hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ڡ / page 3 (11)

vowel - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-08-28 00:27

2022-01-20 Thu

#4651. ʤ fire ƻ fiery ϤֻʤΤǤ [sobokunagimon][spelling][pronunciation][adjective][gvs][vowel][syllable][analogy][suffix]

ѤʵϻĹ餯ʥäΤǤǶ᥼ߤγ˻ŦƤ餦񤬤ꡤƹͤФǤfire -y դΤǤСΤޤ *firy Ǥ褵ʤΤǤʤ fiery ȤʤΤǤ礦expire expiry, mire miry, spire spiry, wire wiry ʤɤϤΤǤfire fiery Υפ¾㤬ʤ褦ʤΤǡޤޤԻ׵ĤǤ
Ū뤤ϥҥȤȤƤϡѸ fire 1ǤϤʤ2ǡfiery 2ǤϤʤ3ȯ줿ȤطΤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
ʽŪˤСѸ [fiːr], [ˈfiː ri] 첻 (gvs) ФƳơ [fəɪr], [ˈfəɪ ri] ѲޤĹ첻2첻ѲǡѲǤ줾첻ѲϤޤǤ
r αƶǡľϤ겻Ȥۣ첻 [ə] 졤줬ΩγˤȤʤ褦ȯѸˤѰ۷Ȥ¸ߤ褦ʤΤǤפ fi-er, fi-e-ry Τ褦ʥץ饹1ΰ۷֤äȤȤǤ褦ʲĸˤĤơλݤƱ夫餢ޤJespersen ʡ11.11ˤεҤ򸫤Ƥߤޤ礦

The glide before /r/ was even before that time [= 1588 or 1639] felt as a distinct vowel-sound [ə], especially after the new diphthongs that took the place of /iˑ, uˑ/. This is shown by the spelling in some cases after ow: shower < OE scūr bower < OE būr . cower < Scn kūra . lower by the side of lour < Scn lūra 'look gloomy'. tower < F tour; cf. on flower and flour 3.49. Thus also after i in brier, briar, frier, friar, ME brere, frere; fiery, fierie, fyeri (from the 16th c.) for earlier fyry, firy. The glide-vowel [ə] is also indicated by Hart's phonetic spellings 1569: [feiër/ fire (as /heiër/) higher) . /meier/ mire /oˑer/ oar . [piuër] pure . /diër/ dear . [hier/ here (hie r, which also occurs, many be a misprint).


פˡfire ηƻ˴ؤ¤ꡤȤȤȯ2Ǥꡤֻ2ˤߤͳ firy ⤢äɤ⡤ѸդˤȯϤ겻3Ȥʤꡤֻ⤽3ȯȿǤ fiery ʻѤ줿ȤȤΤ褦ǤơȤ̾ǤƱȤäƤȡ
ȤѸδ鿶֤äƤߤȡ̾ǤϤ겻ȿǤƤʤΤ褦 fire ֻɸȤƺѤ졤ƻǤϤ겻ȿǤΤ褦 fiery ֻɸȤƺѤƤޤä褦˸ޤɤ顤ѸˤǤŵŪʡʤȤ⡤դΡˡ֤ϤפǤⵯäƤޤäȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
뤤ϡ̣Ρַ㤷פĤʤϢۤƻ fierce Ȥֻ (analogy) ⤢ä⤷ʤȵäƤޤǤ礦
ΰѤǤ⿨Ƥޤflower flour Ʊ츻ƱȯǤʤ⡤ۤʤֻʬȡ϶ᤤ褦˻פޤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1])#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1]) flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻 (heldio) ⻲Ȥ

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

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2021-12-11 Sat

#4611. marriage, carriage θ治ü [vowel][sound_change][emode][spelling_pronunciation][yod-dropping]

ε#4610. marriage, carriage, verbiage ([2021-12-10-1]) 񤤤˾Ĵ٤ƤߤȤDobson (Vol. 2, 308) ˴Ϣ뵭Ҥ򸫤Ĥʲ "Syncope of the pretonic vowel" ȸФΤĤ줿ᤫΰѤǤ롥

When two vowels occur in hiatus there is a marked tendency towards syncope of the less stressed vowel, especially when it is the first of the two. The commonest case in ModE is in words with the ending -iage (carriage, &c.), in which syncope of the i occurs; the surviving vowel is ME ă . . . , which becomes [ə] and then unstressed [ɪ] . . . . This syncope is not shown by Bullokar; but Gil has mariǧabl 'marriageable', Price, Lye, Cooper, The Compendious School-Master, Cocker, and Brown say that i is silent in marriage, &c., and Coles (followed by Strong and Young) has the 'phonetic spellings' carridg, marridg. Pharaoh has silent a in Hodges. Atheist and atheism have syncope of the e in Lye, WSC, Brown, and the shorthand-writer Everardt. Geometry is commonly said to have 'silent e' by seventeenth-century spelling-books; exceptions are Brooksbank, who says the e was not sounded 'till of late', and The English Schole-Master (1646), which says that in geometry and George the eo has the sounds of both vowels, but not so distinctly as when they are apart---a remark which, in this source, may mean no more than that the e serves to 'soften' the g.


Ѹˤϡmarriage, carriage Τ褦ʲĶĸǤϸ治ü (syncope) ̤˵äƤȤʬ롥ȯǤϤΤ褦ʸ治üФƤʤΤ褦ʸĤäƤꡤξȯֻϤˤݻ줿ǽ⤤Ĥޤֻȯ (spelling_pronunciation) Ǥ롥
(323) ˤ marriage, carriage ˴ؤ뵭Ҥ򸫤ĤѸξ嵭βĶǤθ治üȤơʲ󤲤Ƥ롥

carriage / marriage / atheist / collier>collar / saviour>saver // creature / diamond / violet / vehment / vehicle


ޤ (423) ϡmarriage, carriage ʤɤѸ [j]- (yod-dropping) ȤƤ󤲤Ƥ롥

tedous(=tedious) / genus(=genius) / delirous / comisson / recomendacon(=recommendation) / passonate(=passionate) / queston(=question) / experence(=experience) / carrage(=carriage) / marrage(=marriage) / opinon(=opinion) / curous(=curious) / varous(=various)


ϡֲѲΥ롼ȡפˤ1Ȥơּ岽ûƱפȤɽѤDobson ϡ־üפȤߤʤƤ뤳Ȥա

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

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2021-11-11 Thu

#4581. ξʤ /i/ γĹ [meosl][sound_change][phonetics][vowel][gvs][diphthong]

ѸĹ (meosl) ϡ첻 (gvs) ϤȤʤ벻ϤѲȤƱѸ˾פôäƤ롥βѲˤĤƤ͡ꡤߤǤ³Ƥ뤬Ūˤäƹ첻ˤĤƤϤФŬѤʤȤΤƤ롥㤨С/i/ ǤгĹĶˤ /eː/ Ȥʤ뤳Ȥͽۤ뤬ºݤˤΥ롼ȤФñϾʤ
ʤǤ⤳βѲФƸɸѸäȹͤΤ Prins (108) ꤤĤ󤲤褦

OE ieME iME e:MoE i:
wicuwik gen. wikes > wēkes // wēkweek 
ifelivelēvelevil
clipianclipenclēpen 
bitelbitelbētelbeetle
wifelwivelwēvelweevil


űѸ /i/ ѸˤƳĹФ /eː/ Ȥʤꡤ줬ѸˤƤ첻ܤϤȤʤäơǽŪ /iː/ Ϥ줿Ƚ٤ȡפ /i/ /iː/ ؤĹ첻̤ȤʤäƤ롥ʤ /i/ ʤ /u/ˤγĹ㤬ʤΤϱѸˤˤ̤ȤäƤ褤

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2021-09-19 Sun

#4528. ꥹμϰ˻Ĥ3Ĥȯ [pronunciation][h][r][rhotic][vowel][centralisation][phonology][phonetics][phoneme][substratum_theory][celtic_hypothesis][cockney]

ꥹΤΤʤ濴ŪʱѸȤС֥ƥΥ󥰥ɤΥɥ濴Ȥ륤󥰥ɸѸΤȤؤΤ̤Ǥ롥ʳΥ󥰥ɤ䡤륺åȥɡɡ¾ʤɤޤȤƼϰȸƤ֤ȤˤȡμϰαѸѼˤϤФиŤħ (relic features) ѻ롥ŪħȤơCorrigan (355) 3Ĥͭ̾ʻ󤲤Ƥ

(1) "FOOT/STRUT split"
Ū /ʊ/ 濴ϰ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ ʬѲ򤵤17岽 (centralisation) ȸƤФǡˤ첻Ǥ1Ȥˤʤ롥ϰǤʬϵäƤʤ foot strut Ѥ餺 /ʊt/ ǵӱƧࡥ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ͽޤ򼨤褦ˡʬ̵ͭʬۤΤǤ롥

(2) "non-prevocalic /r/"
ܥ֥Ǥ rhotic ¿εˤƤ#452. 󥰥ɱѸνˤ r ([2010-07-23-1]) ϿޤǺܤƤ뤬Ǥ첻֤ʤŪ r ¸³Ƥ뤬濴Ǥϼ¸ʤåȥɤ䥢ɤ rhotic Ǥʤ륺Ǥϰ non-rhotic Ǥˡ

(3) "h-dropping"
Cockney ȯȤƤ褯ΤƤ h æ븽ݡ¤ Cockney ˸¤餺Ѹʹߡ濴ϰǹԤʤƤh-dropping ϰѼȤƤħǤϤʤҲѼȤƤħȤߤ뤳Ȥ¿ϰѼǤϤޤ긫ʤȤ¤⤢ꡤȤñǤϤʤȷϤδؤıѸѼǤϰŪ˸Ƭ h ݻƤ롥

Τ褦˼ϰϸŤħݻƤ뤳Ȥ¿ŪʴʬۤǽʬʤΤϰϡŪʰ̣ǼդǤǤʤȷϸ졦ؤˤıѸѼ郎ԤʤƤϰȤ̱²Ūʰ̣ǤդǤ롥Corrigan Ͼ嵭ħȸزˤΤȶĥƤ櫓ǤϤʤ򼨺ǾҲ𤷤Ƥ롥

Corrigan, Karen P. "The Atlantic Archipelago of the British Isles." Chapter 17 of The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Ed. by Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Devyani Sharma. New York: OUP, 2017. 335--70.

Referrer (Inside): [2023-05-23-1]

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2021-09-12 Sun

#4521. Ѹ˾μפ첻Ѳ [sound_change][vowel][phonetics][phonology][diphthong][gvs][r]

#3386. Ѹ˾μפʻҲѲ ([2018-08-04-1]) 첻Ǥ񤤤ƤʤäΤǡϱѸˤˤ첻βѲˤĤơפʤΤޤȤ᤿
ȤϤäƤ⡤Ѹ˾βѲϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ⼨褦ˡ첻ѲΤۤäȼ䵬ϤäơμѲˤޤȤ夲Τ񤷤ǡCruttenden (72) ˽äơűѸȸѸ첻ηϤоȤȤ˺ΩĥݥȤ6󤲤뤳Ȥǡ̤βȤ

(1) OE rounded front vowels [yː, ʏ] were lost by ME (following even earlier loss of [øː, œ]).
(2) Vowels in weakly accented final syllables (particularly in suffixes) were elided or obscured to [ə] or [ɪ] in ME or eModE.
(3) All OE long vowels closed or diphthongised in eModE or soon after.
(4) Short vowels have remained relatively stable. The principal exception is the splitting of ME [ʊ] into [ʌ] and [ʊ], the latter remaining only in some labial and velar contexts.
(5) ME [a] was lengthened and retracted before [f,θ,s] in the eighteenth century.
(6) The loss of post-vocalic [r] in the eighteenth century gave rise to the centring diphthongs /iə,eə,ɔə,ʊə/ (later /ɔə/ had merged with /ɔː/ by 1950 and /eə/ became /ɛː/ by 2000). The pure vowel /ɜː/ arose in the same way and the same disappearance of post-vocalic [r] introduced /ɑː,ɔː/ into new categories of words, e.g. cart, port


(3) 첻ܡ (gvs) ˴ϢѲǤ롤
Ѹ˾¿첻ѲΤʤDzŻ뤷ͭյȤ뤫ȤΤϤʤʤ񤷤ʤΤƾιܤ˹ʤä󼨤̯Ǽ롥˻ͤˤʤꥹȤǤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤ

Cruttenden, Alan. Gimson's Pronunciation of English. 8th ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-09-10-1]

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2021-08-08 Sun

#4486. coffee, cafe, caffeine [sobokunagimon][french][vowel][loan_word][turkish][arabic][assimilation][eebo]

֥ҡפ coffee /ˈkɒfi/ ɤ⡤ΰ˴ޤޤ붽ʳޤΡ֥եפ caffeine /ˈkæfiːn/ Ȥʤ롥ǽ첻ʻˤۤʤΤϤʤѤʵ䤬󤻤줿ΤˤʤȻפäĴ٤Ƥߤ
ҡӡʤɤ¤ǹѤʸ1ĤǤ롥ѤȤƤΥҡʸƸΤϡ10ΥΰؽˤƤǤ롥11˥ǰѤϤᡤ13ȾФˤϼؤƤ륤ඵ̤δ֤ǼΤȤư褦ˤʤäκΰ̾äƥӥ qahwa ȸƤФ褦ˤʤä16˥ȥ륳Υץȱ򵡤ˡΰϥȥ륳 kahve Ȥꡤ1554ǯ˥֡˲ʥҡŹ Kahve Khāne 줿
衼åؤΥҡƳϡ16Ⱦ˥ȥ륳ͳƤʤ줿17ˤʤȥͥѥʤɳϤ˹ޤꡤꥹǤ1650ǯ˥åեɤǡ1652ǯ˥ɥǺǽΥҡŹץ󤷤̵ξȤƤѤʸݤȤƤΥҡϥ (coffee house) Ǥ롥
ơȤƤΥҡϤΤ褦ˤƥꥹäƤ櫓ɽ魯̾ˤĤƤϤɤäΤOED ˤȡӥ qahwah ȥ륳 kahveh Ȥä塤ꥢ caffè Фƥ衼åѽ˼Ѥ줿ΤǤϤʤȤ
˥ꥢȤȡ첻ʻa ݤ줿Τե󥹸 caféڥ caféݥȥ caféɥĸ Kaffeeǥޡ졦ǥ kaffe ȤȤˤʤ롥첻ʻˤİ۷Ȥ夷ΤѸ coffee koffieŤɥĸ coffee/koffee kophe/kopheĭ Ǥ롥Ԥ o ˤĤƤϡӥȥ륳 ahw/ahv w/v ĴƱ (assimilation) Τȿ¬롥Barnhart θ츻εҤ򻲾Ȥ褦

coffee n. 1598 chaoua, 1601 coffe, 1603-30 coffa, borrowed from Turkish kahveh, or directly from Arabic qahwah coffee, originally, wine. Two forms of this word (with a and with o) came into most modern languages about 1600: the first is represented by French, Spanish, and Portuguese café, Italian caffè, German Kaffee, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish kaffe. The second form is represented by English coffee, Dutch koffie, Russian kofe. The forms with o may have had earlier au (see the earliest English form chaoua), from Turkish -ahv-- or Arabic -ahw-.


OED ˤȱѸǤν1598ǯ Chaoua Ǥꡤ17ˤ a ĸ롥Ѹ絬ϥѥ EEBO ǸƤ cahave, kauhi ʤɤ鷺ǤϤ뤬Ĥä17ᤤʳ o ĸˤۤڤؤä褦ǤϤ롥17Ⱦˤ coffa 17Ⱦˤ coffee ׷Ȥ夷
ơե󥹸Ǥ café ֥ҡפΤߤʤ餺֥ҡŹեפ̣뤬Υե󥹸ȤƤñ줬Ԥθ1763ǯˡԤθ1802ǯ˱ѸäƤѸ cafe /ˈkæfeɪ/ ̾ϸԤθ˸ꤷƻȤƤꡤܸǤƱͤǤ롥
Ǹ caffeine 1830ǯ˥ե󥹸 caféine ѸäƤa äƤΤϡե󥹸ǤθȤȤˤʤ롥

Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.

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2021-07-13 Tue

#4460. űѸ첻ξˤĤĹϼܤˤϤʤΤ [manuscript][oe][punctuation][vowel][spelling][palatalisation][alphabet]

ε#4459. ʤ drive βʬ driven ϥɥ饤ǤϤʤɥʤΡ ([2021-07-12-1]) ϤȤơܥ֥ǤϸűѸθѤ뤳Ȥ¿κݤĹ첻򼨤Τ첻ξ macron ȸƤФ벣ĹˤդȤ¿ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ ǡǤ롥ǤСѸ drove бűѸη֤ drāf äȤ˿줿ǤĹ첻Ǥ뤳Ȥ򼨤Τ ā ɽѤƤ롥
դ٤ϡ macron դɽϡޤǸθűѸؽԤصΤ˸ԼԤդѤˤºݤθűѸμܤˤϤޤäʤäȤȤǤ롥macron ˸¤餺θűѸܤʤɤ˰Ƥζ (punctuation) ϡűѸؼԤΤԼԤѸݤäƤƤΤǤ뤳Ȥ¿ºݤμܤΩäƤߤȡΤ褦ϤʤȤȤʤʤĤޤꡤꤿ褦ʡäΤ褦äʤΤǤ롥ΤȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥʤȡ¿θűѸؽԤ򤷤Ƥޤ
ŪˤСűѸϸѸ٤ơֻȯδطȥ졼ȤǤ롥Ѹ knight, through, climb /naɪt/, /θruː/, /claɪm/ ɤळȤϳؽʤ¤񤷤бűѸ cniht, þurh, climban /kniçt/, /θurx/, /clɪmban/ ɤळȤŪ䤹űѸϡѸˤȯֻЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ꤫餪褽ȤƤȰŪ˸롥
űѸˤȯֻΰספɾƤϤʤΤˡ֥޻̤ɤФ褤פȤ§Ǥ褽ޤΤΡ#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡȯֻɬ11ˤʤʤΤ⤢롥<f, s, þ, ð> ϡŪˤϤ줾̵ͭ (/f, v, s, z, θ, ð/) 뤷<c> <g> ˤ𲻡ʸˤȹŲ롥ԤˤĤƤϡǤ𲻤 /ʧ/, /j/ ϳơ <ċ>, <ġ> ɽ뤳Ȥ¿űѸǤ⡤ȯֻ줤11ˤʤäƤʤϡΤǤ롥
κǤΤ첻ĹûǤ롥ѸˤˤƤϡűѸ줫鸽Ѹ˻ޤǡ첻ĹûϾ˽פʶ̤Ǥ³Ƥ㤨к夲 drive (OE drīfan) ǤСû첻 drifen ǤвʬǤꡤĹ첻 drīfen Ǥ³ˡʣߤȤ "we/you/they may drive" ۤɤɽ路Τǡ첻Ĺụ̂ǽ礭㤨ΤǤ롥¸ܤˤƤ macron ʤɤʤ <drifen> ֤ƤȤ˵Ĥ
θ¤ˤơűѸ⸽ѸƱֻͤȯϤưפƤʤäȤ⤤ΤǤ롥٤ȤʤСΤ˸űѸϸѸϥޥäűѸˤȯֻϡȤ櫓첻Ĺû˴ؤƤСΤΤäΤǤ롥ϡѸˤˤƤФиƨƤ˽פʻ¤ȹͤƤ롥
Ϣơ#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

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2021-07-12 Mon

#4459. ʤ drive βʬ driven ϥɥ饤ǤϤʤɥʤΡ [sobokunagimon][participle][spelling_pronunciation_gap][verb][conjugation][v][vowel]

ɸѤʵ䤬󤻤ޤΤ2첻ĸ drive /draɪv/ ǰƬ֤Сʬ driven */ˈdraɪv(ə)n/ ȤʤꤽʤΤǤñ첻 /ˈdrɪv(ə)n/ Ȥʤޤʤߤ˲ drove /droʊv/ 첻βؤޤƱ褦2첻äƤޤʬñ첻򼨤ΤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
ѸˤδߤƤޤűѸǤϡư϶ޡʤѤΤȡˤλˤä͡ʬवƤΤǤư˴ؤƤжѲ1Ȥ롼פ°ƤޤѸǤ driveʸ-- droveʲ-- drivenʲʬˤ3Ĥμ׷ǧޤűѸǤ4Ĥμ׷ꡤưǤ drīfan-- drāf1-- drifon 2-- drifen ʲʬˤΤ褦Ѳޤ <v> ʸϤʤ <f> ѤƤޤˡǡ1פȡ2פΤ褦ʶ̤äȤ˶ä⤷ޤ󤬡ζ̤ϼ¤ be ư was were ˻ĤäƤޤcf. #3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1]
ơ drīfan 1 drāf ˤ첻ξ˲ĹˤޤĹ첻Ѹˤ븶 drive 2첻Ӳ drove 2첻ϢʤޤűѸǤ⸽ѸǤ⡤2⡼ĹǤ뤳ȤѤϤޤ󡥤ơűѸβʬ drifen ñ첻ΤۤϡΤޤ޸ޤƱñ첻ݤ driven ȤʤäƤޤѸˤ̤ơ1⡼ûä櫓Ǥ
Ѳ1° drīfan ֤⡤ŪˤƱ褦ߤФƸ˻äƤޤ㤨иѸ ride -- rode -- ridden, write -- wrote -- written ϡűѸǤϳơ rīdan -- rād -- ridon -- riden, wrītan -- wrāt -- writon -- writen Ȥʤꡤʬˤñ첻ޤ
äơɸѤʵˤϡΤ褦Ǥ礦űѸλ夫鸽˻ޤǡdrive ʤ֤ưˤˤĤƤϡ֤Ͼ2⡼Ĺ첻äƤʬϾ1⡼û첻äƤȤȤǤ
äȵˤʤϻĤޤridden, written ˤĤƤϳơ <d>, <t> λҲŤʤäƤꡤˤä첻û /ɪ/ Ǥ뤳ȤŪ˼ƤޤҲνŤʤäƤʤ ride, write Ȥϡֻ夢餫˰ۤʤäƤޤȤ driven ˤĤƤ *drivven Ȥ֤Ƥ餺ޤǸ drive ˻ driven ȤֻǤҲŤʤäƤʤΤǤ
ϡѸˡˤϻҲ <v> Ťͤ뤳ȤǤʤȤüʵ§뤫ǤϽŤͤ *drivven ȤȤǤε§椨ˤ driven ˴Ť󤸤Ƥ롤ȤȤǤǤϡʤ <v> ϽŤͤƤϤʤΤǤ礦ϤʤʤʣʷаޤꡤDz⤹뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤȤ <v> <u> ѰۻΤȤ٤ȯãƤȤͿƤޤϢơҡ#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])#4069. ʤ live ȯưǤϡ֥סƻȡ֥饤פʤΤǤ ([2020-06-17-1]) ɤߤ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-07-13-1]

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2021-06-21 Mon

#4438. űѸ첻η [oe][vowel][monophthong][diphthong][phonetics][phonology][phoneme]

űѸ첻ʣηϤʤƤû첻Ĺ첻û2첻Ĺ2첻η󤬤ꡤűѸȾλˤäƤˤäƤ첻μȿϰۤʤäƤᡤűѸ첻ʲǡ˰ȤǤ롥ޤĹ2첻ηˤäɤäơ#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" ([2020-02-24-1])#3964. űѸ "digraph controversy" (2) ([2020-03-04-1]) Ǥߤ褦ʷ㤷⤢ꡤǤϤʤ
Ǥ Prins (51--52) ˰͵򤷤ơűѸθȥ첻ηϤ򼨤Ȥˤ롥

Short Vowels
iüu
eö ( e )o
æ, a
Long Vowels
i:ü:u:
e:ö: ( e: )o:
æ:
ɑ:
Short Diphthongs
ie( i )
eo
ea
Long Diphthongs
i:e( ü )
e:o
e:a


Ƥ٤ϡ

(1) û첻 ö Ĺ첻 ö ϡ߿
(2) û첻 æ a Ʊ첻Ǥΰְ۲Ĺ첻 æ: ɑ: ϰۤʤ벻ǤǤ
(3) û2첻 ie ϡ i Ѳ
(4) Ĺ2첻 i:e ϡ ü: Ѳ

Ȥʤ롥
ƼѲ첻ηϤˤƷ󤴤Ȥ˲Ǥȡû첻6ǡĹ첻7ǡû2첻2ǡĹ2첻2ǤȤʤꡤʤѤäƤ17Ĥ첻ǤäȤˤʤ롥Ѹ첻Ǥ20ĤۤɤʣűѸ餱Ƥʤcf. #1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1])#1601. Ѹܸ첻ΰӡ ([2013-09-14-1])ˡѸǤʣ¤줿ΤΤȤƤߤˤ̤ƱѸ첻ηϤϹäƤȤäƤ褤

Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.

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2021-05-21 Fri

#4407. ϼ֡jinrikisharickshaw [japanese][loan_word][semantic_change][shortening][vowel][etymology][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ֱѸƳ2021Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡˤѤ̤Ƥֿϼ֡סȤǤ1874ǯܡʸˤΡֿϼ֡פѸ jinrikisha ȤƼѤޤθޤʤ1879ǯˤϡѸ첽ޤä rickshaw ȤƸƤޤϤޤ˻䤿Υ᡼ֿϼ֡פΰ̣ѤƤΤǤ1900ǯˤ rickshaw ϥΥȥȥʤɤǤߤΡʤɤŪˤߤ롤ž֤ХưλإΤ褦ʤΤؤؤȿʲ뤲ƤޤOED ξ̿˭٤˴ޤɤߤ䤹ƥĤ˻ž夬äƤޤΤǡϤֿϼ֡פʤ󡤤ȤĥåߤȤȤˤɤ
⤽ֿϼ֡פ jinrikisha ȤƱѸääϲäΤǤ礦Barnhart θ츻˻ͤˤʤ뵭ҤäΤǡѤƤޤ

jinrikisha or jinricksha (jinrik'shô) n. small, two-wheeled carriage pulled by one or more men. 1874, borrowed from Japanese jinrikisha (jin man + riki power + sha cart, carriage).
   It is possible the carriage is the invention of a Baptist missionary named Goble in 1869, who is said to have devised the vehicle for his wife who suffered from arthritis, and the first commercial operation of such vehicles was apparently sanctioned in Tokyo that same year.


ΤʵҤǤϤʤΤΡХץƥɤΰʲ Goble ˤȯʤǡμξʪǧĤ줿Τ⤽ǯä餷ȤȤǤǤϥޥ褯ʬʤǤ͡
ܤΡֿϼ֡פˤĤĴ٤Ȥإ֥꥿˥ɴʻŵ 2010٤˾嵭ȴϢϤ뤬ۤʤ뵭Ҥ򸫤ĤޤȯԤïʤΤǤ礦

Ҥ褻Ϥǰĥ2ؼ֡Ŵˤ׽ܶĮι⻳餬ϼ֤ηƽФΡ2 (1869) ǯ˻žǯ3ˡֿ¤֡פȤƳȤдꤷޤܶΤȤ3椪ȤΤΤϼΤ4ΩƤƲ򤫤ʤɤĥᤰ餷4ǯ˽Τɡ򻶤餷ĤʤɤĤä1873ǯޤǤήԤ34200ξڤȵϿƤ롥ǯ֤˲ɤ졤ڤȤȤˡˤμ (硤Ρܼ) Ȥ¿͢Ф졤֥ꥭס֥ꥭפαѸƤӤޤǤǤۤڤ1900ǯ3ˤȯطԤ޷ɤɽ줿ꤷǤˤκܤǤż֡ư֤ˤƿϤꡤ䤬ƲʤüʳǤϤ줿


ˤ jinrikishaӤž rickshaw ϡ19˱ѸѤ褦ˤʤä櫓Ǥ䤬ƻؼоݤȤʤʪΤƤƤޤäȤΤ⤷Ǥ嵭ƥǡּѸϡˤƸΰ̣龯줿̣äƤޤȤʤʤȹͤ뤬ά͡rickshaw ⤽ΤҤȤĤʤΤפȽҤ٤Ƥ̤Ǥ͡ǶΡ#4386. ֲȭפ hibachi, ڡפ senpai ([2021-04-30-1])#4391. kamikaze bikini --- 略魯ΰ̣Ѳ ([2021-05-05-1]) Ǥ夲줿ǤϤǤ󤲤줽ǤƤΤȤΩäƤäҤƤμϤʤȤǡƤδԤȤ΢ʢˡȼĹƤäƤޤȤȻƤޤ
ΥƥĤϼѸΰ̣ƤȤǤƤΤϰ̣ǤϤʤޤΤ̤Ǥjinrikisha rickshaw ؤṳ̂줿Ȥ⤽Ǥּܸ֡ /ʃa/ ñΤۤǤ /ʃɑː/ 뤤 /ʃɔː/ ȯ褦ˤʤäΤ⾮ʷΥǤѸʹߡ¾ /a/ äƤݤˤϡΤ褦 /ɑː/ /ɔː/ ȤƼޤޤФξδ֤ɤ뤳Ȥ¿º jinrikisha rickshaw θˤƤξ첻֤ɤ򼨤ƤޤɤϢươֻΤۤˤ <sha> <shaw> ɤ򼨤ƤΤȹͤޤéclat /eɪˈklɑː/, spa /spɑː/, vase /vɑːz/ ʤɤǤϸߤ /ɑː/ ܤǤŤ /ɔː/ ⤢ޤ (Jespersen 428)
ʤ֥ꥯ硼פϡȤĤι켭ŵˤϺܤäƤޤǤ̤ؤΥѥåѥåäƤɮԤȤƤϡĿ͸ȤƤܸΥܥ֥꡼Τʤˤä夷Ƥޤ

Barnhart, Robert K. and Sol Steimetz, eds. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. Bronxville, NY: The H. W. Wilson, 1988.
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.

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2021-05-14 Fri

#4400. ָǭפ cats and dogs ν [sound_symbolism][phonaesthesia][onomatopoeia][idiom][binomial][prosody][alliteration][phonetics][vowel][khelf_hel_intro_2021][clmet][coca][coha][bnc][sobokunagimon]

ֱܲѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡꥢåפ줿ָʤ̸ǭ!?ǤܸǤϤҤɤΰȤָפɽ褷ơָǭפȤϸʤ櫓ǤѸǤͽ̤ʡ cats and dogs Ȥ̣ǤThey fight like cats and dogs. Τ褦ѤۤޤФꤷ餷Ƥ뤳Ȥ to lead a cat-and-dog life ʤɤȤɽޤ褯Τ줿ںߤפΥǥ#493. It's raining cats and dogs. ([2010-09-02-1]) ǡǤ
ϤȤưʪ˴ؤʸѺȤƤ⤷ǤˤʤäΤϱѸ cats and dogs θǤܸǤϡָǭפɡ嵭αѸΥǥɽȤƤϡǭפνˤʤäƤޤϤʤʤΤǤ礦
1ĹͤΤϡװǤ2ĤǤӤĤжȤƵǽˡŪνޤ뷹ޤβװˤ͡ʤΤޤ绨ĤˤвηڤΤơŤΤȤΤ§Ǥ⤦ΤˤС "openness and sonorousness" 㤤Τơ⤤ΤˤȤǤ᡼ȤƤϡᡦڤ硦ŤؤήȤƤȤ館ޤ륤᡼ϡħ (sound_symbolism) 뤤ϲ (phonaesthesia) ȸƤФޤ줬2Ǥֽ˴ͿƤȹͤޤ
첻ˤĤƹͤƤߤޤ礦ŵŪˤϹ첻첻ؤȤˤʤޤ#1139. 2।ǥν벻Ūʾ (2) ([2012-06-09-1]) Ǽ褦 flimflam, tick-tock, rick-rack, shilly-shally, mishmash, fiddle-faddle, riffraff, seesaw, knickknack ʤɤ㤬󤬤äƤޤ#1191. Pronunciation Search ([2012-07-31-1]) ^([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) [AEIOU]\S* ([BCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ]\S*) \1 [AEIOU]\S* \2$ ȤƸƤߤȡۤˤ chit-chat, kit-cat, pingpong, shipshape, zigzag ʤɤޤding-dong, ticktack פĤޤ͡졦ָ (onomatopoeia) ¿褦Ǥ
Ǥϡ cats and dogs ŬѤȤɤʤǤ礦ξԤ첻 /æ/ /ɔ/ ǡ첻Ȥ纹ޤ󡥤ξˤϡ٤ΡפȤΩƤΤǤϤʤȵäƤޤؤȤήǤ첻 /æ/ ޤ cats ǡ첻 /ɔ/ ޤ dogs Ȥ櫓Ǥٻ붯ڵϺΤȤˤƤޤ󡥻ͤޤǤˡ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ȡ#243. phonaesthesia ߡ ([2009-12-26-1]) 򤴰ɤжǤϤޤ󤬡ưθ߷Ȳ catch/caught, hang/hung, stand/stood ʤɤΩޤ
ơ⤽ cats and dogs νǥեȤǤ뤫Τ褦ǵʤƤޤʤΤǤ礦ˡֱѸΥǥɽȤƤϡפȽҤ٤ΤǤ¤Ͻˡָǭפɽˤ dogs and cats 褯ȤƤΤǤƤɽŪʥѥ BNCweb COCA ñ㸡ƤߤȤΥѥˤƤ dogs and cats ΤۤषͥΤ褦ǤȤȤϡνϡǤϤʤˤʤäΤǤ礦
ǤʤȻפäƤޤ18--19θѸΥѥ CLMET3.0 Ĵ٤Ƥߤȡcats and dogs 18㡤dogs and cats 8ȽФޤ⤷ȡȤŪˤ cats and dogs ͥäȤˡ20ʹߡǶˤʤä dogs and cats 餫ͳɤ夲ƤȤǽޤºݡꥫѸ˥ѥ COHA Ǥäȳǧ¤ꡤΤ褦ʵۤǻʤΤǤ
ָǭפǭפñʤǤѸŪˤϱǤ

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2021-05-11 Tue

#4397. star DZѸ [lexical_stratification][latin][lexicology][astrology][sound_change][vowel][etymology][loan_word][hellog_entry_set][khelf_hel_intro_2021]

ǯٽᤫ5ޤdzֱѸƳ2021ȾäƤޤرɽ줿ƥĤ֤ȤФˤҤסǤstar astrology ѡˤ濴Ȥñθ츻泌åǡܴμݤ˥ԥåǤޤŸǡä disaster, consider, desire, influenza, disposition ˤޤǵڤǤޤäȱñθ츻˶̣勞ȤȻפޤ
λ⡤ʺ¡ˤ˴ط򤤤Ĥ񤤤ƤޤΤǾҲ𤷤ޤޤ嵭ƥδؿȽŤʤ star θ츻ˤĤơ#1602. star θ캬ͥåȥ ([2013-09-15-1]) ɤ
Ѹ star ȥƥ stella cf. ե󥹸 etoileˤ٤ r l ΰ㤤ޤϤɤȤȵ˻פä#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])
star η֤ˤĤƤǤűѸǤ steorraѸǤ sterre ʤɤֻǸΤ̤ǡ첻 /a/ ǤϤʤ /e/ äȹͤޤʤ줬 /a/ ؤѲֻȤƤ⤽ȿǤ star Ȥ줿ΤǤ礦¤ϡѸ heart, clerk, Derby, sergeant ʤɤȯֻˤؤ뤪⤷ȥԥåǤ#2274. heart ֻȯ ([2015-07-19-1]) ɤ
ѤȤвƻܤ¤̾ϢƤޤˡѸˤ̤ưޤƤó (lexical_stratification) ζѻ뤳ȤǤޤ֤¡פ the Fish ǤؽŪˡеܡפȤˤ Pisces Ȥʤޤ͡ҡ#3846. ƻܡ̾θóء ([2019-11-07-1]) ɤߤޤѸǤ̾ΰϡ#3707. 88¡ ([2019-06-21-1]) ꡥ
star ǺΤߤѤƱѸˤ뤳Ȥʬ˲ǽǤʾ夹٤ƤҤäɤߤϡεå

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2021-04-19 Mon

#4375. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ2֤ʤ foot ʣ feet ˤʤΡ [notice][sobokunagimon][rensai][plural][number][i-mutation][vowel][phonetics]

ۤˡ#4340. NHKδñѸ in English٤οϢܡˤ򤭡ѸΥܥʵפȤޤ ([2021-03-15-1]) ǾҲ𤷤̤ꡤǯ٤˸Ƴ֤줿ֺ¡δñѸ in EnglishפΥƥȤΤʤǡѸΥܥʵ˴ؤϢܤϤƤޤˡ֥ߥƥ꡼ΩƤ򤭡פȤդǼɮƤꡤѸˤĶȤ٤ΤȤʤäƤޤΤǡؿΤɤ5ΥƥȤȯޤΤǡ⤷ޤ

δñѸ in English2021ǯ5



5Ϣ2Ǽ夲ϡԵ§ʣɽȤ feet ˤĤƤǤʤ *foots ǤϤʤ feet ˤʤΤǤ礦
ܥ֥Ǥ#157. foot ʣϤʤ feet ([2009-10-01-1])#2017. foot ʣϤʤ feet (2) ([2014-11-04-1])#4304. ʤ foot ʣ feet ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2021-02-07-1])#4320. űѸˤϤäȤä foot -- feet פʣ ([2021-02-23-1]) ǰäƤǤθ줬ŪˤɤäƤʣѲ򡤡ּСפȤѤơޤǰʾʬ䤹⤷ޤɤɤ

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2021-03-31 Wed

#4356. friend ֻȯˤĤ­ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][trish][shocc][gvs][diphthong]

ε#4355. friend ֻȯ ([2021-03-30-1]) ǡ<friend> /frɛnd/ Ե§ˤĤŪܤäƻȤŵ򼨤Ƥޤ Jespersen (4.312) 顥

The short [e] now found in friend OE frēond must be due to the analogy of friendship, friendly, in which /e/ is the usual shortening; in friend we have early /iˑ/ (< /eˑ/) in B 1633, while D 1640, J 1764, W 1775, 1791 etc.. have short /e/, and G 1621 and others a short /i/ due to a shortening subsequent on the transition of /eˑ/ > /iˑ/. Cf. fiend OE fēond, which kept its vowel because no derived words were found to influence it.


ϢơJespersen (3.241) give, live ʤɤ⤫ĤƤĹ첻äƤȤ˿Ƥ롥
Upward and Davidson (178) ꡥ

In late Old English, short vowels were lengthened before consonant sequences such as /mb/, /nd/, /ld/ and /rd/. This lengthening was lost again in many cases by the end of the Middle English period. With the action of the GVS, one sees modern reflexes of the remaining long vowels in words such as climb, bind, mild, yield, old, etc. However, in some words there was a subsequent shortening of the vowel, leading to pairs of words similar or identical in spelling in Modern English but with different pronunciations: wind (verb, with /aɪ/) but wind (noun, with /ɪ/), fiend and friend, etc.


ˡDobson (Vol. 2, 9) ⻲Ȥ

Shortening of OE ē to occurs in a number of words beside forms that preserve the long vowel. The shortening is normal in bless and brethren, but for both of these Hart shows [i:] < ME ę̄. The comparative liefer (OE lēofra) has four times beside ę̄ once in Bullokar. In friend the shortening is probably due to derivatives (friendly, friendship) in which the vowel occurs before a group of three consonants in words which (in the case of friendly in oblique forms) were trisyllabic and had a secondary stress; but it might also tend to occur in oblique cases of the simplex in which the n and d were separated by the syllable-division. ME is recorded by Levins and eleven later sources (including Robinson, Hodges, and Cooper); but ę̄ is retained by Salesbury, Cheke, Laneham, Bullokar, Wharton (followed by J. Smith), and Price (followed by Lye and The Protestant Tutor). Fiend is not recorded with ME .


Dobson (Vol. 2, 11) ⤦1ġ

Friend has in the Welsh Hymn, Mulcaster, Gil, Wallis, Lloyd, Poole, Coles, Lye (beside ę̄), WSC (beside ), Price's 'homophone' list (though elsewhere he records [i:]), the rhymes of Poole and Coles, and perhaps in Ray . . . . Fiends has in the Welsh Hymn and the 'homophone' lists of Hodges ('near alike'), Price, Coles (Eng.-Lat. Dict.), and WSC (the pairing is with fins); it has [i:] in Wallis. Bullokar rhymes field on (cf., probably, Chaucer's hild 'held' and fil 'fell' < earlier hę̄ld, fę̄ll).


friend ȯֻ˴ؤѤʵΤ褦ˤߤ뤫⤷ʤŪѲѰۤεϸ¤ʤ̤Ǥ롥

Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
Upward, Christopher and George Davidson. The History of English Spelling. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957. 2 vols.

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2021-03-30 Tue

#4355. friend ֻȯ [spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][vowel][trish][gvs][diphthong][sobokunagimon]

ܸʤ⡤ֻȯбȤ餹ȡȤƤĤʤԵ§Ǥ롥<friend> Ȥֻ /frɛnd/ ȯȤʤΤϡ̤ǤǤʤۤ <ie> /ɛ/ ȤʤΤϡꥹѸˤ lieutenant /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ 餤 (cf. #4176. ʤ lieutenant ȯ /f/ ФΤ ([2020-10-02-1]
ˤ򤵤ΤܤäƤߤ褦űѸ frēond ̣ͧˤˤƤϡ첻ֻ̤ /eːo/ äеǤ fēond Ũ> PDE fiend /fiːnd/ˤƱͤǡĹ2첻 /eːo/ 򼨤ƤǤϡξƱαθȯãⶦ̤ȤʤϤäθ frēond fēond ϰۤʤƻڤ򤿤ɤ뤳Ȥˤʤä
frēond ߤƤߤ褦Ĺ2첻 /ēo/ ѸˤƳ경Ĺ첻 /eː/ ȤʤäĹ첻ϡ frēondscipe (> PDE friendship) ʤɤˤ3û (Trisyllabic Shortening = trish) Ф /e/ Ȥʤäȯ (analogy) δפȤʤꡤΤ friend ΤΤ첻û /e/ Ȥʤä餷줬û첻 /frɛnd/ εǤ롥
Ĺ첻 /eː/ ˤȯޤǻĤä褦ǡ줬첻 (gvs) Ф /iː/ ȤʤäޤûСǤ /i/ ⸽줿Ĥޤ friend 첻ϡѸʹ /eː/, /e/, /iː/, /i/ 4ĤѰۤ򼨤ƤȤȤǤ롥
ǡе fēond (cf. PDE fiend /fiːnd/) ܤƤߤ褦 friend ȥ롼ĤϤۤƱŪʲѲ򤿤ɤäĹ2첻 /eːo/ Ĺ2첻경 /eː/ Ȥʤꡤ줬첻ܤǾ夲Ф /iː/ ȤʤꡤѸȯ /fiːnd/ ˻롥
ȯηаޤϰʾ̤friend, fiend ֻ <ie> ˤĤƤϴñǤϤʤܤϡ#4082. chief, piece, believe ʤɤˤߤ <ie> /i:/ ([2020-06-30-1]) ɤǤ嵭 /iː/ ʳֻ <ie> ȷӤĤ줿ΤޤǻĤäƤȹͤФ褤

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-03-31-1]

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2021-01-10 Sun

#4276. ʤ say β3ñϡ֥ɡס֥פǤϤʤ֥åɡס֥פȯΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hellog_entry_set][diphthong][monophthong][vowel][phonetics][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][pronunciation][sound_change][assimilation]

ư say /seɪ/ Ķ٤θǡؼԤ⤹˳Ф뤳ȤˤʤܸǤưβ said ⤭ƹ٤ʤ櫓ǤֻȤԵ§ǤФ꤫¤ȯˤƤԵ§Ǥͽۤ2첻 /seɪd/ ȤϤʤ餺û첻 /sɛd/ ȤʤΤǤƱ褦Ե§3ñ -s դˤĤƤ⤤ޤֻ says ȵ§Ū˸ޤȯϤϤ2첻 /seɪz/ ȤϤʤ餺û첻 /sɛz/ ȤʤäƤޤޤʤ said, says ϤΤ褦ȯʤΤǤ礦ˤŪʷаޤޤɤ



¤ϡѸüԤȯĴƤߤޤȡ˥ФϤΤΡͽ̤ۤ2첻ȯ /seɪd/, /seɪz/ ԤʤƤΤǤޤɸŪǥޥʡȯȤƤǤΤǡ䤿ȤƤԵ§ʤϤû첻 /sɛd/, /sɛz/ μ¤˽ƤΤ̵Ǥ礦
ŪʲѲηаޤ󤹤мΤ褦ˤʤޤȤư say ϡѸޤǤϡֻ̤ /saɪ/ Ǥ˽äơ /saɪ(ə)d/3ñ /saɪ(ə)z/ ȵ§Ūȯ򼨤ƤޤȤ17ޤǤ2첻 /aɪ/ Ĺ첻 /ɛː/ ؤѲΤǤ礦ܸΡ֥Хפ󤶤ᤤȯǡ֥١פȤʤΤ˻ɤθˤ褯벻ѲǤ̤Ѳ餺褽ʳˤȤɤޤäޤ޸˻äƤΤǤСǤ§Ū say /seɪ/, said /seɪd/, says /seɪz/ ȤʤäƤǤ礦ʼ¤ΤȤ2ĤޥʡȯȤƤ뤳ȤϾҤޤˡ
Ȥ3ñˤĤƤϡθ⤦1̤βѲޤĹ첻 /ɛː/ ûû첻 /ɛ/ ȤʤäΤǤ say /seɪ/ ФԵ§ˤߤ /sɛd/, /sɛz/ ƤޤäΤǤƱѲ˴ޤ줿̤ñȤơagain against 󤲤Ƥޤ礦û첻 /əˈgɛn(st)/ ͥǤ2첻 /əˈgeɪn(st)/ ¹ԤʹȤˤʤäƤޤ
ʤ3ñǤΤ첻ûΤȤΤϡɬƤʤǤsaid ˈhe, says ˈshe Τ褦Ѥ¿̾ФŪư줬夯ȯΤûȤƤƤޤ1Ĥβˤޤ
ϢȵˤĤơ##541,543,2130εå⤪ɤߤ

Referrer (Inside): [2023-01-01-1]

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2020-12-27 Sun

#4262. ʤ have, has, had ϤΤ褦ȯֻʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][gvs][sound_change][vowel][spelling_pronunciation_gap][pronunciation][spelling][have][conjugation][3sp][verb][consonant][phonetics]

ưȤƤưȤƤĶٸǤ have ĶٸǤԵ§ʤȤ䤹ȤȤϡ褯ΤäƤ뤳ȤȻפޤǤhave μդˤϤޤԵ§ʤȤ¿Ǥ͡
ޤ<have> ֤ä /hæv/ ɤळȤ餷̯Ǥgave /geɪv/, save /seɪv/, cave /keɪv/ Ȼ褦ֻǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤꤽʤΤǤϤʤޤhave ֤Ƭ be- Ĥ behave ͽ̤ /biˈheɪv/ Ȥʤ뤳ȤͤȡޤޤԻ׵ĤǤ
ˡ3ñ *haves ǤϤʤ has ȤʤΤ̯Ǥˡʬ˷ *haved ǤϤʤ had ȤʤΤ⡤ƱͤǤޤ󡥤ʤ̤ *haves *haved ȤʤäƤʤΤǤ礦Ǥϡ3ĤεˤĤơѸˤΩ줫Ƥߤޤ礦ɤ



Ǥ¤Ѹˤ /hɑːvə/ ʤĹ첻 have ȯ̤ˤäΤǤ줬³ƤС첻 (gvs) ͳƸޤǤ */heɪv/ ȤʤäƤϤǤޤ٤⤤Ǥ뤿ˡû첻ƤޤäȤ櫓Ǥ
Ʊͤˡ3ñʬ˷ȤƤ⡤ѸˤϺǤϥ haves haved ѤƤޤ13ʹߤ˸ /v/ Ͼü뷹򼨤Ȥ櫓ĶٸȤȤ⤢äƤηɽ졤̤Ȥ has had ˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ/v/ ξüϡhead, lord, lady, lark, poor θˤؤäƤޤʵդˤСθˤ /v/ ޤޤƤ櫓Ǥˡ
츫Ե§ˤߤطʤˤϡٸǤ뤳ȡƲѲȤ¸ߤΤǤŪͳ櫓Ǥ͡˴ؿäϡ##4065,2200,1348εåˤƾܤɤߤ

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2020-12-24 Thu

#4259. ꥹޥξͥ5 [vowel][political_correctness][gender][preposition][christmas]

ꥹޥ֤Ǥ͡ꥹޥ˴Ϣ5ܤϤޤ

(1) Christmas ϡChrist + mass ʥꥹȤΥߥˤȤΩǤѸ mass 첻ե󥹸 messe 첻츻Ρʸ˥ƥ missa Ϲ첻Ȥʤꡤ줴Ȥ˥ϥȤȤϡܸ֥ߥפϥƥʥڥݥȥƱͤ˹첻ˤȤߤƤ褤Ǥ͡

(2) ꥹޥˤ礤Ρޡפϡñ snowman [ˈsnəʊ mæn] Фʣ snowmen [-men]ʤǤ͡ȤꥹޥɤãƤ͹ؽۿ͡פϡñ postman [ˈpoʊst mən] Фʣ postmen [-mən]-man ʣñʣ첻Ǥ

(3) ˴ؤ PC (= political_correctness) ˤꡤchairman chair(person) ˡ salesman salesperson ˤʤäꤷɡ snowman *snowperson ˤʤʤäǤ͡إ˥缭ŵ٤ˤ snow figure ȤФ줬ä

(4) at ϻŪˤŪˤⶹˡФ on Ū˹ѤȽȤ¿Ȼפޤat Christmas Ϲ֥ꥹޥˡס122411餤ޤǡˤؤon Christmas ϶1225ˡפؤޤ at Christmastide (cf. #4246. Christmastide ([2020-12-11-1])) ΤȤǡԤ on Christmas Day ΤȤǤϥǤ

(5) ꥹޥΰȤ Merry ChristmasꥹѸǤϤФ Happy Christmas Ȥ⡥ޤꥹȶ򤱤 Happy Holidays ⤢ޤ

󡤤褤ꥹޥ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-24-1]

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2020-11-20 Fri

#4225. room Ĺ첻û첻 [vowel][sound_change][eme][map][rp][prestige]

Ϣ <oo> ֻбȯꤢƤ (cf. #4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-18-1])#4224. blood, flood Ǥʤ soot ⡩ ([2020-11-19-1])) ϡïǤΤäƤ <oo> ޤñ room 夲ѲȤʣΰü򼨤
room ȤܸǤ֥롼פ /ruːm/ Ĺ첻ĤΤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ¤û첻򼨤 /rʊm/ 褷ƵǤϤʤLPD Preference polls ˤȡû첻ȯϡꥹѸǤ19%ۤɡꥫѸǤ7%ۤɳǧ롥



ʣ bedroom ˤĤƤСꥹѸǤ37%ޤǤû첻ȯȤۤˤ broom ˤĤƤ⡤ϤꥤꥹѸ8%û첻򼨤ޤgroom ˤû첻ȯ롥
room, bedroom, broom ˤĤƤϡ#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) Ǥ夲ŪʲѲ /uː/ /ʊ/ ϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1]) ǿ줿̤ꡤŵŪˤ16--17ʽѸˤΤȤƤ롥ˤäƤϡƱѲ٤줿Ȥ褦䤯3ˤɤ夭ĤĤȤ⤤롥
ϤñǤϤʤUpton and Widdowson (39) ˤ room Υ󥰥ɽȯ˴ؤˤСʬۤˤܤȽƤ櫓ǤϤʤ

At this period [= as late as the seventeenth or even the eighteenth century] such words as BOOK, HOOD and SOOT, which had in the later Middle and early Modern English periods been pronounced with [uː], came to be pronounced with [u], and although ROOM was not properly part of this change it seems to have become connected with it for some speakers. Why the short sound in ROOM should have acquired the geographical distribution for the non-standard dialects which the map shows is quite unclear.
   Although there is no firm evidence to support the claim, it is likely that the [u]- innovation in ROOM acquired some considerable popularity for a while in Received Pronunciation. Today it ranks as a quite acceptable minor variant in that accent, but not long ago its status was even higher. Daniel Jones (Outline of English Phonetics, para. 318) writes that 'In broom (for sweeping), groom, room, and soot both uː and u are heard, the u-forms brum, grum, rum, sut being perhaps more usual in Received English.'
   Today one would not expect an RP speaker to use [uː] in SOOT. Conversely, although [u] is shown as an RP variant in pronouncing dictionaries of British English for use in several words with -oo- spellings, it is now somewhat unusual for such a speaker to be heard using it in BROOM, ROOM and (especially) GROOM. In a survey of a somewhat less-than-representative sample of British English speakers, Wells (Pronunciation Dictionary) discovered an eighty-two percent preference for [uː] in ROOM and a ninety-two percent preference for its use in BROOM.


RP ˤƤϡ嵭ñû첻Ǥȯषҿ (prestige) äƤǽȤäߤˤû첻ǤȯϡƤȤϤsoot ФޤǥޥʡȯȤ٤֤ŤФҲŪɾϡľ̤ɤƤȤˤ϶̣
ɴǯȤϤƤû첻ȤǤ롥¾ǡοδ֤Ĺû첻ѰۤμҲŪʰ֤ŤɤƤȤ롥2ĤŪʸ̮ѤĤġ room 2Ĥȯʻ¸Ƥ롤λ¤פǤ롥
­ȤơUpton and Widdowson ꡤroom 2Ĥȯʬۤ򼨤Ƥ



Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.
Upton, Clive and J. D. A. Widdowson. An Atlas of English Dialects. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, 2006.

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2020-11-19 Thu

#4224. blood, flood Ǥʤ soot [vowel][pronunciation][centralisation][spelling][ame_bre]

Ρ#4223. ʤƱ <oo> ֻʤΤ book food Ǥ첻ۤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡפβǿ줿褦ˡ<oo> ֻǤʤ첻 /ʌ/ 򼨤ñȤ blood flood 2Ĥ󤲤2Ǥ¤Ϥ⤦1ĤθȤ soot Ȥ⤢롥ȤϤޥʡʸȸ虜ʤ
LPD ˤȡθȯϥꥹѸǤϡû첻򼨤 /sʊt/ ¾ͣȯǤꡤbook, good, look, stood ƱפȤäƤ褤ȤꥫѸǤϻ𤬰ۤʤ롥89ȤŪΨĹ첻 /suːt/ ͥǤꡤû첻 /sʊt/ 10%ˤȤɤޤ롥˶̣Ȥˡ鷺1%ۤɤʤ /sʌt/ 򼨤ΤǤ롥



ʤǤ <oo> ֻäƤʤŪ /uː/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ βѲФƤȤơblood, flood Τۤ soot ä뤫⤷ʤȤŸ
ֻ <oo> ǤϤʤŪƱѲФȤǤСۤˤ⾯ʤ餺ǧ롥#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) ǿ줿 does, done, must, other, mother, Monday, nothing, none ⤽#4098. û첻б <ou> ˤĤ --- country, double, touch ([2020-07-16-1]) ǵ󤲤췲⤽Ǥ롥but, us äϢơ#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1]) ⻲ȡ

Wells, J C. ed. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2008.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-11-20-1]

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