in alms, adultery. Other letters lost in French are restored: p (-rupt) (corpse), r (endorse), s (baptism), n (convent), g (cognizance). Greek spellings (following Latin conventions) are also restored: ph in diphthong, naphtha; ch in schedule, schism; th in amethyst, anthem, author, lethargy, Bartholomew, Thomas, Theobald, to cite a few. Buchmann's investigation shows that most of these changes had been generally adopted by the beginning of the eighteenth century; modern pronunciation has adjusted itself to the spelling, not the reverse.
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
#1332. ѸȶѸֻηϤܼŪʺ ([2012-12-19-1]) άҤ褦ˡѸֻηϤ礭ħϡ logographic ȤȤǤֻɽ魯ȤܻؤƤꡤˤɽ¿쾯ʤ쵾ˤƤ롥ħȤϴˤ䤫ʷȸƤ֤٤Τ⤷ʤŪΤʵҤǤ롥Brengelman (346) ϡħʤ극ʤŪΤɽƤ롥
The specific characteristics of the theory of English spelling which finally emerged were the following: Each morpheme ought to have a consistent, preferably etymological spelling. Each morpheme ought to be spelled phonemically according to its most fully stressed and fully articulated pronunciation (thus n in autumn and damn, d in advance and adventure), and the etymology ought to be indicated in conventional ways (by ch, ps, ph, etc. in Greek words; by writing complexion---not complection---because the word comes from Latin complexus).
פˡǥ٥ǤϼȤƸ츻ȤưӤɽܻؤǥ٥Ǥ (1) ƤȯбȤˤȡ(2) 츻餫ˤ뤿δ˽Ȥˡ˱äɽܻؤȤȤǤ롥ḽֻηϤħ褯Ȥ館ǤϤʤ
̣ȤˡˤǤ褯ȿǤƤΤϡĹƷ줷ѸǤ롥դˤСѸ˥ƥ䥮ꥷ줫μѸ줬äȤطʤä餳ħȯƤȤȤ⤷ʤ˴ϢơBrengelman 2ĤεҤɤǤߤ褦
Of all the improvements on English spelling made by the seventeenth-century orthographers, none was more important than their decision to spell the English words of Latin origin in a consistent way. Schoolmasters explained the process as showing the historical derivation of the words, but it did more than this: it showed their morphology. It is this development which makes possible a curious fact about English spelling: the longer and more bookish a word is, the easier it is to spell. No rules would lead a foreigner to spellings such as build or one, but he should easily spell verification or multiplicity. (350)
[E]nglish spelling began to be increasingly ideographic as early as the fourteenth century, and by the sixteenth, when the majority of readers and writers knew Latin, understanding was actually enhanced by Latinate spellings . . . . (351)
Ū˥ƥϱѸ¿¿ͤʱƶͿƤޤ1ġѸֻɸಽβˤƤ礭ʱƶͿƤȤȤ狼
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
ε#1384. ֻɸಽ˹Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1]) ޤ ##297,871,1312,1384 γƵǡȼԤֻɸಽ˹Ȥ뽾ؤȿƱͤˡɤˤǽΰȼ William Caxton (c1422--91) ֻɸಽ˹ʤäȹͤ٤Brengelman (337--39) ˵Ĥġ
(1) Caxton ϡȤư˱ơľε²ΤߤоݤȤư˲ʤ100ĶȯԤȤϤʤ
(2) Caxton ϼ餬¿Խ꤬ȤͤƤ⡤ȤΤΤô뵡Ϥۤ¿ʤäϤǤ롥
(3) Caxton ʤֻϰӤƤ餺եֻζƶƤ롥Malory Morte d'Arthur ǤСCaxton ϤषֻֻǰƤ롥
(4) Caxton ˤƽФñǤ顤ɸֻȤϰۤʤֻǰƤ롥ŪˤϡCaxton ˽ФΥޥϼѸ1384Τ170줬ߤˤޤǻĤäƤ뤬Caxton ֻȸߤɸֻȤפΤϡ170줦57ΤߤǤ롥פʤȾֻˤĤƤ⡤17˵ʲ줿ֻ§ӤơϢ³ʤ
(5) Caxton Ʊ塤ƱμܤֻӤƤߤȡξԤΤ variation ʬۤ礭ʰ㤤ʤ
κʤ顤Brengelman (339) ϡ"[I]t can hardly be true that Caxton had a major direct role in standardizing (not to mention regularizing) English spelling" ȷƤ롥
ʲդäBrengelman (336, fn 9) ǤϡϥɥĸˤƤȼԤդȯŸä˹櫓ǤϤʤȤ븦椬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ롥ȼԤϡ̤αƶˤäȯãս§äʽή̤ȤǽʳˤƹˤŪϤޤǴŪʤΤǤȤƤ롥
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
Ѹ16--17ֻɸಽưȯ衤Ĭήطʤˤ15ȾΰѤƳäȤƤȤǯθˤȡѤƳľŪˤֻɸಽ˴ͿʤäΤǤϤʤȤǽ夬äƤε˴ؤƤϡ#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) #871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) #1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1]) Ǽ夲
Brengelman (333, 336) ˤȡȼԤֻɸಽ˹Ȥϡ餯20Ƭ George Philip Krapp ̤ꡤʹߤ¿θԤ˻ٻƤBrengelman ϡƱѶŪ˻ٻ뺬˳ष17ؼԤȶդϤˤȤ礭ȤơϤΤŸƤ롥ĹѤ褦 (Brengelman 354)
It thus seems clear that the extensive rationalization of English spelling which took place during the seventeenth century was the result of efforts by theoretical linguists and schoolmasters. There is no evidence at all that during the years when English spelling was being standardized the printing industry made any significant contribution to the process. The actual contribution of the printers to the evolution of English spelling seems to have been the following:
1. The elimination of most ligatures, abbreviatory symbols, and complementarily distributed letters. These spelling variants were eliminated in order to reduce the number of different sorts [type characters] constituting a particular alphabet.
2. Making possible the very wide distribution of texts exemplifying a particular selection of spellings. The English Bibles and Book of Common Prayer as well as certain school books issued by a very few publishing houses (a privilege granted by the King or Queen) may possibly have had an impact on the ultimate preference for certain spellings.
3. The reinforcement of modernizing, standardizing tendencies through the practice of bringing reprints and new editions into line with current spelling practice.
Thus English printers are seen to have played only an indirect role in the process of spelling rationalization that took place during the seventeenth century. In contrast, practically all of the spelling reforms urged by orthoepists and schoolmasters early in the century were adopted by authors during the middle years of the century. It is their effort which resulted in the vastly more rational spelling system that had become standard by the end of the century.
ֻɸಽΤϡȼԤΤ褦ʼ¶ȲȤäΤؼԤΤ褦ȤäΤ뤤ϡȼ路դǤϤ˸ȤȤʤΤ⤷ʤ
Brengelman, F. H. "Orthoepists, Printers, and the Rationalization of English Spelling." JEGP 79 (1980): 332--54.
ε#1311. ֻɸಽϤʤɬפ ([2012-11-28-1]) ȴϢơֻɸಽȰѤδطˤĤƺƹͤ#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1]) ȡ#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1]) εǡξԤؤ餫ˤˤĤơSchmitt and Marsden (160--61) ϰѤιٻոФƿҤ٤Ƥ롥
[A]lthough the new technology offered the opportunity for rapid standardization of orthography, in practice there is little evidence during the first hundred years of its use that printers were much concerned with such matters. As his own translations and the prefaces to his works show, Caxton himself was wildly inconsistent in his spellings. Within a few sentences in his prologue to Caton (c. 1484), for instance, we find boke, booke, and book, and lytel, lytell, and lytyl (and from another contemporary work of his we may add lityl and lityll). . . . The formative period of English spelling in fact lasted some 200 years; not until 1700 was the standard that we recognize today, with all its familiar conventions, just about in place.
Salmon (24) ƱͤˡCaxton ˻ϤޤꡤWynkyn de Worde, Robert Pynson, Robert Copland ʤɤΰؤȰѤ줿ѤνλˤϡӤֻؤδؿäȤƤ롥
In general . . . printers of the early sixteenth century demonstrate little obvious interest in working towards a standardised orthography. Their lack of concern has been well illustrated in a comparison . . . of five editions of Reynard the fox (1481, 1489, 1500, 1515 and 1550) in which it is difficult to discern any consistent progress towards a standard orthography . . . .
16ϡؤβϴǤ롥λͭ1ĤȤֻɸಽؤΤ⤬꤬ǧƤ⤬ǡƤȤäΤ⤷ʤǽŪβ1755ǯԤʤФʤʤä1ˤƤ⤽⤦100ǯۤɡ17ȾФޤԤʤФʤʤäΤǤ롥
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Salmon, Vivian. "Orthography and Punctuation." The Cambridge History of the English Language: Vol. 3 1476--1776. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 13--55.
ѸֻȤθؤαƶˤĤƤϡ##53,219,193,562ϤȤ뵭ǤȰäƤѸؽԤˤȤäơ[2009-06-20-1]ε#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤פǤߤ֤ϡȤʾˡפ碌Ʊ˶òǰŤֻȤΤ⡤Τ褦˴֤Ƥʤꡤݸ¤ʤƤ椯ΤȤȤǤ롥ºݤѸΥƥȤɤǤȡ֤ȤΤ˾ĴƤ椯Τ¤ǡɸबʤȤդϲȤʤΤȤФˤʤäƤ롥ʹƤ뤦˼ƤΤƱǡ֤ϤܤǸǤ뤫顤ܤФϤǰƳȵǽΤ
ȤϤäƤ⡤ؤ礭㤨СѸΥƥȤɤͤϡǤΤˡϿƤֻĤƤʤФʤʤƥȤ˸ֻΤޤޤǼϿƤݾڤϤʤǤ롥٤ԺɡϿƤʤΤ뤳Ȥ⤷ФФǤ롥ˤϡѼԤɸֻƤˤ⤫餺ºݤֻˤɸʤȤޤޤ꤬롥
ֻɸಽ˾ޤͳɬפȤͳϡͤԹʳˤ⤢롥Schmitt and Marsden (156--57) 3Ƥ롥
(1) դϡ֤ȶ̵֤ۤ˾뤿μʤǤ롥μʤ¤Ѥ褦ȤС٤ʰᤵϤǤ롥
(2) դˤϡäդäƤȿȤʤɤξã˴ؤ¿μʤ礱Ƥ롥äơդˤݤ뤿ˤϡ졤ʸˡֻʤɤΤᤵ롥
(3) դϡäդȤϰۤʤꡤտŪʶˤΤǤ롥ΤˡӤֻηϤ뤳ȤϽפǤ롥
(1) (2) ˤĤƤ writing medium γƵȡ̣Τϡ(1) (3) ֻɸಽɬפǤͳǤƱˡֻפߤͳǤ⤢ꡤޤ줬ܾۤ˼ԤͳȤʤäƤ뤳Ȥspelling_reform) γƵȡˡ٤ηϤǤˤ硤Ѥ褦Ȥ뤳Ȥϰ붲줬뤫
ºݤˡֻɸಽ϶ȤνפʻȤǤä㤨СȤľܤ˻Ȥ˻Ϳ뤫ݤ̤Ȥơ㳰ʤλȤФꥢեڥϤ줾1582ǯ1634ǯ1713ǯ˥ǥߡꡤɸŪֻɥĤǤ1901ǯˡǤ1883ǯ1947ǯˡ줾ܤˤäꥹǤϡJonathan Swift (1667--1745) 1712ǯƤǥߡΩ¸ʤäJohnson μν (1755) ĺȤ뼭ԻưϤˤꡤֻɸಽζȤ⡤嵭ͳǡֻɸಽΤǤ롥äơȤΰҿȤͳ1Ĥä
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
Ѹʹߡh ϾȯǤꡤֻȯȤδطˤƲ褷褷Ƥh ˤĤƤϡ#214. ʻҲ /h/ ([2009-11-27-1]) #459. ʻҲ /h/ (2) ([2010-07-30-1]) #494. hypercorrection ˤ h ([2010-09-03-1]) ϤȤ h γƵǼ夲Ƥ̤Ǥ롥Ѹ줫ѸˤƤ h ΰ֤ŤˤĤƤϡäȤΤƤ뤬ܺ٤Ϥ狼äƤʤξڵȤˡ¬Ƥ椯ʤѸʹߤˤ h ȯֻδطˤĤơSchmitt and Marsden (140) εҤ˱ä褦
űѸǤ h ϵ§ŪȯƤΥޥʹߡեѸ줬̤ήˤä h 礭ѲAnglo-Norman ΥեǤ /h/ ϤǤæƤꡤֻǤ erbe (= herbe) ost (= host) Τ褦 <h> 뤳Ȥä츻Ȥʤƥη herba, hostem h ޤޤƤȤ <h> ֤뤳ȤȤʤä˽Ѹˤʤ etymological_respelling Ǥ롥θ̤Ū h ĥեѸΤ˵ڤӡ/h/ ȯʤ <h> ֤¿αñ줬߽Ф줿ºݤˤϡȯˤ /h/ Υȥդθؤɤ٤γǵäƤΤΤΤϺæˤäȤڵϤȤ㤨С18ˡ⤽ h ʸȤߤʤƤ褤ΤȤɾ餢äȤ (Marsden 140--41)
ʾϡϼӤ줿18˵Ÿ롥/h/ æϡ㤤̵üԤħǤȤơҲŪ (stigmatisation) 줿ΤǤ롥 Thomas Sheridan (1719--88) Course of Lectures on Elocution (1762) ǡh-dropping "defect" ȸƤƤɾԤäʤۤɤޤǤ˵® stigmatisation ΤϤ狼äƤʤʹߡɸѸˤƤ <h> = /h/ δطΤȤ夷ɤ櫓 heir, honest, honour, hour 4ʥꥫѸǤ herb ä5ˤˤƤϡ/h/ ζʤѸȯѤ줿ɸѼä˥ꥹѸνѼǤϡߤ˻ޤ h 뺮Ϣʤ³Ƥ롥üȤơHi'm hextremely 'appy to be'ere. Ƥ
Schmitt and Marsden εҤɤǤȡh ˤĤ椬ޤФȯȤƤϤľǤƤ⤪ʤä /h/ ɸѸˤƤϡֻȵϼϤǤܴ̤ۤȤȤˤʤ롥h Τɤäˤϡ̣ǤϱѸ˾絬ϤηŪ etymological respelling Ǥꡤspelling pronunciation Ǥ⤢롥Hope μĥ#1247. ɸѸϸŪˤꤽˤʤѼǤ ([2012-09-25-1]) ⤦ʤơɸѸϼθѲǤʤ褦ʸѲФѼǤפȤ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
ɸѸȯȯŸǡɥȤ륤ɽԻԤμҲˤμ礫ʤ˴ Keene ʸɤKeene ϡؼԤǤϤʤ˳ؼԤλ顤ɥɤ濴Ȥϰ̤ǤƤ椯¿οɽѤѸɸಽ˴ؤкѡҲŪطʤ⤷Ƥ롥
Keene (101) ϡ10ȾޤǤ˥ɥ濴Ūϰ̤ϸǤޤäȤ13Ⱦ Edward I μˤ "the prime focus of English identity and civilisation" "the capital in something like the modern sense of that term" (101) ȤƤϰ̤ɤ뤮ʤΤȤʤäȤƤ롥͡ĤɥϤϰꤢä1300ǯ16ˤϼȤƸѤȵߺѤƤ "subsistence migration" Ǥꡤब徺1400ǯλˤϼȤƵȵѤϣƤ "betterment migration" Ǥäκϡɥή͡μ˴ؤ뤿ᡤθŪʽϤˤ⺹⤿餷ȤλŦϡҲŪʴ̣ĹǤ (105)
ǤʤKeene λϡʸΤˤ錄äƼҲŪʼͿƤ롥кѡҲȤɸѸȯʤ顤Keene ϼΤ褦ʷƳ
London is likely to have had an influence in the emergence of Standard English not primarily as a site of government and power but rather as an engine of communication and exchange which enabled ideas and information to be distributed and business to be done across an increasingly extensive, complex and varied field. Key processes to consider would include the establishment of fellowship, trust and norms which fostered understanding and an ability quickly to conclude deals in acknowledged and repeatable ways. In the speech of modern economists, such forms of standardisation would have reduced transaction costs. It is no coincidence, therefore, that some of the earliest evidence for the force of London in processes of standardisation concerns matters of measurement which were vital to trade. Another useful concept from the world of economics concerns integration between markets --- between London and other places, and around certain focal points within the city --- leading to uniformity in prices, products and practice. Integration could be a spontaneous process, but it could also be facilitated by a framework imposed by state authority, the king's peace as it was called in the earlier Middle Ages. The search for peace, with a view to promoting harmony, exchange and prosperous cities, was a profound influence on those who wielded power. (111--12)
Ҳηкѳư¥ʤ뤿˿̹͡դμΤƱͤˡҲΥߥ˥¥ʤ뤿˿͡ɸѸΤǤϤʤȤβˤɤٿ͡ΰջ֤ռȿǤƤ뤫ȽǤ뤳ȤΰѤϡкѤ˸¤餺ˤƤּפҲĬäȤȤϤäƼƤ롥ƼҲŪ˼ŪʹͻȻפ
Keene, Derek. "Metropolitan Values: Migration, Mobility and Cultural Norms, London 1100--1700." The Development of Standard English, 1300--1800. Ed. Laura Wright. Cambridge: CUP, 2000. 93--114.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow