ѤʵȤơ#3649. q θˤɬ u ޤϤɤ櫓Ǥ ([2019-04-24-1]) ܥ֥Ǽ夲ȤɼԤꡤqueue ˤȤ̯ʥڥñ줬뤳ȤŦƤä<ueue> 첻4Ĥ³ΤϡѸΥڥȤƤ˳ʤեμѸǤ뤳θˤĤƤϡ̣ŪʴӱѸαƺȤ顤Ĥơ#1754. queue ([2014-02-14-1]) ˤڥˤĤƤϹͤȤϤʤäΤǡ˥ȤäƤ
ε ([2019-04-24-1]) Ǥϡ<qu> /kw/ ñˤȤ館¤ <qu> /k/ Ǥ뤳Ȥ⾯ʤʤcritique, technique, unique ʤɤθ˸륱ϤȤꡤquay, conquer, liquor ʤɸƬƬ˸Ƥ /kw/ ǤϤʤ /k/ Ȥʤϡcf. #383. ֥ΥޥȡפǤʤ֥Υޥȡס ([2010-05-15-1])ˡܤƤ queue /kjuː/ ⤳֤
queue 첻ʬΥڥߤ <eu> /juː/ ȤʤäƤꡤϰѸΥڥ§˱äƤϤ롥neurotic, leukaemia; feudal, neuter; adieu, deuce, lieu ʤ (Upward and Davidson 163) ˳ǧбϽʱѸΥڥ§Ȥϡ줾쥮ꥷ졤ƥ졤ե줫μѸȤƸΥڥѤΤȤߤۤ⤷ʤʤ⡤ΤĤñǤ (yod-dropping) η <eu> /uː/ ȤʤäƤˡ <e> ϡѸΥեˤ⤢뤫餢ΤƤ褤Ʊ˱ѸΥڥ§Ǥ <u> ñ뤳ȤǤʤ⤯ȤǤʡ#2227. ʤ <u> ǽñ줬ʤΤ ([2015-06-02-1]) ȡˡ
ʤߤˡε ([2014-02-14-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡqueue cue ͤȱˤȤƱ졤Хڥ㤨2Ÿ (doublet) Ǥʤ礦ɡ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1]) Τ褦ʤΡˡƱΥեñͳ褹뤬ڥ㤨뤳ȤǰۤʤǤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤʤ褦ˤʤäΤϡѸˤȼȯãǤ롥
ˤ queue Υڥϡ <ueue> 첻4³ǡ˳ŪǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤŦ꤬Ȥޤ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
#1647. ˤ뱤ΧŪħμȵǽ ([2013-10-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ stress-timed ʥꥺࡤܸ syllable-timed (or mora-timed) ʥꥺĸȤ롥Ԥ϶ֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǡԤϲʥ⡼ˤֳ֤Ƿ֤ꥺǤ롥Ѹ˶٤θǤХɥĸ stress-timed ǡե䥹ڥ syllable-timed Ǥ롥
Τ褦˶ŪδϽ줫Υꥺफ˿ʬ뤬̻ŪˤߤȳƸΥꥺѤäΤ뤤ѲƤΤ
Ѹ˴ؤƤС븫ϳΤѲƤȤ롥Ѹ stress-timed ꥺδפˤΤۣ첻 /ə/ ¸ߤǤ롥ΤΤʲȲ̤첻ȡ夯ûȯۣ첻Ȥ¸Ƥ뤿ˡԤˤȤΧñ̤Ū˷֤뤳ȤˤʤΤűѸǤۣ첻¸ߤʤäΤǡstress-timed ꥺΩפ夫äȤˤʤ롥űѸϤष syllable-timed ꥺ˶ᤫäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥Cable (23--24) εʹ
To begin with, Old English did not have reduced vowels. The extensive system of inflectional endings depended on the full values of the short vowels, especially [ɑ], [ɛ], [u], and [ɔ]; and in polysyllabic words these and other short vowels were not reduced to schwa. The surprising effect is that in its lack of reduced vowels Old English can be said to have similarities with the phonological structure of a syllable-based language like Spanish. In this respect, both Old English and Spanish differ from Late Middle English and Modern English. Consequently, Old English can be hypothesized to have more of the suprasegmental structure of syllable-based languages---that is, the impression of syllable-timing---despite our thinking of Old English as thoroughly Germanic and heavily stressed.
Cable ϡűѸ줬 syllable-timed ʸȸäƤ櫓ǤϤʤ١ΥꥺǤ⤢뤷١Τ⤢ȤơŪʥꥺȹͤƤ롥³ʸϤѤƤ
These deductions and hypotheses from theoretical and experimental phonology are supported in the most recent studies of the meter of Old English poems. Beowulf has never been thought of as a poem in syllabic meter. Yet the most coherent way to imagine Old English meter is as a precisely measured mix of "accentual" elements (as the meter has traditionally been understood), "syllabic" elements (which may seem more appropriate for French verse), and "quantitative" elements (which are most familiar in Greek and Latin). (Cable 24)
Cable, Thomas. "Restoring Rhythm." Chapter 3 of Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language: Pedagogy in Practice. Introduction. Ed. Mary Heyes and Allison Burkette. Oxford: OUP, 2017. 21--28.
#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸǤϡƻӵˤƸǤĹ촴첻û륱äܤˤϡűѸ줪Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ʤ벻Ѳ礫ʤ
"Pre-Cluster Shortening" ȤϡλҲǡĹ첻û첻ؤûǤ롥ŪˤϡֽŤפʤꤹΤ뤿ΰŪάȲᤵ롥ȤƤϡfeed, keep, meet, sleep ʤɤĹ촴첻ư˻ޤʬܼä fed, kept, met, slept û첻ΤƱǤ롥餿ƷƻˤĤƤС촴Ĺ첻ĸФơҲǻϤޤűѸӵ -ra ѸǤ -er ȯŸˤդӵη֤û첻褦ˤʤäΤȤˤƤ롥Lass (102) ˤС
Originally long-stemmed adjectives with gemination in the comparative and superlative showing Pre-Cluster Shortening: great 'great'/gretter, similarly reed 'red', whit 'white', hoot 'hot', late. (The old short-vowel comparative of late has been lexicalised as a separate form, later, with new analogical later/latest.)
Ĺ첻˻Ҳ³û첻 "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ϡդ줿Ѳ1ȹͤ졤ºݤ˱Ѹ첻ˤǤϰۤʤ˰ۤʤĶƤ롥Lass (71) ˤСűѸΤϰʲ̤gospel ˤĤƤϡ#2173. gospel d æ ([2015-04-09-1]) ȡˡ
About the seventh century . . . long vowels shortened before /CC/ if another consonant followed, either in the coda or the onset of the next syllable, as in bræ̆mblas 'branbles' < */bræːmblɑs/, gŏdspel 'gospel' < */goːdspel/. This removes one class of superheavy syllables.
θűѸβѲ3ҲϢ³֤ΤѸСǤ2ҲϢ³֤Ƥ롥夲Ƥƻ촴Ĺûθؤ˴ͿΤϡνѸΤΤǤ (Lass 72--73)
Long vowels shortened before sequences of only two consonants . . . , and --- variably--- certain ones like /st/ that were typically ambisyllabic . . . . So shortening in kĕpte 'kept' < cēpte (inf. cēpan), mĕtte met < mētte'' (inf. mētan), brēst 'breast' < breŏst 'breast' < brēost. Shortening failed in the same environment in priest < prēost; in words like this it may well be the reflex of an inflected form like prēostas (nom./acc.pl.) that has survived, i.e. one where the /st/ could be interpreted as onset of the second syllable; the same holds for beast, feast from French. This shortening accounts for the 'dissociation' between present and past vowels in a large class of weak verbs, like those mentioned earlier and dream/dreamt, leave/left, lose/lost, etc. (The modern forms are even more different from each other due to later changes in both long and short vowels that added qualitative dissociation to that in length: ME /keːpən/ ? /keptə/, now /kiːp/ ? /kɛpt/, etc.)
latter ʤ last) ϡνѸβѲˤϤ֤ȤޤĤäȤõ٤ΤǤ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
ѸޤǤϡƻθ촴첻û -er դפӵˡäȤ great ӵ餬 gretter Ȥʤäꡤwhite whitter Ȥʤäꤹ褦촴첻Ĺݤ֤ʻ¸ƤΤǡ¿ηƻˤƤϡ䤬Ƥ餬ͥȤʤꡤ촴첻ûפӵ֤¸ߴƤä
ȤǤӤΤlate θ촴첻ûפӵǤ latter ȺǾ last Ūˤ late ӵ顦ǾȤϤߤʤƤ餺̤θùܤȼƤ뤬Ūˤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ롥ʤ첻Ĺݤä֤ϳơ later, latest ȤʤꡤߤɸŪ late ӵ顦ǾȤʤäƤ롥
Ʊͤˡout θ촴첻ûפӵ֤ߤ utter ϢʤäƤ롥ξ⡤utter out ȴϢƤȤŪʴФϤʤʤäƤꡤΩ̤θȤʤäƤ롥餳utterly Τ褦ˡʤդ뤳ȤǤ롥Ĺ첻ݤäפ outer ȤʤäϤǤϤ out ӵ֤ȤƤϰռ줺̤ηƻȤƼƤΤ⤷
latter later뤤 utter outer Τ褦ˡƱǽ̤Ѱ۷ˤʤäΤߤʬΩؤȯŸƤȤϾʤʤӤˤĤơ#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) ȡ
ʾ塤Lass (156) ȤƼɮ
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
ε ([2019-03-13-1]) ˰³ƤꡥѸˤ <u> <o> ʬۤ111ΥƥȤˤĴ Wełna (317) ϡȤưʲΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
. . . the examination of the above corpus data has shown a lack of any consistent universal rule replacing <u> with <o> in the graphically obscure contexts of the postvocalic graphemes <m, n>. Even words with identical roots, like the forms of the lemmas SUN (OE sunne), SUMMER (OE sumor) and SON (OE sunu), SOME (OE sum) which showed a similar distribution of <u/o> spellings in most Middle English dialects, eventually (and unpredictably) have retained either the original spelling <u> (sun) or the modified spelling <o> (son). In brief, each word under discussion modified its spelling at a different time and in different regions in a development which closely resembles the circumstances of lexical diffusion.
Τ褦˱ʪޤä褦ʷʤΤWełna ϻδ鼡ηŦƤ롥
. . . o-spellings first emerged in the latter half of the 12th century in the (South-)West (honi "honey" . . .). Later, a tendency to use the new spelling <o> is best documented in London and in the North.
Wełna ܿͤҤ٤Ƥ褦ˡĴоݤȤޤ HUNDRED, HUNGER, HONEY, NUN, SOME, SUMMER, SUN, SON 8ĤˤŪʷФΤΤ⤷ʤʤ븦椬ɬפΤ褦
Wełna, Jerzy. "<U> or <O>: A Dilemma of the Middle English Scribal Practice." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 305--23.
ɸ˴Ϣϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1])#3513. come some ֻ ([2018-12-09-1])#3574. <o> ɽ蘆첻 --- donkey vs monkey ([2019-02-08-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥϡ<u> <o> ˤѡפȤֻѸʬۤ礵Ƥäаޤ˾Ƥ Wełna ʸ˰͵ĤġԸθҲ𤷤
Ѹ monk, son, tongue ʤɤˤߤ <o> ֻϡŪˤ <u> äΤѸʹߤ <o> ֤ʤ줿ΤǤ롥֤ʤͳϡ˥ĥäǤƤ褦ˡ̤ "minim avoidance" Ȥ롥[2016-01-11-1]εǽҤ٤褦ˡ첻ɽ <u> ϥåΤǤϽ (minim) 2ܤ¤٤ <<ıı>> Τ褦˽줿Ʊ鹽 <m>, <n>, <u>, <v>, <w> ʤɤʸ¤־ˤϡʸɤζ̤ʤ롥Ѥ路뤿ˡѸμ̻첻ɽ <u> <o> ִפȤȤ
Ѹ˸ˤƤϡ"minim avoidance" ʳβƤƤ碌4Ĥۤɤβ Wełna (306--07) ꡤñ˾Ҳ𤷤褦
(1) Υե䥢ΥޥǤߤ줿 <u> <o> ֻ (ex. baron ? barun) Ѹˤ⤿餵줿
(2) "minim avoidance"
(3) ΥޥΥե [o] [u] ؤȾ夲ФѲֻˤȿǤ줿
(4) եֻˤʤä /y(ː)/ <u> б̡/u/ бֻɬפȤʤä
Τ褦˽⤢ʤ (2) ͭϤȤʤäƤ櫓ºݤˤֻܤĴ٤Ƥ (2) βǤ٤Ƥλ㤬줤櫓ǤϤʤϤʤ꺮٤ȤƤ褦ΤʤǤѸξ˴ؤŪǤ¤ Morsbach ˴ŤƤޤȤСΤ褦ˤʤ (Wełna 306)
a. the 12th century English manuscripts employ the spelling <u>;
b. the first o-spellings emerge in the latter half of the 12th century;
c. <o> for <u> is still rare in the early 13th century and is absent in Ormulum, Katherine, Vices and Virtues, Proclamation, and several other texts;
d. from the latter half of the 13th century onwards the frequency of <o> grows, which results in both old <u> and new <o> spellings randomly used in texts composed even by the same scribe.
Ρ֥פʬۤѸˤޤDZ䡹³ƤȤˤʤ롥ꤴ襤Ǥ롥
Wełna, Jerzy. "<U> or <O>: A Dilemma of the Middle English Scribal Practice." Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English. Ed. Simone E. Pfenninger, Olga Timofeeva, Anne-Christine Gardner, Alpo Honkapohja, Marianne Hundt and Daniel Schreier. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2014. 305--23.
Morsbach, Lorenz. Mittelenglische Grammatik. Halle: Max Niemayer, 1896.
ε#3573. accomplish one ζ첻Ѱۡ ([2019-02-07-1]) ǡ<o> ֻбȯ /ʌ/ /ɒ/ δ֤ɤƤߤϡ⤽ <o> ֻŵŪˤ2Ĥ첻б뤳Ȥ˵롥ñȤƤ <o> /ɒ/ Τۤä¿餳夲褦 spelling_pronunciation ΥǥȤʤΤ<o> /ʌ/ 褷ƾʤʤषŪʸ¿ѻȤ¤⤢롥äơɤб§Ǥꡤɤ餬㳰ʤΤľŪˤȽȤʤ
Carney (355) ϡ<o> ˤĤƤΥǥեȵ§Ȥ <o> /ɒ/ ΩƤƤ롥ñ
across, belong, block, bobbin, bronze, catalogue, choreography, confident, dog, donkey, glottal, jolly, obstinate, off, olive, plonk, stock, tonsils; cost, lost, frost, costume, ostensible, posterior
<o> /ʌ/ ϡ嵭ΥǥեȤϰΤΡ/v/ ǤϹߤ뤷ʳǤ¿뤳ȤǤ롥Carney (351, 355) ȴФ
above, coven, covenant, cover, covet, covey, discover, dove, glove, govern, love, oven, plover, recover, shove, shovel, slovenly; accomplice, accomplish, among, another, borough, brother, colour, comfort, company, compass, conjure, fishmonger, front, frontier, ironmonger, mongrel, monk, monkey, month, mother, nothing, one, once, other, smother, son, sponge, ton, tongue, won, wonder, Monday
ΥꥹȤˤϵƤʤ#3513. come some ֻ ([2018-12-09-1]) come, some <o> /ʌ/ Ǥ롥2ĤΥꥹȤθ췲ˤĤƤϡ¿ <o> <m>, <n>, <v> (= <u>) ߤ졤"minim avoidance" 뤳ȤǤΤΤǤ٤Ƥդ뤳ȤϤǤʤ"minim avoidance" ˤĤƤϡ#2450. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤѡ ([2016-01-11-1])#2453. Ѹˤ <u> <o> ˤ (2) ([2016-01-14-1]) ȡˡ
2ĤΥꥹȤ٤ȡdonkey /ˈdɒŋki/ /ˈmʌŋki/ ϡ褦ֻƤʤۤʤ붯첻ĤȤ狼롥ΩɸŪǰŪʥꥹȯ˴ŤˤΤΩĤΤǤꡤꥫѸǤ donkey /ˈdʌŋki/ ȯ⤢뤳ȤդäƤ
դޤʤꡥε one ǤߤȤꡤ̾ /ʌ/ ȯ among, mongrel, nothing, once, tongue ζ첻ĿͤȯˤäƤ /ɒ/ ȤƸ뤳ȤˤդƤ<o> ȯ
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ɽñϡ#211. spelling pronunciation ([2009-11-24-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ [əˈkʌmplɪʃ] ȯƤǯΥꥫѸǤֻαƶˤ [əˈkɑ:mplɪʃ] ȯ褦ˤʤäƤƤ롥
ꥹѸǤθݤѻ졤2첻 /ʌ/ ǤϤʤ /ɒ/ ȯ뷹ƤƤ롥LPD Preference poll ˤȡꥹѸǤ8%ۤɤԤ첻ȯ褦ˤʤäƤȤcf. #488. ȯɤΰ ([2010-08-28-1])#2268. ֤ʤޤפΰۤʤ˴ؤ붦Ū ([2015-07-13-1]) ⻲ȡˡ
ϡֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) θ̤ȤäƤ褤ֻ <o> б첻 /ʌ/ /ɒ/ ѲƤƤ¾ȤƤϡcolander, combat, comparable, comrade, conduit, constable ʤɤˤ1첻 (Upward and Davidson 193) ηϡñȯñ٥ǤϺƤΤͽۤ롥
⤦1Ȥ˺ƤϤʤʤΤone 첻Ǥ롥ñϡŪˤ /wʌn/ ȯƤ¤ /wɒn/ ȯƤƤ롥LPD Preference Poll ˤСꥹѸˤ30%ԤȯȤǯؤǤ50%Ȥ顤첻֤ƤΤ⤷ʤone ȯˤˤĤƤϡ#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1])#3536. one, once, none, nothing 1첻 ([2019-01-01-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ21ˤ⿷ѲѰۤŸƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥ʪήžΤ
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
ѸˤϡŪ첻 (Great Vowel Shift; gvs) Ȥ̤ˡѸζŪʸݤȤƤ "Modern English Vowel Shift Rule (alterations)" ȤΤ롥ԤϡѸڥˤߤ벻ŪѰۤ˴ؤ붦Ūʵ§Ǥ롥Chomsky and Halle üȯθθ÷ǤⰷƤȥԥåȤСΤ褦ʥڥ첻˴ؤƸؤߤ롥various ? variety, comedy ? comedian, study ? studious, harmony ? harmonious; divine ? divinity, serene ? serenity, sane ? sanity, reduce ? reduction, fool ? folly, profound ? profundity (McMahon 342) .
McMahon ϡζŪʵ§Ŭ (Optimality Theory; ot) ʬϤԸŦʤ顤ƱϱΧ (prosody) ΤˤĹƤ뤬첻ؤΤ褦ʬ˴ؤˤŬѤˤΤǤϤʤƤ롥ξϡ̤ˤƱֲפˤȤϤºݤˤΩ⤤ΤǤϤʤȤMcMahon (357) ϡΩκʤ鼡Τ褦Ƥ롥
. . . we must recognise prosodic and melodic phonology as two different systems, and in fact there are many different strands of evidence pointing in that direction. For instance, prosodic phonology shows clearer connections with emotion, with gesture, and with aspects of call systems in other primates. Prosodic and segmental phonology behave very differently in cases of language disorder and breakdown, with some children who are seriously language-impaired finding considerable compensatory strength in prosody, for instance. Prosodic phonology is also acquired early, and there is evidence that the brain lateralisation of prosody and melody is different too, with more involvement of the right hemisphere in prosody, and strong left hemisphere localisation for segmentals. If prosody phonology and segmental phonology are actually two very different systems, which have evolved differently, are processed differently, are acquired differently, and interact with different systems (as with the paralinguistic uses of prosody, for instance), then there is no need for us to expect a single theory to deal with both.
θϡOT Ūʰ˴ؤˤȤɤޤ餺ؤˤ벻ΰ֤ŤˤĤƤƹͤ¥ΤȤʤ
Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row, 1968.
McMahon, April. "Who's Afraid of the Vowel Shift Rule?" Language Sciences (Issues in English Phonology) 29 (2007): 341--59.
#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) 첻 (gvs) ˤޤĤפۤˤϢ꤬ѤƤ롥ε#3553. 첻ܤγƲѲǯ ([2019-01-18-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ첻շǤȤξȾʬ첻ʹ첻ˤѲŪᤤǯƤ뤬Ⱦʬ첻첻ˤǤϿǯ1ۤɤ٤Ƥ롥ΤȤϢŪʿܤꤹΤǤСĻ֤ƤΤϼ֤Τ礭ˤϡ1Ĥ礭ʿܤȤߤΤǤϤʤ2ġʰʾˤξʿܤΩȲ᤹ۤ褤ΤǤϤʤ1Ĥܤȼĥ뤿ˤΤɤΤ餤λ˼ޤäƤФ褤Τ50ǯۤɤʤOKǡ100ǯǤϥʤΤҴŪʴϤʤξȾʬȲȾʬϢ롦ʬΥ첻ܤξ岼פȸƤǤ
⤦1ġ첻ܤκפȸƤ٤꤬롥Ū첻ܤǤϡ¦첻첻ˤȱ¦첻ʸ첻ˤʿŪ˾夲2첻ФȤˤʤäƤꡤоϤʤȤƤ롥¦ѲɬŪ˱¦Ѳʤ뤤ϤεաˤȤȤä˲Ū˻ٻ櫓ǤϤʤؤˤʤʡ#1405. ̤첻 ([2013-03-02-1]) ȡˡǤʤȸʤСоȤƤ褤ȹͤ뺬ߤ뤤ŪĹ첻ξ夲ή (drift) ѸˡʤʤϸˡˤˤϤȤȤǤʤСϤꤽξڵߤ
Krug ϡ־岼פȡֺפȤɽϻȤ鷺Ȥξ˸ڤʤ顤첻ܤ͡ΩϡѲλ¤˴ؤ븫Ȥϡ˴ؤ븫ȸڤ롥Ω⡤켫ΤǤȤäƤȤ⤤ʤȤȤ
In terms of the classic musical chairs analogy, we might ask: how long may it take for a chair (or a gap in the system) to be filled to still qualify as one and the same game? For those theorists who allow a gap of up to 150 years . . . the whole series of changes . . . can be interpreted as forming a unitary Great vowel Shift --- even though . . . it would seem preferable to speak of one shift in the back and one in the front since the two are not interrelated. For those who require lockstep or a maximum time gap of 50 years, however, it will be two smaller shifts (affecting the upper half of the ME vowel inventory) followed by another small chain shift raising ME /aː/ and /ɛː/ in the first half of the 17th century plus an individual, but roughly contemporaneous change from ME /ɔː/ to [oː]. Both of these positions are legitimate and neither one is inherently superior from an analytic point of view.
Krug, Manfred. "The Great Vowel Shift." Chapter 14 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 241--66.
ε#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡ첻 (gvs) ˤ꤬͡ΩϤäƤ롥5Τ٤Ƥ줹뺬Ū䤤ϡνդ餷ʤ˴ŤΤȤʸŪǤ롥ֻʬϤλ˱ơĹ첻2첻βѲΥߥ˴ؤԴ֤ǰۤʤäƤޤȤȤˤʤ꤫ͤʤ줬첻ܸκʤΤǤ롥
ʸѤˤꡤƲѲǯˤĤƤ٤λ¤ʬäƤƤ뤳ȤΤǤ롥ֻʳˤ⡤εӱδӱμؼԤˤ뵭Ҥʤɤⲻ˹Ƥ礹Ф٤μ֤⤫Ӿ夬äƤΤǤ롥Krug (249) ϡפԸޤȤǡ첻ܤγѲǯޤʲˡ"Dating the changes of Middle English long vowels" ꤵ줿οޤƸ褦
| Middle English | c.1500 | c.1600 | c.1700 | Modern English | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c.1300 | (RP) | ||||||||
| (I) | iː | > | ɪi | > | əɪ | > | aɪ | ≈ | aɪ |
| (II) | uː | > | ʊu | > | əʊ | > | aʊ | ≈ | aʊ |
| (III) | eː | > | iː | ≈ | iː | ||||
| (IV) | oː | > | uː | ≈ | uː | ||||
| (V) | ɛː | > | e̞ː | > | eː | > | iː | ≈ | iː |
| (VI) | ɔː | > | oː | > | oʊ > əʊ | ||||
| (VII) | aː | > | æː > ɛː | > | eː | > | eɪ |
첻 (gvs) θϡJespersen 1909ǯˤѸƳư衤110ǯδ֡Ѹˤ䲻θԤ̥λƤĹˤΤʤǤ⡤40ǯۤɤϡѲˡפǤΤơֿܡפǤΤȤܼŪܤޤäƤβ GVS ͡¦̤Ƥä˽פ5ˤޤȤȤLass Stockwell and Minkova Ȥ Krug (242--43) ꡤ5
(i) Inception: where in the vowel space did the series of change begin?
(ii) Order: what is the chronology of individual and overlapping changes?
(iii) Structural coherence: are we dealing with interdependent changes forming a unitary overarching change or with local and independent changes?
(iv) Mergers: is the assumption of non-merger, i.e. preservation of phonemic contrasts, viable for language change in general and met in the specific changes of the GVS?
(v) Dialects: how do we deal with dialects which did not undergo the same changes as southern English or in which the changes proceeded in a different order?
5ˤĤǫƤΤMcMahon Ǥ롥McMahon ϡġФñФȤϤǤʤȤʤ⡤Ρ첻ܡפθƾΤʤΤǤϤʤȷƤ롥
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Krug, Manfred. "The Great Vowel Shift." Chapter 14 of The History of English. 4th vol. Early Modern English. Ed. Laurel J. Brinton and Alexander Bergs. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2017. 241--66.
Lass, Roger. "Rules, Metarules and the Shape of the Great Vowel Shift". English Phonology and Phonological Theory: Synchronic and Diachronic Studies. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1976. 51--102.
Stockwell, Robert and Donka Minkova. "The English Vowel Shift: Problems of Coherence and Explanation." Luick Revisited. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky, Gero Bauer, and Jacek Fisiak. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, 1988. 355--94.
McMahon, April. "Restructuring Renaissance English." The Oxford History of English. Ed. Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford: OUP, 147--77.
ޤƤǤȤޤΥ֥11ǯܤޤʿ⽪˶ŤƤޤ褿٤ˤƤ⡤ɤꤤ夲ޤ
ǯȯܤϡ̣ꡥǶᡤ<o .. e> /ʌ/ ˤĤơ#3513. come some ֻ ([2018-12-09-1]) ǿ줿κݤˡone, none ʤɤˤ줿ȴϢ once ȤȤˡ3ϼ¤ʣˤäƤ롥#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1]) Ǥ⡤˻аޤϴñ˽Ҥ٤ܤĴ٤ȼ¤ʣŪаޤ褦첻̻ŪѲȶŪѰۤۤ߹äȯãƤ褦ǡñ뤳ȤϤǤʤȤȤǡ (207) β˴ꤲƤޤޤ
one/none/once: ModE Ǥ [ū?ō?ɔː?ɔ] θؤ᤹Ūȯã餤 PE [oʊ] Ԥ롥 only (<ānlic/alone (<eall ān)/atone ˤϤ줬ȿǤƤ롥PE [ʌ] 㤨 [wʌn] ϤǤ16--17ˤߤ뤬Ūޤ¯ŪǤꡤ1700ǯޤ StE ˤϼƤʤΤ [oːn] ִƤä
3 PE [ʌ] ȯãϤĤΤ褦ǤäȻפ롥ʤOE ɑːn > ME ɔːnŪ夲 . . . [oːn] ؾ夲줿ƬϤ겻 [w] (cf. Hart wonly) . . . woːn > (GVS) uː > û . . . ʊ > ߿ ʌ ã . . .
βǤϡƬؤ w ˤ夲ФƤˤˤ˾夲褻졤Ĥ˹첻ˤʤäƤޤäȤʥꥪꤵƤ롥ˤ衤ȯαƶȤŪ¦̤ؤäơñˤǤʤȯɽʤȤäƤΤ⤷ʤ
ʤǤ one, none, once 3ΤߤܤƤΥ롼פ˴Ϣ nothing (< nā(n) þing) դäƤ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
herd, heard, stir, word, nurse, myrrh ʤɤ <Vr> ֻñˤơб벻Ϥ /əː(r)/ Ȥʤ롥ȯֻδط1¿פȤʤѸؽˤƤʸݤʤΤ϶Ѹ NURSE Merger 岽 (centralisation) ȤˤȤѲη̤Ǥ롥ѸޤǤϡθϤ褽ֻ˼̤첻äƤꡤȯߤ˶̤ƤȤͻ (merger) ٤Ʊ첻˵ƤޤäֻϤĤƤ첻бޤꤷƤޤäΤǤ롥
ͻ礬Ϥޤäϡ/ɪr/, /ɛr/, /ʌr/ γơˤäƤˤäƤۤʤäƤ/ɪr/, /ɛr/ ˤĤƤ15ᤫ³ǻϤޤäƤꡤ16ˤϥɥ¯ˤߤ줿ɸѸǤ16ȾФϤޤäƤ褦/ʌr/ ͻ٤17ȾФϤޤꡤĿͤˤäƤ18ޤǶ̤ݤäԤ⤢äShakespeare ϶̤ƤˡΤȤƤСɸѸˤ3Ԥͻ18ޤǤ˴λƤȤߤƤ褤p. 304--07ˡ
ʤ/ɛr/ ˤĤƤϡѸ˲Ф /ar/ Ȥδ֤ɤ줬ߤ졤ɤ줬ߤޤǼѤ줿̤Ȥơclerk Υꥹȯ /ˈklɑ:k/ ȥꥫȯ /ˈklə:rk/ ʤɤκޤƤ¾Ȥ Derby, Berkeley, sergeant, person/parson, vermin/varmin(t), university/varsity ʤɤˡˤĤƤϡ#211. spelling pronunciation ([2009-11-24-1])#1343. ѸαƺʼȤȯȸáˡ ([2012-12-30-1])#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) εȡ
NURSE Merger ˤĤơǤϤ줬Ƥ餺ޤѸ첻ζ̤ݤƤ륱¿ȤդäƤȤХåȥɱѸǤ stirred /stɪrd/, heard /hɛrd/, word /wʌrd/ ʤɤȯߤǤ (Gramley 381) 饹αؤƤϡֻ̤ȯǤ狼䤹פȴưΤǤ롥ŪˤϥåȥɱѸ줬ֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) ѤƤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ뤬ŪˤϥåȥɱѸ줬ŲݻƤˤʤ
Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
ɸ3ɽơ lexical set ϡѸǤϸߤ˰ۤʤ첻ʤ r ϢˤäƤ餬Ѹ˥ʤɤ /ɔː/ ؤͻ (merger) ʥȷϡɽ硤ꥫȯʤɤǤͻ礷Ƥʤˡͻ˻ޤǤˤĤβѲͿƤꡤȯŸηаޤϰճʣǤ롥Gramley (190) ꡤʳβѲ
| THOUGHT | NORTH | FORCE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| EModE | ɒː | ɒr | oːr |
| Pre-R lengthening | - | ɒːr | - |
| Pre-R breaking and laxing | - | - | ɔər |
| Phonetic shift | ɔː | ɔːr | - |
| R-dropping | - | ɔː | ɔə |
| 1st FORCE Merger (smoothing) | - | - | ɔː |
| Mod RP | ɔː | ɔː | ɔː |
Ѳˤϡߤ˵ո2Υפ롥 (fortition, strengthening) ȼ岽 (lenition, weakening) Ǥ롥ơˤĤ (49) εҤѤ롥
Ρϡγоδʹ꤬䤹褦ˡܤʬȤΩꡤġʬκΩä뤳Ȥȯä˺ݤĴͥ륮ղäȼȤС۲ (dissimilation)Ĺ첻 (vowel lengthening)첻 (diphthongization)ź (addition)Ჽ (syllabification)̵ (devoicing)ӵ (aspiration) ʤɤ˴ޤޤ롥ŪˡĴθζФ˸ᡤҲŪ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ρ岽ϡäˤĴưפˤ뤳Ȥ١Ĵͥ륮ϾʤƺѤࡥƱ (assimilation)û첻 (vowel shortening)ñ첻 (monophthongization)Ჽ (desyllabification)ü (debuccalization)ͭ (voicing)ɡ (nasalization)̵ (deaspiration)ʣҲ (degemination) ʤɤޤࡥȤϵդˡҲᡤ첻뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ĴôʤȤäͥ岽Фơγоʹ䤹ȤʹͥȤڥǤ롥ääʹؤˤäƿʹԤߤ礤ƤΤʿԤơѲ岽ȶΥХݤ褦ˤʤäƤ롥ɤ餫Υװݤˤʤ뤳ȤϤʤ
(49) 2βѲưŤˤĤơ֥ꥺ¤˹碌פȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) ȡ
3ϡѲס ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
첻ŪħȤƲѤƤȤѸˤ֤ȡΤ褦ʷѻ롥űѸǤϼȤƲ̤κĹûˤѤ졤ѸʹߤǤϼȤƲκʶĥдˡˤѤ褦ˤʤäȤѲ (67) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
θϱѸΥꥺ¤˵Τȹͤ롥ĤޤꡤꥺפȤѸϡƱӤۤƱ٤Ĺˤɬפ뤿ᡤĹꥺĴȤƽפ̤Τ첻ŪħϲʶĥдˡˤĹϥꥺĴΤȲ᤹뤳ȤǤ롥
Ѹˤˤơ̤κȲκϡۤʤŪѤ褦ѲƤȤǤ롥ʲ˴ѡΧ˴ѤǤꡤŪ (typology) Ω줫鸡ڲǽʲǤ⤢롥ޤդߤСꥺǤϤʤʤ뤤ϥ⡼ꥺפȤܸΤ褦ʸǤϡΤ褦ʲ̤ȲȯŸ˴ؤ뷹ϤۤɸФʤȤȤͽ¬롥Ѹβ˵Ҥ˱ƶڤܤǤ뤳ȤϤѸζŪʲεҤȯɽʤɤˤϢǡɷŪʵϢơ#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1]) ⻲ȡ
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
ܸưˤϡֳѡפȸƤФΤ뤬̾ˤ⤽Τ롥פñȤǤϡ֤פȯ뤬פʤɤʣǤϡ֤ߡפȤʤ롥Ρ֤פȡ֤פϡ줾ΩΩ뤤ϪзʤȸƤФ롥Ʊطϡסʤդ͡ˤȡסʤդʤΤˡֱסʤˤȡֱסʤޤˡڡסʤˤȡڱסʤˡַסʤĤˤȡַסʡ̸ŸͤĤˤˤ⸫롥̾ΡֳѡפȤߤʤȤǤ롥
ΥڥδطϡϪзʤ *iפȤꤵ롥*i ϡΤˤϾü첾̾ǤȤ *i ΤȤǤ롥ϡñΩܼȹͤ롥ǶŪˤС
ama + *i ame
ko + *i ki
tuku + *i tuki
Ȥʤ롥첻ȤˤСa e, o i, u i ȤʤäƤꡤòβ꤫ǤϤʤΤΡѸޤॲޥˤƹ i-mutation θ̤ˤʤٻƤ롥źν̤ˤߤ첻Ĵ (vowel harmony) ΰǤꡤޤܸȱѸ˻褦ʸݤǧ뤫Ȥäơޤääˤʤ櫓ǤϤ뤬
ʾ塤 (45) ȤƼɮ
顡ܸˡ١˼Ҥӡ2017ǯ
ε#3886. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) Ǹڤ̤ε#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ȴϢơʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻ѲҲѲΩʤΤȤˤĤƹͤƤߤ
Ritt (224) Ϥη "rhythmic isochrony" "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" 2˵Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤѸߤꥺ¤뤤ϲΧˤꡤ첻Ҳ岽ȤդʤƤȤ
(67) ˤСѸϳƱ (foot) ֤ۤȯ뱤ꥺ (foot-timed rhythm) θ°ʤʤߤܸϲ (syllable-timed rhythm) 뤤ϥ⡼ (mora-timed rhythm) ȤФ륿פθˡ̤˱θϡ첻ܡϢŪܡ첻첻岽ʤ첻ˤޤĤܤŪˤä¿ȤΤƤ롥ƱӤݻ뤿ˡϤȤ櫓̵ϤȤ櫓夯ȯȤоŪʷʤ첻Ѳˤ餵䤹ʤȤ𤬤褦
Ūʴ餤СΥꥺ¤ϡθβѲ˻פΤۤ礭ʱƶڤܤƤꡤ٤ޤǤϤꤷƤȤ餤Τ⤷ʤ (48) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
Ѳȯüϼºݤȯäˤ롥ȯƤ٤ƲѲȤƳΩ櫓ǤϤʤȯüϤޤǼ»־ȯȹͤ롥ȯä˺ݤơη֡칽¤äùܡʤϢˤºݤȯäˤꥺ¤ (rhythmic structure) ˼롥ꥺ¤¾Χ (prosody) Ļθˤʬ뤳ȤΤƤꡤʬŪˤۻʳϤޤȤƤ롥λ¤餫ʤ褦ˡꥺʤӡ¾βΧ˹¤ϡ̤˹ͤƤʾˡʬηϤȿӤĤƤꡤ줬ȯäݤˤϡΥꥺ¤˹碌ʬϢ֤Ƥꤵ롥κݡӱfootᤫ鼡ζľޤǤޤȤˤñ̡ˤ (syllable) ʤɤΥꥺñ̤γФ䤹ʬϢĴưפ褦ʷdzƼﲻƯ¿ε§ŪѲװϸ첻ĴγФˤäưŤƤȤäƤ褤
ϡַϴʥꥺ¤ȡ˽°ʬפȤ¿ʲѤ˴ŤǤ롥
Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
ε ([2018-07-28-1]) ˰³첻 (gvs) ꡥMinkova and Stockwell ϡGVS ȾΤƤ븽ݤ1ĤβǤϤʤ3ĤʬʤʣŪʥץȤߤƤ롥Minkova and Stockwell (34) ˤ GVS οޤϰʲ̤p. 60 οޤȤ䤹뤿˾Ѥäˡ

Minkova and Stockwell ϡ (Upper Half) ǼΤߤʰ̣ǤϢ (Chain Shifts) ǤꡤʤǼʬͻ (Mergers) βȤƶ̤Ƥ롥 ޤ¦κ٤Ǽ (Diaphones) ϳѼˤ۲Ѳɽ路ƤꡤGVS ȤΩ Center Drift Ȥ̤ѲȤƤȤ館Ƥ롥ĤޤꡤΤ Chain Shifts, Mergers, Center Drift ȤΩ3ʬ鹽Ƥꡤ褷1ĤβǤϤʤȼĥƤΤǤ롥
ơβǯޤޤǡChain Shifts 1550ǯޤǤˤϽäƤΤФơMergers 18ޤǷѵŪ˵äƤꡤCenter Drift ϸǤϰѼ³ƤȤ
Ѹ첻˾κǤ첻ܤäƤϡǯǤ⤳Τ褦˿ƤƤ롥ŪǶ¾ƤȤƤϡʲ⻲ȡ
#495. Ǥʤ첻ܡ ([2010-09-04-1])
#1404. Optimality Theory ߤ첻 ([2013-03-01-1])
#1405. ̤첻 ([2013-03-02-1])
#1422. 첻ܤϤ錄2첻ä ([2013-03-19-1])
#2081. ¸ˤ첻ܤʬϡ ([2015-01-07-1])
Minkova, Donka and Robert Stockwell. "Phonology: Segmental Histories." A Companion to the History of the English Language. Ed. Haruko Momma and Michael Matto. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008. 29--42.
3ϡѲ ԡˡ˸ءīоȸإȯŸԡ3īҽŹ2018ǯ47--70ǡ
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