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standardisation - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2023-03-29 Wed

#5084. ѸֻϽѸλʪǤ [spelling][orthography][emode][standardisation][link]

ѸɸֻϤΩѸɸಽ (standardisation) λԥݥȤǻŦ뤳Ȥ񤷤ɸಽβϡ¿쾯ʤ˿ʹԤƤΤcf. #2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1]
Ϥ褽γΩ1650ǯդȹͤƤ뤬ԤˤäƤϥץ饹ޥʥɴǯȤͽۤĤ#4093. ɸѸλϤޤϥͥ󥹴 ([2020-07-11-1]) Ǹ褦ˡˤѹͥ󥹴 (renaissance)뤤Ϥ˴ˤѸ (emode) ȽҤ٤ƤΤǤ̵
ºݡCordorelli ˤѸֻɸಽ˴ؤǿθƬǤ "the Early Modern Era" ȸڤƤ (1)

English spelling is in some ways a product of the Early Modern Era. The spelling forms that we use today are the result of a long process of conscious development and change, most of which occurred between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries. This portion of history is marked by a number of momentous events in England and the Continent, which had an immediate effect on English culture and language.


ѸȤ͡ŪҲŪĬή«ˤʤäơѸֻɸಽ䤷ʤ᤿ȤäƤ褤ˤĤʤˡϡλˡװʣ߹礤ΤʤΩƤΤʤΤǤ롥ʲ˴Ϣ뵭ؤΥ󥯤󤲤Ƥ

#297. ѤƳϱѸɸಽʤݤ ([2010-02-18-1])
#871. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ ([2011-09-15-1])
#1312. Ѥȯˤֻθ경˷ӤĤʤäͳ (2) ([2012-11-29-1])
#1384. ֻɸಽ˹׸Τ17ؼԤȶա ([2013-02-09-1])
#1385. Caxton ֻɸಽ˹׸ʤäȹͤ뺬 ([2013-02-10-1])
#1386. Ѹʹߤ˳ΩƤɸֻηϤħ ([2013-02-11-1])
#1939. 16ˡᤰ ([2014-08-18-1])
#2321. ֻɸಽδĬή ([2015-09-04-1])
#3243. Caxton ֻɸಽˤɤΤ褦˹׸ ([2018-03-14-1])
#3564. 17ؼԤˤֻɸಽؤι׸ ([2019-01-29-1])
#4628. 16Ⱦ17ˤƤؼԤ --- Ѹ˾ܳŪֻ׼Ԥ ([2021-12-28-1])

Cordorelli, Marco. Standardising English Spelling: The Role of Printing in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Graphemic Developments. Cambridge: CUP, 2022.

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2023-03-18 Sat

#5073. 15 Chancery Standard ܤ٤3ñΰ֤Ҳ --- England, merchant, notwithstanding [spelling][me][chancery_standard][me_dialect][standardisation]

#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤѸ⽪˶Ť15θŪʸǤ顤ֻˤϤޤѰۤɤ줬ä14˻Ϥޤ꤫ƤֻɸಽϡޤǤäȿʹԤƤΤǤ롥An Anthology of Chancery English Υå꡼įƤȡthrough ʳˤ⡤֤δ餪⤷ñϤĤ⤢롥ܤˤĤ3ñ (England, merchant, notwithstanding) 夲֤վޤƤߤ褦ο٤Ǥ롥

England (35), Englande (10), Engeland (7), Englond (28), Englonde (3), Engelond (1), Inglond (6), Ingelond (3), Ingland (1), Yngelond (2), Ynglond (1)


merchant (1), marchant (8), marchaunt (6), merchaunt (4); (pl.) marchauntȝ (10), merchauntȝ (6), marchaunts (4), merchauntes (3), marchantes (3), merchantes (2), marchantȝ (2), merchandes (1), marchandes (1), marchauntes (1), merchantȝ (1)


notwithstanding (3), notwithstondyng(e) (16), natwiþstandyng (6), notwiþstandyng(e) (3), notwiþstanding (2), notwithstonding (1), notwyþstandyng (1), notwythstondyng (1), notwistanding (1), natwithstandyng (1), naughtwithstandinge (1), nogthwithstondyng (1), nottewithstondyng (1), notwythstondyng (1)


Ǥ餳ɤƤȤΤ̣󤳤3ɹΰѤǤ롥¾䤷Τ٤
Ϣ England ˤĤƤϡ#1145. English England ̾Ρ ([2012-06-15-1]) ȡ#2250. English θƬ첻ʻˡ ([2015-06-25-1]) notwithstanding ˤĤƤϡ#5064. notwithstanding ([2023-03-09-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Fisher, John H., Malcolm Richardson, and Jane L. Fisher, comps. An Anthology of Chancery English. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1984. 392.

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2023-02-03 Fri

#5030. Ѹˤˤ4ֻ [spelling_reform][spelling][webster][shaw][orthography][standardisation][orthoepy][johnson][diacritical_mark][digraph]

ѸֻβפɸಽؤδؿϡѸˤĹˤ錄ä³Ū˴ѻƤűѸ "West-Saxon Schriftsprache" ˡκ1Ѹˤ "AB-language" ֻ Ormulum, Laȝamon ʤɤ֤꤬Ŀͥ٥ˡ˴ؿ󤻤16ʹߤˤ (orthoepy) ؤδؿޤꡤȼäƸŪֻ׼ԤΩ³˸줿18ʹߤˤ Samuel Johnson Noah Webster ơˡγΩ˴ͿƤˤƤοֻפαưȤƤhellog Ǥ spelling_reform ¿εǿƤ̤Ǥ롥
Crystal (288) ˤȡŪˡ (TO = traditional orthography) Ф˾βפϿ¿󤲤뤬4ʬȤ

Standardizing approaches, such as New Spelling . . . , uses familiar letters more regularly (typically, by adding new digraphs . . .); no new symbols are invented.
Augmenting approaches, such as Phonotypy . . . add new symbols; diacritics and invented letters have both been used.
Supplanting approaches replace all TO letters by new symbols, as in Shavian . . . .
Regularizing approaches apply existing rules more consistently or focus on restricted areas of the writing system, as in Noah Webster's changes to US English . . . or those approaches which drop silent or redundant letters, such as Cut Spelling . . . .


ϩ޿ϩؤν¤ؤ Regularizing, Standardizing, Augmenting, Supplanting ȤʤޤܳŪֻפϤʤŪ˺פĤ Hart Webster ̾󤬤뤯餤Ǥ롥ơŪƤϾ˲ʤΤäѸˤˤֻפϤۤ񤷤ΤäΤǤꡤ⤽³ǽ⤤

Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.

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2023-01-10 Tue

#5006. YouTube ǡ515̤ through ä [spelling][me_dialect][lme][scribe][youtube][standardisation][oed][med][laeme][lalme][hc][through]

ǯ226ˡƱνΰʼ YouTube ְͥʼδѸظإͥ򳫻Ϥޤʹߡ轵쥮顼ǿ塦θ6ۿƤޤǿưϡ줿91Ƥ֤~αѸǤ֤ϥޥ롼롩through Υڥ󥰤515̤ꡪŪ뤵٥10Ǥ



Ѹ˾塤ֻ졦 through ϤɤΤ褦֤ƤΤǤ礦Ѹ1300--1500ǯˤ濴˻䤬Ĵƿ夲̡515̤ΰۤʤֻǧƤޤOED MED Τ褦˱Ѹ켭Helsinki Corpus, LAEME, LALME Τ褦˱Ѹ쥳ѥ˱ѸϿޤʤɡȤ꥽äƤߤ̤ǤõФäȤȻפޤ
ɸѸ줬ԺߤäѸˤϡ̻ (scribe) ȸƤФ񤭼ϡȯ˽äơνʤ˱ơֻ͡ñȤޤƱ̻Ʊñۤʤ뵡˰ۤʤֻ֤뤳ȤӻǤȤ櫓 through Ȥˤäȯ͡äᡤҲ첻Ȥ߹碌˭٤ǡ515̤ȤʤֻƤޤäΤǤ
Ϣ hellog Ǥ⤷Фм夲Ƥޤʲ򤴻Ȥ

#53. Ѹ through ֤515̤ ([2009-06-20-1])
#54. through ֤٥10ʥ10ˡ ([2009-06-21-1])
#3397. Ѹ through Υֻ ([2018-08-15-1])
#193. 15 Chancery Standard through ΰ֤14̤ ([2009-11-06-1])
#219. eyes ɽ172ֻ̤ ([2009-12-02-1])
#2520. Ѹ134 "such" ΰֻ ([2016-03-21-1])
#1720. Shakespeare ֤ ([2014-01-11-1])

515̤ through YouTube ǤϤǤμϿäơ־ƻפѰդޤäǤΤǡʲ PDF ǸƤޤ

֤A4ѻ10515̤ through ֻߤͤ᤿ (PDF)
֤A4ѻ11̤ through ֻ礭515ڡλ (PDF)
Ĥ֥֡٥ȡʥȡ10פ through ֻ10ڡλ (PDF)

ֻȴϢơƱ YouTube ͥŪǶᥢåפ줿83֥Сȡɥ꡼Robert CawdreyˤαѱѼϤ뤤⤴Фȡcf. #4978. æϷϼΥ --- Cawdrey ˤѸ˾αѱѼϥե٥åȽ礬Ǥ ([2022-12-13-1]

Referrer (Inside): [2025-01-11-1] [2024-11-13-1]

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2022-10-06 Thu

#4910. ѸȸűѸΰ㤤3 --- ѸáɸԺߡ޸οʿ [oe][me][loan_word][standardisation][inflection][synthesis_to_analysis]

Ť Wardale ѸǤ˼äƤ롥Ѹ (Middle English) ϸűѸ (Old English or Anglo-Saxon) ȲɤۤʤΤWardale (2--3) 3󤲤Ƥ롥

   (a) One of these marked differences is that whereas the latter contained very little foreign element, only a limited number of Latin words and a very few from Celtic and other sources being found, the vocabulary of Middle English has been enormously enriched, especially from Old Norse and French.
   (b) Another point of distinction is that whereas in the O.E. period the West Saxon dialect under Ælfred's encouragement of learning had come to be the standard literary dialect, the others being relegated chiefly to colloquial use, in M.E. times no such state of affairs existed. In them all dialects were used for literary purposes and only towards the end of the period do we find that of Chaucer beginning to assume its position as the leading literary language.
   (c) But more important than these external points of difference, if perhaps less obvious, and more essential because inherent in the language itself, is the modification which gradually made itself seen in that language. English, like all Germanic tongues, has at all times been governed by what is known as the Germanic accent law, that is by the system of stem accentuation. By this law, except in a few cases, the chief emphasis of the word was thrown on the stem syllable, all others remaining less stressed or entirely unaccented. . . . But by [the M.E. period] all vowels in unaccented syllables have been levelled under one uniform sound e . . .


ĤޤꡤűѸ٤ȤѸκΩ3롥˭٤ʼѸ졤ɸѼԺߡ̵첻οʿȤ櫓3ܤŪܼŪħǤꡤ2Ĥνʷ̤⤿餷ȡWardale (3--4) ϵ롥

   The consequences of this levelling of all unaccented vowels under one are twofold.
   (a) Since many inflectional endings had by this means lost their distinctive value, as when a nominative singular caru, care, an a nominative plural cara both gave a M.E. care, or a nominative plural limu, limbs, and a genitive plural lima both gave a M.E. lime, those few endings which did remain distinctive, such as the -es, of the nominative plural of most masculine nouns, were for convenience' sake gradually taken for general use and the regularly developed plurals care and lime were replaced by cares and limes. In the same way and for the same reason the -es of genitive singular ending of most masculine and neuter nouns came gradually to be used in other declensions as when for an O.E. lāre, lore's we find a M.E. lǫres
   (b) The second consequence follows as naturally. The older method of indicating the relationship between words in a sentence having thus become inadequate, it was necessary to fin another, and pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions came more and more into use. Thus an O.E. bōca full, which would have normally given a M.E. bōke full was replaced by the phrase full of bōkes, and an O.E. subjunctive hie 'riden, which in M.E. would have been indistinguishable from the indicative riden from an O.E. ridon, by the phrase if hi riden. In short, English from having been a synthetic language, became one which was analytic.


1Ĥη̤ϡΤ˶̤ -es Τ褦ͥʶ޸̲ȤȤ2ĤϡȸδطɸΤ˶ޤ뤳ȤǤʤʤäˡ̾졤ֻ졤³Ȥä˰¸ٹ礬Ūʸ줫ʬŪʸذܹԤȤ
ʾ塤ѸȸűѸΰ㤤ˤĤפäΤǾҲ𤷤

Wardale, E. E. An Introduction to Middle English. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1937. 2016. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016.

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2022-09-15 Thu

#4889. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼԤ֤Ҳʸ3ơʹԻ [gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][notice][german][standardisation]

2֤ε ([2022-09-13-1], [2022-09-14-1]) ³ᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤԼԼ餬Ҳ𤹤Ȥ3ơʺǽˤǤ
ɥĸˤιԻˤܽҲʸǤѸ˴ƤޤȵŤʤʤäƤޤޤѸϤʤʤѤʡ׸ǤȤǤܿͤεĤ򤤤˷Ǻפޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small





֥ɥĸˤ鸫ƱѸˤԻ׵Ĥ˻פ뤳ȡ

ġ


Ϥ줾ͭʹ¤򤷤ƤơAüԤ鸫ǤդθBϾˡѤʡ׸˸ƤޤѸüԤ鸫ơƱޥϤθǤɥĸ줬ɤѤ˸ΤˤĤƤϡޡȥ1835~1910ǯˤˤŵŪʸΩƤޤȥϡɥġե󥹡ꥢιȤθ˴Ť Tramp Abroad1880ǯܸإ衼åϲٺή 1999ǯˤ񤭤ޤΤҤȤĤȤ The Awful German Language ʡֶɥĸסˤȤåĤƤޤȥϡɥĸΤɤֶפȸäƤΤǤ礦̾뤳ȡʡڡפ֤ĤܤߡפϽաפʤΤϤɤơˡ̾ȷƻθѲʣǤ뤳ȡparenthesis ֳסǤʸκǸ֤뤿ˡŪʸΤȤǰϤޤ褦ˤʤ뤳ȡߤΥɥĸʸˡǤȹ¤פΤȡˤΤ˸礬Ѹ礭ۤʤ뤳ȡ UnabhängigkeitserklärungΩ Τ褦Ĺʣ줬θʤ뤳ȤȥθɥĸΤΤ褦Ǥ
Ѹˤ餹ȡ̾̾졦ƻθѲˤĤƤϡѸ줬֤ηвΤʤǤС̵̤ʬפ򤽤ȤƤä̡Υޥ˶ᤤɥĸλѤѤ˸櫓Ǥֳ׸ˤĤƤϡI think that his father will come to Japan next year.ȤäѸüԤˤȤäơƱʸɥĸǤϡI think that my father next year to Japan come will. (Ich denke, dass sein Vater nächstes Jahr nach Japan kommen wird.)Ȥ¤ˤʤäƤޤΤϡȿž򸫤Ƥ褦 ȤΤⶦǤޤϡɥĸȼŸȹ¤ȤŪʸˡ§졤ǽŪ17˳ꤷΤǤ
Τ褦ʸˡ˴ؤʬȤϰۤʤꡤä˴ؤ̤ˤĤƤϿͰŪ;ϤꤨޤUnabhängigkeitserklärung ΩפȤʣ줬ĹΤϡUnabhängigkeits-erklärung Τ褦˥ϥե줿ꡤUnabhängigkeits Erklärung Τ褦ʬ֤äꤹвĻޤΤˤϤʤǤΥɥĸνˡνʵ§ˤʣĹͳǤϤޤ󡥤⤽ɥĸüԤĹǯˤ錄äơǰɽȤ˥ƥե󥹸ʤɤѤ뤳Ȥʤɥĸ¤Ϥ򿮤ΡʥޥϤΡ˥ɥĸǸڤȤƤȤߤη̤ʣĹǤΤǤΩפȤǰϡѸǤ declaration of independence Τ褦ˡ˥ƥ줫Ѥ줿ѤʬŪ˸ɽޤФơɥĸ Unabhängigkeitserklärung Ϥιʬ٤ƥɥĸʥޥϤθˤΩäƤޤUnabhängigkeitserklärung ϡunʱ unˡƬ+ abʱ offˡֲء+ hängʱ hangˡֿ+ igʱ yˡɽƻ+ keitʱ hoodˡ̾+ sʱ sˡָĤʤܹ缭Ͻͭɽˡ+ er ֳ¤̣ưƬ+ klärʱ clear+ ungʱ ingˡ̾פäƤޤΩפֿ첼褦ǤϤʤȡפΤ褦ˡפֹΤˤ뤳ȡפΤ褦ŪɽƤޤϤ礦ܤΤĤƥ޻ԤΤޤȤȤвơʡʶҶ¡ظ켭ŵ Hanasikotoba o hiku Zibikiٿ̽ǡ1951ǯˤ˽ȡΩפϡ֤ҤȤơפΤ褦ŪĹʤΤʿŪȸȤǤǤ礦
˽Ҥ٤褦ˤ÷¤ˤȤռŪʼȤߤΩäƤɥĸˤ鸫ȡʤѸǤˤ÷ΤѤ˵ˤʤäƤޤΥޥ󡦥󥱥ȡ1066ǯˤΤȥե󥹸äδʬ˿äƤȤǡޥϸȤƤαѸΤмռޤäȤ礭ʱѸ˾θǤȿ¬ޤäȤθαѸˤŸˤƤͳäƸߤΤ褦ʸäι¤ˤʤäƤΤȻפޤ礦1210ڡˤ˸زǡʩ5ˤĤơָäζ岽פᤰäƸˤоȤ륷ݥ򳫺ŤޤΤȤˤΤΤä򡤤餬ǤФȻפäƤޤ




Mark Twain ΡֱѸ줫ߤɥĸѤʤȤסĻΡ֥ɥĸ줫ߤѸѤʤȤס줾줪ߤͤΤ褦ʤȤäơ⤷Ǥܸ͡줫ߤѤʤȤפǤС̵˻ŦǤǤդۤʤΤѤ˷ޤäƤȤ¦̤Ϥ󤢤ޤդΤɤäƤˤ줾ۤʤäƤ餳;פѤʤΤȤ¦̤⤪ˤȻפޤѤǤͳõȤΤ⡤оȸˤΤ⤷ȲǽǤϤʤǤ礦
Ǹʬǻ̾ڤƤޤ1210ڡ˸Լ3̾ޤʩ5ˤ5̾ޤꡤ˸زˤƥݥʩоȸˡäζ岽ᤰäơפ򳫺Ťޤʳؽؤǥϥ֥åɳͽꡥǤˡ
ݥǤϡܽǰäɸಽȴϢĤĤ⡤ΩƵǤơޤȤơָäζ岽פФƤޤǹĻ᤬ŦƤȸθäΡֹԤפΰ㤤ˤĤƤ⡤뤳ȤˤʤꤽǤˤĤơ伫Ȥ⤸äͤƤߤ褦Ȼפޤ

ʾ塤3֤ˤ錄ԼԤˤظɸಽͤ٤ξҲʸǺܤƤޤܽ˼äƤйǤ

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2022-09-14 Wed

#4888. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼԤ֤Ҳʸ2ơϺ [gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][notice][japanese][standardisation][notice]

ε ([2022-09-13-1]) ˰³ᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơԼԼ餬Ҳ𤹤ȤǤ2ƤܸˤϺˤܽҲʸǤܿͤεĤ򤤤˷Ǻפޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small





ܸˤˤ첽סֵϲסѲס

桡Ϻ


ܸˤˤơɸಽפɸפȤȡ19~20ˤŸ줿ܤˤɸ۵ܽ11Ϥǡɧ᤬Ƥˡ䤬ɮ5ϡֽ񤭤ȤФȸʸספˤƤ⡤ͻޤǤɸಽˤȸơʸפʤɸಽλȰä
ܽ1Ϥ䡤6ϡ7ϤʤɤǼ夲롤ɸಽ򡤡첽סʸѼ줷ƤȤưˡֵϲסʤ٤ηƤưˡѲס¿ο̤ͤ礨η˶̲άƤưˤ3Ĥʬ븫ܸˤˤƤϤơ̻ˤȤƤ礭ή򸫽ФƤȤȯۤϡäȤʤä
ʤ顤ܽԽȤ̤ơȤߤܸˤȤ館Ƥߤ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤȹͤ褦ˤʤäܽɮˤϽʬǤ񤱤ʤäˤĤơ
첽פˤƤϤޤꤽʽȤƤϡޤɻ8ˤ˴ˤܸɽˡԤ߽Фȡǡʿ»10ˤ˲̾ȯäդ˴Ťܸ򼫺ߤ˽񤱤褦ˤȡˡһ12ˤޤǤˡȲ̾Ŭ٤˸򤨤ƽ񤯴̾򤸤ʸ´ʸˤŪʤΤˤȤŦǤ롥ΰϢΡ첽פβǡʸä򼫹ʸȤƻ餷2β̾ʿ̾Ҳ̾ˤΤ줫ȺѤ롤ܸȼɽˡΩޤǻȤ³񤭸դΥƥäΤǤ롥
ƺ줿񤭸դŪ˱ѤƤˡʿ»ʹߡŵʡؿջྶ١ʸѽ٤ʤɡˤ䡤ʸʸ㽸ʡձ١٤ʤɡˤԻ졤һʹߤˤϡ̾λȤ벾̾ʡز̾ʸ١»٤ʤɡˤ񤫤褦ˤʤäƤϡֵϲפưȸ뤳ȤǤή줬ͻޤǤܸν񤭸դ٤Ƥ̤⤿餷
ơѲפν19~20ˤ˿ʤʸױưˤν񤭸դγΩǤ롥궵ʽǡˤäơ̱ؤ˶Ѽܸ򹭤ư䡤Ϫǿޤ礹ʤ̱Ϥܸ򹭤ưޤΤ⡤ήѤΤǤ롥
ʾϡɸಽˤȰäʹͻޤǡˤ첽סֵϲסɸಽˤȰäѲפȤ븫Ǥ롥ʤСͻˤѲפˤŦꡤʹߤˡ첽סֵϲפˤ򸫤뤳ȤǤͽۤ졤ϡܸˤΩŪˤȤ館뤳ȤˤĤʤäƤȴԤǤ롥




Ǥϡܽ7ϡֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡסʻ߷ˤ󼨤줿Ѹɸಽ3Ĥ¦̡첽ϲѲˤܸɸಽˤƤϤƤߤȤɤʤ뤫ȤоȸŪʥץƤȻפޤ̸ˤˤߤѥǥ򡤰ۤʤˤˤ֤ƶˡƤϤƤߤ褦ȤȤˡʵŤޤȤȤϡܽδʳ鲿٤иƤޤиղ񡤲İ塤ȼȤʤޤݥƥˤ˭¤߽ФƤޤԼԤϸԤǤ
3ƤϤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-15-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-09-13 Tue

#4887. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼԤ֤Ҳʸ1ơδ [gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][notice][hellog_entry_set][standardisation][variety][genbunicchi][notice]

ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơܥ֥ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ǡ͡˾Ҳ𤷤ƤޤʤޤȤεåɤˡ

standardisation_front_cover_small



ܽϡ5ɸಽˤ̤Υơޤ˿ơоȸˡ (contrastive_language_history) Ȥʥץ󼨤˵Ԥɤĥå߹礦Ȥüʥ쥤Ȥ̤ƳȯƤƸ褦ȻߤޤδƤƤ뤫ɤϡɼԤγȽǤ˰Ѥͤۤޤ
ΤӹԻʥɥĸˡˡϺܸˡˡδʱѸˡˤԼ3̾ä礤ơΩ줫ܽҲ𤹤ʸϤ褦ȤäˤʤޤơξϡͤεĤ⤤Ρhellog~Ѹ˥֥פˤ褦ȷޤޤ̤ȤơѸʻˡˤ˴ؿäܥ֥ɤߤγռʸϤˤʤäȻפޤ
Ϥ1ƤȤơޤĤʸϤϤޤ



ɸѸɤưåȤǤ

ġδ


䤿ؽоݤȤƤֱѸפ̾ɸѸפؤѤƤѸˤϥꥫѸ졤ꥹѸ졤ɱѸϤ͡ʼब뤬ؽΥåȤȤƤΤϺǤι⤤ɸѸפȤФ롥ɸѸפȤϲʤΤ¤ϳ­ɸѸפϤʤŪ褯Ȥ˽ȡȤƳؽоݤȤƤतαѸؤΤȤ롥餫˽۴ˡ˴٤äƤ롥
Ĥޤꡤ䤿ϡɸѸפȤåȤʤΤΤ򤷤ʤޤޤˡͤʤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ȤϤɸѸפȤǰѸơΤƤ뤳ȤϤǤʤ䤿ϡɸѸפޤޤ򤷡Ƥ褦ʤΤǤ롥
¤ΤȤɮԤϡɸѸפ򲿤ȤʤǼƤȤΩ˻Ǥ롥ŪˤɤưåȡפäŪ¸ߤȤǤ褦ʤΤǤϤʤȸƤ뤫ɸѸפ1600ǯۤɤαѸˤΤʤɤƤ켫ȤüȺ򷫤֤ƤơѸ줬21θߡɸѸפϲˤޤɤưåȤȲƤ褦˻פΤǤ롥
ˤ̤ơɸѸפɤưåȤäȤϡܽ6Ϥ7Ϥ餫ˤ롥6ϡֱѸˤˤɸಽססδˤǤϡѸ줬ˤ̤ɸಽæɸಽΥ򷫤֤ƤȡɸѸ¸ߤ켫Τ԰äȤ⤫롥ƱϤǤϡḽѸˤƤɸಽ꤬ܸɸಽ1¦̤ǤθʸפӤ뤳ȤŦ롥ϡҲ夬ۤʤäƤƤ⡤ɸಽȤˤϲΤǤϤʤȤ䤤ˤĤʤ롥
7ϡֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡסʻ߷ˤǤϡޤɸಽǰƬ֤ѸˤλʬƳ졤³ơɸಽפ첽סֵϲסѲפ3ʬव졤Ǹ20ʹߤɸಽư⤵롥ɸಽǤϡ첽סֵϲפο̤ǻä20ʹߤˤϡѲפή줬ȤʤäƤƤȤơαѸɸಽħ⤭Ħˤ롥
ܽϡоȸˡפȤˡäʩ5ɸಽˤ򤿤ɤäƤ롥ѸʳθɸಽˤįƤɸפϾɤưåȤäȤ֤ǧǤ롥ƸˤȤԤѤƻǡ֥ĥåߡ׹礤򤷤ƤͻҤϡƼưʤɤưåȤͷ⤷Ƥ뤫Τ褦˸ΥǤ롥ŪɷϤ褤Ǥ롥
ƬΡɸѸפɸѸפɤưΤǤСɸѸȤϲȤŪ䤤ȯ뤳ȤǤϤʤषѸɸಽȤưŪ¦̤ܤۤͭյѸؽοΥåȤϲʤΤˤĤƺƹͤ¥ȤʤСԤΰͤȤƴӤǤ롥




ԼԤξҲʸǺܤޤ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-15-1] [2022-09-14-1]

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2022-08-02 Tue

#4845. Voicy ǡָɸಽŤ̤ޤ [voicy][heldio][gengo_no_hyojunka][contrastive_language_history][standardisation][notice]

731ˤ11:00~12:00ˡɽ̤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơᴩظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯԼ3̾ˤϤޤ
˥ꥹʡꤤƤˤǵŸޤˤ⤫餺ΤȤ48̾ǻäޤ꤬Ȥޤ
ϿΤŤ̤ī#427. ԼŤ2ơظɸಽͤ١60ʬϿޤȤƺޤоȸỤ̄εͤޤäȤʤޤ60ʬĹǤΤǡҤ֤ΤȤˤİйǤ



λʲȤƤζĥϤޤ¤ΤȤؤڤޤٶˤʤޤ̤̤ơָɸಽפӡоȸˡפȤΤ⤷ͤСȻפäƤޤ
ܥ֥ɤƤ볧ͤ⡤Ҿ嵭İǡո䤴䤬ޤ顤Voicy ΥȵǽʤɤͳƥȤйǤ

standardisation_front_cover_small



728ڡˤˤϡ#4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy ([2022-07-28-1]) ȤơܽμɮԤ1ͤǤ⤢߷Ȥ̤Ƥޤβ⤼Ҥİ
¾ hellog Ǥܽ˴Ϣ뵭¿񤤤ƤޤޤȤ餴ФȻפޤ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-28 Thu

#4840. ֻ߷Ȥ̡Ѹɸಽˤ̤ͤin Voicy [voicy][heldio][standardisation][elf][wsse][world_englishes][elf][gengo_no_hyojunka]

ܲǤ⹭ɤޤƤѸˤܤȤС߷رѸˡ̤ؤʪ ١Ȼפޤ
Τӡ߷̾Ļرضˤˡ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤб餤뤳Ȥˤʤޤμ¤ȤС䤬Ļرؤλ߷漼˲ơä򤦤äȤˤʤΤǤ(^^;;1ֶ᤯ˤ錄ĹԤȤʤޤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤäꤪİϿijؤοʻΥ١ˤʤɤꡤŤʲȤʤäƤޤʾСˡ



ε#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯ򶭤Ѥä ([2022-07-27-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ȥꡤ߷ˤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ7Ϥ˴ƤƤޤ
Voicy ̤⡤ȾϤ7Ϥ˴ŤޤȾܽǿƤʤȯŸԤεȤʤäƤޤܿͤˤȤäơ줫αѸؽϤɤ٤21αѸɸಽܻؤ٤ϲʤΤˤĤơ߷ΤոǤޤ
Ͽ碌ƿ֡פ֤˻߷Ȥ٤ꤵƤޤ˥󥹥ԥ졼ƵäƤޤ˳ڤäǤ߷դ礤ޤơ꤬Ȥޤ

߷ ⡡رѸˡ̤ؤʪ١2008ǯ

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-27 Wed

#4839. Ѹɸಽ1900ǯ򶭤Ѥä [gengo_no_hyojunka][standardisation][notice][variety][world_englishes]

hellog Ǥϡ5罤۽ŹǤ줿ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơӤӹ󤷤Ƥޤ
٤73111:00--12:00 ˤԼ3̤ͤVoicy ˤͽǤμʤɤդƤޤΤǡ Google Forms ꤪ󤻤ܺ٤ϡ#4836. 73111:00--12:00 ظɸಽͤ٤ᤰԼŤ2ơ ([2022-07-24-1])

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ܽǤϱѸɸಽ (standardisation) ˤ6Ϥ7Ϥˤ錄äƾܽҤƤޤȤ櫓7ϤǤϡֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡפꤷơ20--21αѸΡɸಽס¼ŪˤϱѸŪʡѲפȤ䤿ˤȤäľܴؤΤ꤬ƤޤɮԤ߷ĻرءǤ
ξϤȾǤϡNorman Blake ˰͵򤷡ɸಽǰƬ֤Ѹˤή줬⤵ޤơĺθȾǤϡ1900ǯʹߤαѸɸಽˤĤơȤ櫓̤򸫿ѸΤˤĤơBasic English, Special English, Globish, Nuclear English, World Standard Spoken English ȤŪʡѼפ򻲾Ȥʤʤޤ
߷εμݤϡܰ¤Ȥ1900ǯ򶭤˱ѸɸಽΤƤȤȤǤǯɸಽϡ񤭸դΡ첽סֵϲפȤȥåץɸಽܤǤǯʹߤϡäդΡѲפȤܥȥॢåפɸಽʤǤƤȤȤǤ
伫Ȥɮ6ϡֱѸˤˤɸಽספȹ碌ơŪʸȤʤäѸΡ̣ǤΡɸಽפˤĤơ͡ʴƤȤ⤷Ǥ͡

߷ ⡡ֱѸɸಽν꡽20ʹߤ濴ˡסظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡٹ ԡ Ϻ δˡ罤ۡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-29-1] [2022-07-28-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-21 Thu

#4833. ظɸಽͤ٤ǹͤɸಽڤ [gengo_no_hyojunka][standardisation][toc][typology]

hellog Ǥⲿ٤Ƥޤ5ˡ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ尴ޤ

standardisation_front_cover_small



䤬ɮôս1Ĥˡ1ϤΡƳɸηˤоȤȤȡפ2ɸಽڤʥѥ᡼ˡ (6--15) ޤܽνǴˤĤʤä5ǯ֤θưΤʤǸƤƤɸಽΥѥ᡼󤷤ʬǤФΤޤޥѥ᡼бƤΤǡƤޤ

2.1 첽ϲѲ
2.2 ɸಽ
2.3 ɸಽæɸಽ
2.4 Ѱ
2.5 ΰ̤ɸಽȤŪ
2.6 ɸಽΥߥ󥰤פ
2.7 ɸಽνʳ¦
2.8 Ѷ
2.9 ɸಽɸȤʤѼμࡦ
2.10 ɸಽʤΡ
2.11 ɸಽФüԤ
2.12 ɸಽȼҲθɸಽ


֤򤫤ƥ֥쥹ȤޤȤƤѥ᡼ΰʤΤǡоȸŪɸಽ (standardisation) ƤݤΥݥǥȤƹΩĤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤޤ
hellog Ǥϸɸಽ standardisation εˤ˼夲ƤޤǤȯɽǰƬ˺ѸɸಽˤˤĤƤΤ٤ޤȤޤäȤƤϡ#3234. ָȿʹ֡׸ (HLC) νմߥʡɸѸȯãˤĤäޤ ([2018-03-05-1]) ȡ#3244. 2 HiSoPra* DZѸˤˤɸಽˤĤäޤ ([2018-03-15-1]) 򻲾Ȥ
ظɸಽͤ٤ξҲˤĤƤεåɤȤ櫓78˲ϿԼŤϤǤܽɤߤɤԼ3ͤǾҲ𤷤Ƥޤ᡹ԼŤ2Ƥ褷ƤޤܽˤĤơ뤤ϰ̸̡ˤɸಽˤĤơոۡΥȥե󤻤2ƤȤƼ夲ФȻפäƤޤ


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2022-07-11 Mon

#4823. ظɸಽͤ٤ԼŤ̤ޤ [notice][gengo_no_hyojunka][standardisation][voicy]

1ˡ#4816. ظɸಽͤ٤Լ3̤ͤޤ ([2022-07-04-1]) ȤƤΤ餻̤ꡤ78ʶˤˡ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯԼ3ͤ碌ܽҲ𤹤̤Ԥʤޤ
̤ϲϿ79ڡˤ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤƸޤΤǡǤ⤷ޤ#404. ԼŤ̡ظɸಽͤ ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ǤΤμϿ30ʬ֤ǡܽ䳵פ򤸤äꤴҲǤȻפޤ



Ť̤ˡ̤ѤΥåե̤ơܽ䤽Υơޤ˴ϢƤոۡ󤻤ƤƤޤŤˡΥå򻲾ȤʤŸͽǤꡤν⤷ƤΤǤפΤۤܽҲΤߤ¿λ֤䤷Ƥޤ˻餺˽λƤޤޤ
ǡܺ٤̤Ǥ2ԼŤ̤򳫺Ť뤳Ȥˤʤޤ1Ť̤İˤʤܽʤΥơޡˤ˴ؿ줿줿ˤޤƤϡΥåե̤ơҤոۡ򤤤ФȻפޤȤ2Ť̤˳褫ФȹͤƤޤ
ܽȴϢơޤǤʲ̤ȯƤޤ碌Ƥˬ䤯

hellog #4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])
hellog #4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
hellog #4816. ظɸಽͤ٤Լ3̤ͤޤ ([2022-07-04-1])

heldio #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ
heldio #363. ظɸಽͤ٤Ѹɸಽ2ܤͤҲ𤷤ޤ
heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ򤪴󤻤

YouTube δοǸ롤ȤФΡɸಽסڰʼδѸظإͥ # 28 ְۡʼδѸظإͥ

standardisation_front_cover_small


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2022-07-06 Wed

#4818. standard ΰ̣Ѳ [terminology][oed][standardisation][semantic_change][prestige]

ε#4817. standard θ츻 ([2022-07-05-1]) ˰³OED standard Ȥܤ롥ϡñȤƤ standard ɤạ̈Ѳεפ򤿤ɤꤿ  *
褦ˡstandard Ѹ˽Фݤˤϡַפ̣ƤθϸߤǤĤäƤ롥θ塤15ˤʤȡ̹դδñ̡פθOED Ǥ A. III θˤȯã󥰥ΥޥƥǤǤȯãƤΤ褦ǡѸȤƤ⤳ڤꤿȤȤ餷OED ǤϡΤ褦롥

The senses of branch A. III. originally arose in Britain. The first of these senses, denoting a legal weight or measure (see A. 15) is attested slightly earlier in Anglo-Norman and Latin than it is in English; compare (in this sense) post-classical Latin standardus (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), Anglo-Norman estandard (a1280 as estaundart); this use may be a development of the sense 'military flag or banner' (see sense A. 1), with the royal standard taken as the symbol of royal authority, e.g. to impose the legal norms (compare also later sense A. 4).


ΰѤθȾʬŪǤ롥ַפȡָפζϡֲξħפǤ뤳ȤȤ
ơ褤˴ؤ standard θĤޤɸפо줹뤬ȤƤ϶äۤ٤1904ǯФǤ롥OED θ23ȤνѤ롥

23. A language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form, esp. for written use. Cf. sense B. 3d.
. . . .
   1904 Life 18 Feb. 167/1 Each one of these variations in tone and pronunciation is bound to give us some day a conglomerate which will not be pure in inflection or pronunciation unless we have a single, spoken standard, to which all who call themselves educated will seek to conform.


嵭ϡɸפ̣̾ȤƤνǤꡤƤƻɸŪʡפθˤĤƤСB. 3d θȤ1᤯1806ǯ˽ФƤ롥

d. Designating a language variety of a country or other linguistic area which is by convention generally considered the most correct and acceptable form (esp. for written use), as in Standard English, Standard American English, Modern Standard Arabic n., etc.
   A standard language variety is often associated with or prescribed in various ways by formal institutions, including government, language academies, and education and national media.

   1806 G. Chalmers in D. Lindsay Poet. Wks. I. 141 The Scottish dialect was formed, as the various dialects of England were formed, by retaining antiquated words and old orthography, while the standard English relinquished both, and adopted novelties.


ַסָפήθȡ˴ؤɸʸˡפθȯãطʤˤϡֹ񲦤θҤ˻٤줿ͣϡסֹ̱äƽ٤ޤפȤäܵФǤ롥⤷ΰ̣ѲΥ롼ȤȤСˤĤƤ standard ϡ顤ñʤɸפȤ⡤ȥåץ󿧤ζֵϡפ˶ᤤ촶ȼäƤΤǤϤʤȵ롥ݡФǤʤǤˤäƤϡֵϡפץץ󤷤ƤΤ standard θ촶
Ϣơ#4777. ɸױѸΰ̣ --- ֳ̤Ѹפ֤餤Ѹءס ([2022-05-26-1]) ⻲ȡ

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2022-07-05 Tue

#4817. standard θ츻 [etymology][latin][french][terminology][oed][standardisation][pchron]

ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯξҲȴϢơФ餯δ֡ɸಽ (standardisation) ˤĤƵ뵡¿ʤäƤƤ롥⤽ standard θ츻ϲʤΤޤ hellog Ǽ夲ƤȤʤäΤǡܤƤߤ
OED standard, n., adj., and int. Ƥߤȡ󡤸츻󡤸ӸŪ¡ƸҤ˻ޤǾܺ٤ʾͿƤ뤳Ȥ˰ݤ롥ɤ߲򤯤ǤϫѸȤȳƮƤ OED ԼԤΡθؤλפζҤҤäƤ롥ˤȤä standard ͡ʰ̣ǡֽŤñʤΤ  *
standard ϸʩ줫ᤤѸǡѸǤνФ12ȾФΤȤǤ롥ѸκǽʸȤ The Peterborough Chronicle (pchron) The Final Continuation ꡤ1138ǯεҤΤʤǡַפΰ̣ǽФ롥

?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1138 Him [sc. the king of Scotland] com togænes Willelm eorl of Albamar..& to [read te] other æuez men mid fæu men & fuhten wid heom & flemden þe king æt te Standard.


ʩ졿󥰥Υޥ estandart, standarde ѤΤȤȤΥեñ켫Τθ츻˽⤢ꡤʣʤ褦Ǥ롥OED θ츻Ѥ롥

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French standarde, estandart.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman standarde, Anglo-Norman and Old French estandart, Old French estendart (Middle French estandart, estendart, French étendard) military flag or banner, also as a (fortified) rallying point in battle (c1100), (figuratively) person worth following (c1170), upright post (a1240), large candle (a1339, only in Anglo-Norman), of uncertain origin, probably either (a) < a West Germanic compound with the literal sense 'something that stands firm' < the Germanic base of STAND v. + the Germanic base of HARD adv., or (b) < classical Latin extendere to stretch out (see EXTEND v.), or (c) < a Romance reflex of classical Latin stant-, stāns, present participle of stāre to stand (see STAND v.) + Old French -ard -ARD suffix.


3Ĥθ츻⤬Ҳ𤵤Ƥ뤬(a) ȤСޥ stand + hard ե󥹸ꡤ줬˲ƱѸäȤȤˤʤ롥ޤδ餤СľΩƤΡפֿӤƤΡפȤ2Ĥθ츻⤬뤳Ȥˤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-06-1]

[ | ѥڡ ]

2022-07-04 Mon

#4816. ظɸಽͤ٤Լ3̤ͤޤ [notice][gengo_no_hyojunka][standardisation][link]

ԤȤƴؤäᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤĤơhellog, heldio, YouTube Dz٤Τ餻Ƥޤ

hellog #4776. оȸˤܤǤޤظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١ ([2022-05-25-1])
hellog #4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
hellog #4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1])
heldio #361. ظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ٤ɤߤɤ
heldio #363. ظɸಽͤ٤Ѹɸಽ2ܤͤҲ𤷤ޤ
heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ򤪴󤻤
YouTube δοǸ롤ȤФΡɸಽסڰʼδѸظإͥ # 28 ְۡʼδѸظإͥ

5ܽ񤬾尴줿塤Լ3ͤؤΤˤΤ˽ޤäƤޤ褿78ʶˤˤ褦䤯ε뤳ȤˤʤꡤäʤΤǤޤˡָɸಽפоȸˡפäƼͳŤ̤βϿ褦ȤȤˤʤޤʸ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤƸͽǤˡ
ǡԼŤ̤ˡѸ졤ܸ졤¾θ̸졤뤤ϸ̤˴ؿ hellog ɼԤγ󤫤顤䡤ոۤʤɤ򤪴󤻤ФȻפޤΥեꤪꤤפޤ
ܽ˼äȤΤǤɤȤϼºݤˤϾʤȻפޤΤǡäܽƤȤˡָɸಽפоȸˡפȤɤפĤǥͳꤲƤФȻפޤܽ򤹤ǤɤǤˤϡܽΤۤʤɤ򤤤ޤȴ򤷤ǤʤߤˡԼ3̾Ϥ줾ɥĸˡܸˡѸˤΰȤƤޤŤ̤Ǥϡ㤨мΤ褦ʻǰƬˤ٤ꤷȻפäƤޤ

ȤФɸಽäƲ
ɸѸϤĤǤΡ
ܸΡɸפȡ̸ֶפϰ㤦
оȸˡפäʹʤɡä
ȢɸಽλƤۤʤϡ
ܽΥ쥤ȾǤ¿ĥåߡפȤϡ
ܽνǴΤȤʤäǹԤʤäƤȤȤϡ

heldio #397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ򤪴󤻤Ǥ⡤Ʊݤΰ򺹤夲ƤޤФİ



ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-11-1]

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2022-07-02 Sat

#4814. vernacular 򥭡ɤȤƱѸˤįʤȤ⤷ [vernacular][terminology][standardisation][prestige]

Ω̿ؤܹ Voicy ǻ̤򤷤ޤ621#386. ܹȤλ̡󡦥ۥӥαѸܤˤĤƸꤷƸޤäΤʤ夷Ƥ vernacular Ȥɤ˾ꡤ¼Ūˤ vernacular ȡȤʤޤ



ʸ塤vernacular ȤѸΤĥ˥奢󥹤äȿõäƤߤȻפĴٻϤƤޤ hellog Ǥ#4804. vernacular Ȥϲ ([2022-06-22-1])#4809. OED vernacular θΤ ([2022-06-27-1])#4812. vernacular Ф1601ǯλطʡ ([2022-06-30-1]) ε񤤤Ƥޤvernacular ϡѸˤδ⡤νΥƥȤѸ (world_englishes) εؤȤĤʤ롤ιǰʤȻפ褦ˤʤޤ
vernacular ˤĤƱѸ˾δؿͭѤʸϡܻᤴȤˤʸǤαѸʸؤȥʥ顼ȤƤߡ硼졤򶵤Ƥɤޤʲܤ󡤤꤬ȤޤˡѸ꤫⤭Ѹˤʸػˤ򳵴Ѥǡ硼αѸѤؤȵʤǤޤ
66--67Ǥʲ1ɤߡ֥ʥ顼פδѸʻˡˤªƤߤȿȯꤽȻפޤ

֥ʥ顼פ̣γĥžѤϡʹѤߤǶ̣륺ûҤϥʥ顼ʸˤĤơ֤Ȥʸ򰷤äƤƤ⡤ʬϤɬߤʸΤ뤿θˤʤ롥ʥ顼ʸϸҤȢ˼ޤ뤳ȤʤϢ³Ѳʤ³ƤΡסviˤȽҤ٤롥ʥ顼ʸˤŪͻѲФʻ˾ޤ褦ޤĹëϥʥ顼ͭˤĤơ֡ҥʥ顼Ӥθ촶ˤȤʤ̣¿äϤȤϢۤŪʤΡ¿ʤΡ̤ΤΤȤäŪʥ˥奢󥹤αԤۡμή˷ڻ롦̵뤵ƤʸҲˤʸ̮˸򤢤Ƥ꤬ȤʤäƤס2018, 221ˤȻŦ롥
ѸϡָҤȢפ˼ޤ뤳ȤʤѲ³Ūʥ˥奢󥹤αԤפɵᤷƤǤ롥1500 ǯ˵ڤֱѸߤϡҼӤ濴ӡӤӤؤȻʥ顼ʤεפȤ褦Ѹθ餹аճ˱Ǥ뤬ϸ衼åäƤ˲᤮ʤä


ѸȾϳΤˡָҤȢפ˼ޤäƤޤ󤬡ɸѸ (Standard English) ϤȢ˼ޤäƤޤȸ (prestige) ɸಽ (standardisation) 뤢äƤ⡤vernacular ȤΩǤ
Ϣơ Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)#397. դΥɤȤϲ --- ظɸಽͤ٤ؤΥȤ򤪴󤻤⤪İ

αѸʸؤȥʥ顼ȤƤߡ硼졤סΩ̿۸ʸ33.32022ǯ65--83.

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2022-06-18 Sat

#4800. Lingua Franca Core ؤȽ [world_englishes][lingua_franca][elf][lfc][elt][standardisation][language_planning]

ε#4799. Jenkins ˤ "The Lingua Franca Core" ([2022-06-17-1]) Lingua Franca Core (LFC) ƳLFC 󼨤줿طʤˤϡѸ (world_englishes) λˤäơαѸؽԡȤ櫓 EFL γؽԤϡŪʱɸѼ䤽¾ϤɸŪȤߤʤƤѼΤǤϤʤELF (= English as a Lingua Franca) EIL (= English as an International Language) ȾΤѼؽΥåȤȤΤ褤ΤǤϤʤȤѸ춵Ѥ줹롥αѸüԿ͸Τ餯Ⱦʬʾ EFL üԤǤꡤǤ LFC ºŤ EFL ؽԤˤȤäơ̱Ūפ˸뤫⤷ʤ
LFC ФȽŪʰո⤢롥LFC ⡤ŪʱɸѼƱͤˡñʤɸǤˤȤɤޤ餺ϤȤʤäƤϤʤȡϤμŤΤ鿷ΤؤȤؤȤȤˤʤʤ̱ŪǤȤʤС⤽ؼԤ䶵ԤͰŪˡ֥פȤ󼨤ȤȤ̷ϤĤߤǤϤʤ
Tomlinson (146) ϡLFC Τ褦ʤΤꤷɸѸפŤԤʤȤ԰٤ "arrogant" ǤȷپĤ餷Ƥ롥

But, are we not being rather arrogant in assuming that it is we as applied linguists, language planners, curriculum designers, teachers and materials developers who will determine the characteristics of a World Standard English? Is it not the users of English as a global language who will determine these characteristics as a result of negotiating interaction with each other? We can facilitate the process by making sure that our curricula, our methodology and our examinations do not impose unnecessary and unrealistic standards of correctness on our international learners, and by providing input and guiding output relevant to their needs and wants. But ultimately it is they and not us who will decide. To think otherwise is to be guilty of neo-colonist conceit and to ignore all that we know about how languages develop over time.


ɸफϤ䤳Ǥ롥Ϣơ#1246. Ѹɸಽȵϼδط ([2012-09-24-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Tomlinson, Brian. "A Multi-dimensional Approach to Teaching English for the World" English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. Ed. Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni. London: Continuum, 2006. 130--50.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-01-1]

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2022-06-13 Mon

#4795. ɸѸ졤Ѹ졤ELF λߥǥ [standardisation][world_englishes][elf][lingua_franca][elt][model_of_englishes]

ε#4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ ([2022-06-12-1]) Ǽ夲褦 Standard English World Englishes ȤΩκϿȤ櫓Ѹ춵ˤƤ϶顦ؽΥåȤ򲿤ˤ뤫Ȥľ뤹뤿ᡤ򤱤Ƥ̤ʤǤ롥Rubdy and Saraceni ϡ2ĤΩ EIL/EFL Ȥ3ǤߥǥͤϤˤƼΤ褦˻ŦƤ (6)

Towards simplifications: the teaching and learning of English
While an exhaustive description of the use of English is a futile pursuit, with regard to the teaching and learning of English in the classroom such complexities have necessarily to be reduced to manageable models. The language of the classroom tends to be rather static and disregardful of variation in style and register and, more conspicuously, of regional variation. One of the main issues in the pedagogy of English is indeed the choice of an appropriate model for the teaching of English as a foreign or second language. Here 'model' refers to regional variation, which is the main focus in the whole volume. In this sense, the choice is seen as lying between three principal 'rival' systems: Standard English (usually Standard British or Standard American English), World Englishes, and EIL/ELF (English as an International Language/English as a Lingua Franca).


ǥ饤ХȤʤǥȤƸڤƤ Standard English, World Englishes, ELF ϡ줾ˤ ENL, ESL, EFL ָαѸѤбƤȹͤcf. #173. ENL, ESL, EFL üԿ͸ ([2009-10-17-1]
Standard English 濴˿Ѹ춵ϡENL üԡʤȤ櫓ƱѸüԡˤˤȤäƳͭŪ˰ҿդƤѼǤ⤢֥֥ϡפȴǤ롤ѸüΤΤʤǡ졦ȤüԤϾɤǤ뤳Ȥդ
World Englishes ϡϤѸüԡȤ櫓 ESL üԤŪѤƤѼޤ᤿ѸѼΤǤ롥ESL üԤϱѸüԿ͸礬礭ˤѸѤΤˤפʱƶڤܤͽۤƤ롥򺣡World Englishes ݡפܤƤͳ⡤ˤ롥
ELF ϡѸüԡȤ櫓 EFL üԤΩθѸѤǤ롥ѸϹݥߥ˥ΤƻǤȤŪǽŪ¦̤Ż뤷ѸªӥͥΰǡѸüԤɤѸѤƥߥ˥ǰƬ֤Ƥ롥ŪˤϡΤɤϰȤľŪ˷ӤĤƤ餺¸θġѼ郎ȼθܤȤƤȤΩŪѼǤ롥EFL üԤϱѸüΤΤʤ礬Ǥ礭ؤʤѼȤ ELF ܤƤȤ櫓ELF ǰԤȤ餤ꡤμ֤ϲʤΤͰŪ˺ꤹ٤ΤʤΤɤ꤬롥

ܤαѸ춵ϡŪˤ餫 Standard English нŤäǯ͡ʱѸƤȤ World Englishes Ūʸ⸽ƤȤϤΩäƤȤϸѸ춵ŪȤƤ ELF ˸줹褦ˤʤäƤƤȤϸ

Ρֻߡץǥϡ3ĤαѸѤΤѤΤȤǤϤʤ褦˻פ롥ष3ơɤ줯餤γǥ֥ɤ뤫ȤʤΤǤϤʤ

Rubdy, Rani and Mario Saraceni, eds. English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum, 2006.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-01-1]

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2022-06-12 Sun

#4794. Ѹɸಽ vs ѸѼﲽ [world_englishes][standardisation][notice][function_of_language][sociolinguistics][gengo_no_hyojunka]

ߡѸŪȼäƤκǤΤϡɸ̤ꡤѸϹݥߥ˥ΤɸಽƤʤ٤ʡˤΤ뤤ϳϤȼ򼨤ѸѼ郎ޤޤȯãƤʤ٤ʡˤΤȤ2ĤΩϡΤ2Ĥεǽ"mutual intelligibility" "identity marking" ˤ줾бcf. #1360. 21¿εƤϱѸХХˤ뤫 ([2013-01-16-1])#1521. ޲ȷ ([2013-06-26-1]
ܸȤѸؽԤΤۤȤɤϡܸȤФʸŪǥƥƥͭƤ뤿ˡȤ٤ѸѼ򤹤Ȥݤʥץäƥǥƥƥɽ褦ʤɤȤϹͤʤäơѸؤͳ˹ݥߥ˥Τᡤο͡ȸߤ̤礦ᡤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹ줬ɸಽƤ뤳ȤפʤΤǤäơǥХХѼ郎ƤޤϹޤʤȹͤ롥ܤ˸¤餺 EFL ϰαѸؽԤϡ褽Ʊ褦ʸ
ENL, ESL ϰˤƤϡѤѸѼʤФɸѼˤռŪ򤹤뤳Ȥǥǥƥƥ򼨤ȤߵϷ褷ƾʤΤ褦ʿ͡ϡѸɸಽĹݥߥ˥ΰյ򤷤Ƥˤ衤ϤȼѼ郎ȯãƤȤˤöŪ뤤ѶŪ򼨤Ƥ롥
ϤơХʱѸεˤɸΩΩƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥˴ؤ륨åԤ Rubdy and Saraceni ϡϤǼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ (5)

The global spread of English, its causes and consequences, have long been a focus of critical discussion. One of the main concerns has been that of standardization. This is also because, unlike other international languages such as Spanish and French, English lacks any official body setting and prescribing the norms of the language. This apparent linguistic anarchy has generated a tension between those who seek stability of the code through some form of convergence and the forces of linguistic diversity that are inevitably set in motion when new demands are made on a language that has assumed a global role of such immense proportions.


ɸಽ (standardisation) ȤϲɸѸ (Standard English) ȤϲʤѸŪؤ¸ߤʤΤε䤬Ƥ롥Τ褦ʵΩˤϡѸˤμˤʤ롥ȤΤϡѸϡ1600ǯ᤯ˤ錄ˤ̤ơɸಽæɸಽѼ¿ͲˤȤ򷫤֤иƤǤ롥21ƤɸಽæɸಽΩΩɬľŪӲǽʤ櫓ǤϤʤλͤˤϤʤϤޤѸŪؤԺߤǤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ѹ˾Ĺ餯ƤȥԥåǤ롥
ɸಽäƤϡᴩ ԡ Ϻ δˡظɸಽͤ --- ʩоȸˡפλߡ١罤ۡ2022ǯˤ򻲾Ȥ줿ƱξҲϡ#4784. ظɸಽͤ٤ϼɮԴ֤¿ĥåߤǤ ([2022-06-02-1]) εȤΥˤޤȤޤäƤ롥

standardisation_front_cover_small



Rubdy, Rani and Mario Saraceni, eds. English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. London: Continuum, 2006.

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