#552. combining form ([2010-10-31-1]) ˤơϢη (3) ǡanthropology anthrop- -logy combining form ʤ뤬֤ˤϤޤäƤϢ첻 -o- Τˤɤ°ȤϤפȤƼ夲 -o- ȤΤϲ
رѸ츻ŵٸ츻õȡꥷˤƹʡʣˤ1Ǥ2Ǥ֡Ϣ뼭 (connective) Ȥ롥ΤˤСꥷ̾졦ƻθ촴첻ˤΤܤ롥aristocracy, philosophy, technology ˤߤ̤ꡤϥꥷǤĤʤ륱ͭä˥ƥ䤽¾νǤ־ˤѤ褦ˤʤä
̤ʣΤۤAnglo-French, Franco-Canadian, Graeco-Latin, Russo-Japanese Τ褦Ʊʴطɽ魯ʣ (dvandva) ˤ褯Ѥ롥ѸθˤǤϡμʣŪΤǤꡤʥꥷϢ뼭 -o- β̤Ϸ褷ƾʤˤĤƤϡ#4449. ꥷαѸؤΥѥȡ ([2021-07-02-1]) ȡ
ƱͤϢ뼭ȤơꥷǤϤʤƥͳ褹 -i- ⤢롥ѸäƤʣȤ omnivorous, pacific, uniform ʤɤ롥 -i- Ϻǽ2ñˤĤƤϸ촴ΰȤƤäǸθˤĤƤϤʤäΤǡϢ뼭ȤƵǽƤȤˤʤ롥
Ϣŵͳ褷եФơѸˤäƤѸˤ붦ŪȤƤϡ֤Ĥʤ첻פȤȤ館ƤƤ褤ʳѸ濴ȤƹѤ褦ˤʤäʥǤǤ롥
߷ ˧ͺԽ紴ˡرѸ츻ŵٿǡҡ2024ǯ
ε#5720. little i ϲħ ([2024-12-24-1]) ˰³Jespersen ˤ[i] = פβħ (sound_symbolism) ˴ؤͤꡥ
Jespersen Ʊʸβħθ¿Ƥ뤬Ƭ˶ᤤʬǡħεˤ꤬ʸ2ˤĤơտ⤷Ƥ롥
In giving lists of words in which the [i] sound has the indicated symbolic value, I must at once ask the reader to beware of two possible misconceptions: first, I do not mean to say that the vowel [i] always implies smallness, or that smallness is everywhere indicated by means of that vowel; no language is consistent in that way, and it suffices to mention the words big and small, or the fact that thick and thin have the same vowel, to show how absurd such an idea would be.
Next, I am not speaking of the origin or etymology of the words enumerated: I do not say that they have from the very first taken their origin from a desire to express small things symbolically. It is true that I believe that some of the words mentioned have arisen in that way,---many of our i-words are astonishingly recent---but for many others it is well-known that the vowel i is only a recent development, the words having had some other vowel in former times. What I maintain, then, is simply that there is some association between sound and sense in these cases, however it may have taken its origin, and however late this connexion may be (exactly as I think that we must recognize secondary echoisms). But I am firmly convinced that the fact that a word meaning little or little thing contains the sound [i], has in many, or in most, cases been strongly influential in gaining popular favour for it; the sound has been an inducement to choose and to prefer that particular word, and to drop out of use other words for the same notion, which were not so favoured. In other words, sound-symbolism makes some words more fit to survive and gives them a considerable strength in their struggle for existence. If you want to use some name of an animal for a small child, you will preferably take one with sound symbolism, like kid or chick . . . , rather than bat or pug or slug, though these may in themselves be smaller than the animal chosen. (285--86)
1Ĥϡ[i] = פβħŪɬŪʤΤǤϤʤޤdzŪʤΤˤʤγǧǤ롥2ĤϡβħθƤˤĤơβỌ̇̄δط츻餫餢äΤ˷줿ΤʤȤȤ碌ơŪˤ̻Ūˤ⡤ħμطϴˤˤȤɤޤꡤꤹ붯ϤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤפǤ롥
Ǥ Jespersen ϡѤκǸǤѸȤ鷺⤷Ƥ̤ꡤħˤϸΡŬ¸ (survival of the fittest) Ĺ̤ȳοƤ롥ħϡˤʤ˺ѤƤϤȤߤʤȤǤȡ
Jespersen, O. "Symbolic Value of the Vowel I." Philologica 1 (1922). Reprinted in Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933. 283--303.
ħ (sound_symbolism) ϡؤǤŪ˼ŪʰƤηˤĤƤϡ#1269. ؤˤ벻ħΰ֤Ť ([2012-10-17-1]) ϤȤϢεǼ夲Ƥ
Τ褦ǡJespersen ϰۿǤ롥1922ǯʸǡѸ䤽¾θˤ [i] βħˤĤǮäݤƤΤʸƬǮ
Sound symbolism plays a greater role in the development of languages than is admitted by most linguists. In this paper I shall attempt to show that the vowel [i], high-front-unround, especially in its narrow or thin form, serves very often to indicate what is small, slight, insignificant, or weak. (283)
[i] ־פȷӤĤ벻ħϹΤƤꡤܥ֥Ǥ#242. phonaesthesia 羮 ([2009-12-25-1]) ǿ줿Jespersen ϡʸΤʤǡ¿ʤ [i] Ρ־פˤĤƥȵƤ
äˤ⤷Τϡ little ȤȤδϢǿ˻פ⤫ֱñˤĤƤͤǤ롥"Semantic and Phonetic Changes" ꤹ7ǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
The influence on sound development is first seen in the very word little. OE. lytel shows with its y, that the vowel must originally have been u, and this is found in OSax. luttil, OHG. luzzil; cf. Serb. lud 'little' and OIr. lútu 'little finger' (Falk and Torp); but then the vowel in Goth. leitils (i.e. lītils and ON. lítinn is so difficult to account for on ordinary principles that the NED. in despair thinks that the two words are "radically unconnected". I think we have here an effect of sound symbolism. The transition in E. from y to it of course is regular, being found in innumerable words in which sound symbolism cannot have played any role, but in modern English we have a further slight modification of the sound which tends to make the word more expressive, I refer to the form represented in spelling as "leetle". In Gill's Logonomia (1621, Jiriczek's reprint 48), where he mentions the "particle" tjni (j is his sign for the diphthong in sign) he writes "a lïtle tjni man" with ï (his sign for the vowel in seen), though elsewhere he writes litle with short i. NED. under leetle calls it "a jocular imitation of a hesitating (?) or deliberately emphatic pronunciation of little". Payne mentions from Alabama leetle "with special and prolonged emphasis on the î sound to indicate a very small amount". I suspect that what takes place is just as often a narrowing or thinning of the vowel sound as a real lengthening, just as in Dan. bitte with narrow or thin [i], see above. To the quotations in NED. I add the following: Dickens Mutual Fr. 861 "a leetle spoilt", Wells Tono-B. 1. 92 "some leetle thing", id. War and Fut. 186 "the little aeroplane ... such a leetle thing up there in the night".---It is noteworthy that in the word for the opposite notion, where we should according to the usual sound laws expect the vowel [i] (OE. micel, Sc. mickle, Goth. mikils) we have instead u: much, but this development is not without parallels, see Mod. E. Gr. I. 3. 42. In Dan. dial, mög(el) for the same word the abnormal vowel is generally ascribed to the influence of the labial m; in both forms the movement away from i may have been furthered by sound-symbolic feeling. (301--02)
[i] = פȤħˤĤơlittle 첻ϥݥƥˡе much 첻ϥͥƥȿѲФƤȤԤƶȤȤθ츻ȤδϢDzħΤߤʤ餺ѲưŤȤƤβħͻƤȤޤפʤΤǤϤʤȵդ줿
Jespersen, O. "Symbolic Value of the Vowel I." Philologica 1 (1922). Reprinted in Linguistica: Selected Papers in English, French and German. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1933. 283--303.
Ѹ˸ԤǤڹʷܳرءˤȤ뵡ޤ̾ץȡ (name_project) ΰĤȤơ¾ΥץȥСΤ͡ءˤϽʾءˤ⤴Ǥ
Ǽˡ̾פᤰ Voicy heldio/helwa ϤϿꤷޤʲ3ܤۿƤޤĹǤΤǡ֤ΤȤˤǤ⤪İС
(1) heldio #1034. ̾ȱѸˡס4ͤ̾ץȴ #3ۡ59ʬ
(2) helwa ֡ڱѸˤ #113ۡ̾ȱѸˡΥեȡʢβΤͭΥץߥۿǤ60ʬ
(3) heldio #1038. do 뿷Ѹ --- Ya-DO-me ڹ˶ơ20ʬ
θ塤ȤΥ֥ˤơ嵭μϿȴϢƤε2ܽƤޤΤǡҲ𤷤ޤ
3α4
Ѥθβư
2ĤΡѤθβưפϡ嵭 (2) helwa ˡ̾ε礭졤ȯΥȡ˲֤餤ޤӤǤȡˡܸȱѸǤϸλȤ첻Ĵˤۤʤ뤳ȤռƤȽҤ١줬ͯޤѸǸβư褬ۤʤ뤳ȤޤȤȤҤ٤졤θꥹʡ֤οޤߤפȤ˾Ф줿ΤΤӥ֥ǶͭƤǤұѸȯ˳褫ƤС
ʤߤˡˤĤƤäȾܤΤꤿϡkhelf ȯԤΡرѸ˿ʹ67줾3̤ΡֱѸ˥饦 by khelfפˤơ2ˤ錄Υӥ塼ǺܤƤޤ
͡ʡhel (helkatsu) ꤤޤ
#5438. μ̥ --- ǤΡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤ ([2024-03-17-1]) ǾҲ𤷤Ǥ줿Ϸޱ¼ŵοǤˤĤƺƤӼ夲ޤ
ƱδϿ¤ƤޤϿƥĤΥȥåפΤ֤ĤŤȯ (pp. 1666--77) ǤѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) ˴ؿΤϡҽɤƤߤȯ¿Ȼפޤ
Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)פˤ#1025. blow - blew ֥֥롼 - blownꤷơblew /bluː/ ֻȯδطˤĤƤäޤ֥֥塼פȯdzФƤ⤤뤫⤷ޤϡyod-dropping ƤΤǡ blue Ʊ֥֥롼פȯǤdrew, flew, grew, slew, threw Ʊͤǡ/juː/ ǤϤʤ /uː/ 첻ޤ
Ǥϡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ٤Ρ֤ĤŤȯפꡤblew ȯˤϢ uː ι (p. 1668) Ƥߤޤ礦
15uː
ܸΡ֥פ꿰ݤͤФ褦ˤơ֥פĹȯ롥
§ŪʤĤŤ
(ōō): boot /búːt/ Ĺfood /fúːd/ ʪ
s, ch, j, l, r θ
(ü): super /súːpɚ | -pə/ Ф餷June /ʤúːn/ 6blue /blúː/ Ĥrule /rúːl/ §
ew (=ü): chew /ʧúː/ 褯ࡤJew /ʤúː/ ͡blew /blúː/ blow βcrew /krúː/ Ȱ
դ٤ĤŤ
(ui): suit /súːt/ ʰΡˤҤȤjuice /ʤúːs/ fruit /frúːt/ ʪ
ou (=ōō): group /grúːp/ 졤soup /súːp/
ä <ew> /uː/ δطСƤΤǤ͡

ֿ ԡˡإ饤ȥϥ¼ŵ7ǡ١ҡ2023ǯ
#5268. ԡˡWorld Englishes ١ʾƲ2023ǯˡ ([2023-09-29-1]) ǾҲ𤷤νϤˤơɸѸѤҲ첻βǤѸνѼǤ줫αƶưۤʤȯѤ㤬Ƥ롥
ޤֻҲ줫αƶפƤߤ褦 (12)
| Ҳ | ѸѼ |
|---|---|
| [θ] [ð] [t] [d] ѡʻĺˤʤ | ɱѸ [th]ʱѸ졤եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤ܤαѸ졤αѸ졤ߥޡαѸ |
| [θ] [ð] [s] [z] ѡʻˤʤ | ɥĤαѸ졤٥˥αѸ졤ڹαѸ [s]ܤαѸ졤αѸ |
| [f] [p] ѡʿξĺˤʤ | եԥѸ졤ڹαѸ [ph]αѸ졤ߥޡαѸ |
| [v] [w] ζ̤ʤ | ɥĤαѸ졤եɤαѸ졤ɱѸ졤üԤαѸ졤αѸ |
| 첻ơź | ѸѼ |
|---|---|
| 첻Ĺ첻ˤʤ | ޥѸ졤ɱѸ |
| 첻ûñ첻ˤʤ | ʱѸ졤եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ |
| Ҳθ첻 | ڹαѸ졤ܤαѸ졤Ρ̱ѡ |
| Ĺ첻û첻ζ̤ʤ | եԥѸ졤ݡѸ졤ޥ졼Ѹ졤ڹαѸ졤٥˥αѸ |

ԡˡWorld Englishes ١Ʋ2023ǯ
1Ⱦۤ56ڡˤˡYouTube ֤ͥإ饸˽ƽб餵Ƥޤ˸ؼԤ츻ˤĤƸä顤ܰڤȯڴܰñ1#227ȤǡȻ䤬Ѹθ츻夬ȤǤcf. #5122. Ρ֤إ饸פ˽饲Ƚб餷Ƥޤ ([2023-05-06-1])ˡ
Ѹ˸¤餺ˤϰ̤첻ؤ褯롤ȤäƤȤư19ʬ40նǡٸʤ⤽첻ؤȤѥΤʤΤȤѤʵꤲƤޤޤܼŪDZԤ䤤ʤΤǡ⤷Ф餯ǤޤäƤޤޤ⤷ɤɤˤʤĤġظˤ븶1ĤȤƲħ (sound_symbolism) ꤽȤȤޤǤϽҤ٤ΤǤޤäǼǤˤϤʤäƤʤäȻפޤ
Comrie ˤʸɤǤơεˤ䤤˴ϢڤĤޤޥɤ饦 (i-mutation or umlaut) κƷˤĤǡĸ첻 (gradation or ablaut) εȺƷͻƤսǤ (252)
. . . if we go back to an earlier stage of the Indo-European ablaut --- for instance, some instances of the so-called zero grade, with complete loss of the vowel, can plausibly be attributed to shift of the accent away from that vowel --- there is no general explanation, so that ablaut remains a morphophonemic alternation for which we cannot reconstruct a plausible origin.
ʤĸʤƸΰ¿ˤ첻ؤΤˤĤơϤŪϤʤȤȤǤ䤤ϡ첻ؤ뤳ȤˤäƵǽؤȤιפˤƲפȴ뤳ȤǤޤϳΤ˵ˤ䤤Τ褦˻פޤĴİСؤδ⡤첻ѰۤˤѤ䤹ǥХʤΤǤϤʤƤޤϤƤɤʤΤǤ礦
Comrie, Barnard. "Reconstruction, Typology and Reality." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 243--57.
ƻ high ̾ height ϡ줾 /haɪ/, /haɪt/ ȯޤֻȯδطˤĤơԤϵ§̤ȹͤޤԤ㳰ŪǤϤʤǤ礦
ޤ high ֻȯȯã֤äƤߤޤ礦űѸ hēah Ѹˤ hēh > hēih > heih/hīh ȯãޤǸʳǰ۷2ĸޤԤ hīh 첻ܤФƸѸ high /haɪ/ ˻ޤԤ heih ѸǤϤषͭϤǤ high ˼ʤϤޤ
ʤߤˡűѸ nēah "near" ޤäƱȯã뤲ƤޤѸˤ nēh > nēih > neih/nīh Ѳޤǽʳΰ۷ΤԤ neighbour 1Ǥ˸ƤꡤԤ nigh Ϣʤޤ
ơ̾ height θűѸη֤ hēhþu ǤϷƻ hēah Ĵ·ѸˤƸȯãƤhēhþ > hēihþ > heiht ˵夷ޤƻȰۤʤꡤǸʳͽۤ۷ *hīht ϤޤǤ̾˴ޤޤ þ ³ĶǤϡƻˤѲߤ줿Ǥ
ơֻ̾ˤĤƤϡθֻμ㴳ѲФĤĤ height 夭ޤȤȯΤۤϷƻ˰Ĥ褦ˤ /haɪt/ 夷ޤȯֻʣȯãѤη̡ height /haɪt/ ȤϤʴطˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ
ʾ塤Prins (97) ȤƼɮޤϢơheldio #595. heah/hih/high --- ֤إ饸פӽФ̻ŪѥȤ
Prins, A. A. A History of English Phonemes. 2nd ed. Leiden: Leiden UP, 1974.
Ѹˤˤ֥ȸ첾 (celtic_hypothesis) ˤĤơޤǤĤεǼ夲Ƥ
#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1])
#1254. ѸäդθѲϽդߤäƤ뤫 ([2012-10-02-1])
#1342. ظƶؤȽ ([2012-12-29-1])
#1851. Ƶ̾ oneself ͳˤĤƤν ([2014-05-22-1])
#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1])
#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1])
#3969. ƥ졤ťΥɸ졤ȸ졤ե줬Ѹ˵ڤܤƶӤ ([2020-03-09-1])
#4528. ꥹμϰ˻Ĥ3Ĥȯ ([2021-09-19-1])
#4595. Ĵʸ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2021-11-25-1])
#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2023-05-13-1])
ǯΡ֥ȸ첾פǤϡʼ˸ðʳΡθबȽ줫ѸذưǽˤĤƸƤʤƤHickey (505) ˤꥱȸαƶ꺻ƤƤߤ褦ƹܤˤĤơܤƤϰ衦Ѽʸ˸륿ߥʤɤϥХХǤ뤳ȡޤܿˤ餺ŪװΤߤ⤷Τ뤳ȤʤɡɤˤդɬפǤ롥
Table 3. Possible transfer features from Celtic (Brythonic) to English
1. Lack of external possessor construction Morphosyntactic 2 Twofold paradigm of to be 3. Progressive verb forms 4. Periphrastic do 5. Northern subject rule 6. Retention of dental fricatives Phonological 7. Unrounding of front vowels
1 ϡѸ My head is sore. Τ褦Τ̤ʤɤ˴ؤƽͭʤɽThe head is sore. Τ褦˴Ѥʤˡؤ
2 ϡűѸʼ˥ȥˤˤ be ư줬첻뤤 s- ǻϤޤȡb- ǻϤޤ2ηʻ¸Ƥؤ
3 ϡ#5129. ʹԷ˴ؤ֥ȸ첾ס ([2023-05-13-1]) ȡ
4 ϡ#486. Ū do ȯã ([2010-08-26-1])#3755. ֥ȸ첾פȲơ ([2019-08-08-1]) ȡ
5 ϡ#689. Northern Personal Pronoun Rule ȱʸˡˤ륱ȸαƶ ([2011-03-17-1]) ȡ
6 ϡth = [θ] ȤŪʻҲޤǻĤäƤ¤ؤ
7 ϡűѸ˱߿첻 [y, ø] äȤؤ
Hickey ΰꥹȤˤĤƤϡ#3754. ȸ줫ι¤Ūѡ֥ȸ첾פˤĤơ ([2019-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
ϢơVoicy heldio #715. ȸ첾ɤ
Hickey, Raymond. "Early English and the Celtic Hypothesis." Chapter 38 of The Oxford Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. New York: OUP, 2012. 497--507.
ε#5012. When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman? --- John Ball ưޤ줿 ([2023-01-16-1]) ǾҲ𤷤˴ޤޤưβ delved span ˤĤơѸˤδͤƤߤ
(1) ѸɸŪʲȤƤϡ§ư delved Ϥ̤Ǥ褤Ե§ư span ˤĤƤϱ¼ǤϡָפȤ졼٥뤬ĤƤʳؽɽѱѼǤϵܤʤˡưɸŪʳѤ spin -- spun -- spun Ǥꡤ span ϤޤŪʷ֤ȤȤǤ롥ޤܤĴ٤ƤʤѸޤ span ̤äΤΡѸʹߤ˸ɸϢʤ spun ϤФƤ褦դλˤĤƤϡ¾A-B-CA-B-BԵ§ưȹ碌ƹͤƤߤ뤳ȤɬפϢơ#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1]) ȡ
(2) θǸŤ span ѤƤΤϡޤ1˵θŤ̤˸ǤϸŷĤ䤹ǤϹ碌Ƶӱ (rhyme) Թͤɬפ롥θϱΧŪˤ2ԤʤäƤꡤŪʬϢư When Adam delved and Eve Span / who was then the gentleman? ʬ䤵롥2 gentleman ȵӱƧिˡ1 spun ǤϤʤ span ǤʤФʤʤѸϱΧǰƬ man : span εӱƧޤƤ櫓Ѹʹߤư spun ɸಽȤäơ spun ˺ؤƤޤä顤äεӱ̵ˤʤ롥̩ˤСѸǤ gentleman man ۣ첻 /mən/ ȯ졤span ϶첻ȼä /spæn/ ȯΤǡˤӱƧޤʤΤʤȤб (eye rhyme) ƧΤǡ٤ΥϵƤȤȤ
(3) delved ϺǤ§ưʼѲưˤԵ§ưʶѲưˤäűѸǤ delfan -- dealf -- dulfon -- dolfen 4ƤꡤζѲޤѸǤݤƤºݡSpeake θŵˤȺǤᤤǤϼ̤ dalfe ѤƤ롥
c 1340 R. Rolle in G. G. perry Religious Pieces (EETS) 88 When Adam dalfe [dug] and Eue spane ... Whare was than the pride of man?
Ȥ14ȾѲϤᡤ䤬ƶˤʤȡθǤ delved ѤϤ
(4) ɸθɸθΥꥺ (rhythm) ȼΤ褦ˤʤ롥
| x | / | x | / | x | / | / |
| when | Ad | am | delved | and | Eve | span |
| / | x | / | x | / | x | / |
| who | was | then | the | gen | tle | man |
| x | / | x | / | x | / | x | / |
| when | Ad | am | dalf | and | Ev | e | span |
| (x) | / | x | / | x | / | x | / |
| who | was | then | the | gen | tle | man |
첻 <u> ֻû첻 /ʊ/ ȯбΤϰ츫ľѸǤû첻˴ؤ¤ <u> /ʌ/ бΤ̤ۤǤ (ex. but, hundred, much, run, sung)
ǤϡɤǤ <u> /ʊ/ ˤϤɤΤ褦ñ줬ΤǤɸ˵ΤޤơĶȤƤߤ褦ñˤäƤ /ʊ/ ʳ첻ȯ⤢ˡCarney (145--46) Ȥ롥
/ʃ/ ֡push, bush, cushion, bushel, ambush, cushy
/tʃ/ ֡butcher
/s/ ֡pussy, brusque
/z/ ֡hussar
/f/ ֡buffet
/l/ ֡full (and suffix -ful), pull, bull, bullet, bulletin, bully, pulley, pullet, bullion
Ķ̤ˤơ¾ put, cuckoo, pudding ʤɤ롥ޤŤ뤤ϳθͭ̾Ǥ Beowulf, Ethelwulf; Bruckner, Budda, Gluck, Grundig, Innsbruck, Irkutsk, Kuwait, Krupp, Lund, Mogul, Muslim, Mustapha, Uppsala ʤɤǤ /ʊ/ ʤ뤤ϼˡ
ʤߤ˺ˤʤäƤû첻 /ʊ/ ϸɸѸˤƺǤ٤㤤ǤǤ뤳ȤդäƤsee #1022. ѸγƲǤ١ ([2012-02-13-1])ˡû첻˴ؤȤơε⻲ȡ
#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])
#3822. رѸ춵٤Ϣ8֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤס ([2019-10-14-1])
#4048. much, shut, such, trust 첻Ѹء ([2020-05-27-1])
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
ϡδñѸ in English٤12ȯǤϢܡˤѸΥܥʵפ21Ǥϡ֥֡ޥå eפäƲפȤ夲Ƥޤ

ֻ mate mat ϸ <e> 뤫ʤΰ㤤ǤȯϤ줾 /meɪt/, /mæt/ 첻礭ۤʤޤ첻ۤʤΤǤСֻǤ <a> ʬ˺ۤƤ٤Ǥºݤˤ <a> ʬѤ餺ष <e> ̵ͭݥȤȤʤäƤ櫓Ǥ⡤ <e> 켫Τ̵Ȥ㥯֤ΥƥǤ¿αѸؽԤؤӻϤκ˰٤ϤʤȴȤΤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦
츫ȥ㥯Τ褦Ǥ¿ޤPete/pet, bite/bit, note/not, cute/cut ʤɤ첻ӤƤߤƤˤϲ餫λȤߤꤽǤͤƤߤȡ <e> ̵ͭ塼ȤʤꡤԤ첻βޤȤȤߤˤʤäƤޤˡΤ褦ʡֱפԤʤƤ櫓ǡ magic e θƾΤޤޤ
ϢܵǤϡʤ magic e ȤŪʻȤߤ¸ߤΤˤƤλȤߤˤβޤƤΤפ⤷ޤܥ֥Ǥ⤿ӤӼ夲ƤǤϤޤϢܵǤϸ¤ʤץƤޤһ˼äƤߤƤ
Ϣưʲ hellog ȡ
#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])
#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])
#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])
#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1])
#4883. magic e ȤƾΡ ([2022-09-09-1])
Ѹ2첻 (diphthong) 3첻 (triphthong) ϡˤΤʤǼࡦȤѲ³Ƥ͡Ѳ뤲Ƥ̡ѸɸѼˤǤϷ13郎ǧƤ롥ŪʴȡʲΤ褦ηŪʿޤȤʤ롥οޤ Crystal (251) οޤѤΤǤSVG⤢ˡ

2첻ϡ2⡼첻 (1) ۣ첻 /ə/ ǽ뤫(2) 첻 /ɪ/, /ʊ/ ǽ뤫η3˸¤Ȥħ롥
3첻ϡ嵭ι첻ǽ2첻θˡ3⡼Ȥۣ첻 /ə/ դ5˸¤롥
Ūˤߤȡ2첻3첻Τߤʤ餺ñ첻 (monophthong) ⤪ѲƤѸΤȤ첻㤷ƤȤаޤ롥ɤΤ褦ѲƤΤʤۤѲƤΤˤĤƤϡʲεȡ
#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2181. űѸ첻ηϡ ([2015-04-17-1])
#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])
#4108. boy, join, loiter --- 2첻μŪʡ ([2020-07-26-1])
#4521. Ѹ˾μפ첻Ѳ ([2021-09-12-1])
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
take, meme, fine, pope, cute ʤɤθ -e ϡ켫ΤȯʤԤ첻ĹפɤޤޤȤƵǽ롥Τ褦ˡ e magic e ʥޥå eˤȸƤФ롥ˡΤ褦¾첻ȯƤޤѸ춵顦ؽѸȤƤ褯ΤƤ롥
magic e Ưˤξܺ٤ hellog ʲεȤ줿
#1289. magic <e> ([2012-11-06-1])
#979. Ѹֻ <e> ([2012-01-01-1])
#1827. magic <e> Ȥ̵ط <-ve> ([2014-04-28-1])
#1344. final -e ˡ ([2012-12-31-1])
#2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (1) ([2015-10-30-1])
#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e> (2) ([2015-10-31-1])
#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο ([2020-02-23-1])
magic e ȤƾΤΤΤ˾ƤOED magic, adj. (and int.) ΤȤɤ߸ФΩƤƤ롥
magic e n. (also with capital initials) (chiefly in primary school literacy teaching) a silent e at the end of a word or morpheme following a consonant, which lengthens the preceding vowel and consequently appears to transform its sound; as the e in hope, lute, casework, etc.
Cf. silent adj. 3c.
1918 Primary Educ. Mar. 183/2 Let us see how the a will sound after magic e is fastened on mat. (Write mate on board. Pronounce.) You see what trick he did. He changed short a into long a.
2005 L. Wendon & L. Holt Letterland: Adv. Teacher's Guide (2009) ii. 58 It was recommended that children play-act the Magic e's function in tap and tape.
Ф100ǯۤζػȤʤäƤ롥1918ˤ̤ʤŪɽǤϤʤͽۤƤä褦
嵭 Cf. ȤƵƤ silent, adj. and n. ȤƤߤȡ3c ι "silent e" ˴ؤ뵭Ҥä
c. Of a letter: written but not pronounced. Cf. mute adj. 4b, magic e n. at magic adj. Compounds.
Sometimes designating a letter whose absence would have no impact on the pronunciation of the word, as b in doubt, and sometimes designating a letter that has a diacritic function, as final e indicating the length of the vowel of a preceding syllable, as in mute or fate.
1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie xvii. 113 Som vse the same silent e, after r, in the end, as lettre, cedre, childre, and such, where methink it were better to be the flat e, before r, as letter, ceder, childer.
1775 J. Walker Dict. Eng. Lang. sig. 4Ov Persuade, whose final E is silent, and serves only to lengthen the sound of the A in the last syllable.
1881 E. B. Tylor Anthropol. vii. 179 The now silent letters are relics of sounds which used to be really heard in Anglo-Saxon.
2017 Hispania 100 286 The letter 'h' is silent in Spanish and is often omitted by those who are not familiar with the spelling of a word.
magic e "silent e" ƱͤǤϤʤԤϸԤüǤ롥ΰѤ Mulcaster ν magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤդɬפǤ롥2ܤ Walker ϡΤ magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
mute, adj. and n.3 4b ιƤߤ "mute e" ȤƤ⤢ʬ롥 "silent e" ƱͤǤ롥θƾΤνϼ̤ǡǤϼ¼Ū magic e ΤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥
1840 Proc. Philol. Soc. 3 6 It gradually was established..that when a mute e followed a single consonant the preceding vowel was a long one.
ܸθޤˤ첻¤ӤδܤϡޤǤʤ [a, i, u, e, o] Ǥcf. #2104. ޡ ([2015-01-30-1])ˡư5ʳѤǤֹԤʤסֹԤޤסֹԤסֹԤȤסֹԤСסֹԤסֹԤפȾ褦ˡ[a, i, u, e, o] ¤ӤȤʤäƤ롥ʤ¤ӤʤΤ
ϡ¤ӤŪ̵ɸ (unmarked) ͭɸ (marked) ؤν˱äƤ뤫Ǥ롥
(6) ˤСθϤȡ3첻ηϤθˤ [a, i, u] Ǥ¿4첻ηϤǤ [a, i, u, e] 5첻ηϤǤ [a, i, u, e, o] Ǥ¿ȤĤޤꡤŪˤäơ첻ͭɸ (markedness) ϡ㤤⤤ [a, i, u] [e] [o] ȤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥
ҲˤƱͤͭɸν롥 (9) ϡΤߤʤ餺콬ᤵǰƬˤĤġ̵ɸʻҲͭɸʻҲνΤ褦ͿƤ롥ʲ A > B ϡA B Ū̵ɸǤ뤳Ȥ
a. Ĵξ >
b. Ĵˡĺ >
c. ĺ˻ ̵ > ͭ
d. ĺ˻ʳͭ > ̵
λҲͭɸǰƬˤƸޤΡ֤ʤϤޤפ¤ӤįȡɬŪʽǤϤʤ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤʡ֤ϡפλҲϸŤ [p] äȤաˡ
ͭɸȤϸؤˤƤʤʤǰǤ롥#550. markedness ([2010-10-29-1])#551. ͭɸ̵ɸԵ§§ ([2010-10-30-1])#3723. ͭɸ ([2019-07-07-1])#4745. markedness ˤĤƺƹ͡ ([2022-04-24-1]) ʤɤεȤ줿
ס1ϡסоȡѸؤδá١ʻ 졦⸫ ˡ ס ס ʡ¼ ҡˡˡǡ2013ǯ
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥϤ4Фޤ35ƤޤֱѸԵ§ưΤҤ⤴ --- о졪Ǥ
ɸŪˤABC sing -- sang -- sung ȶޤ¤ABB sing -- sung -- sung ɸŪʤ⸽ѤƤޤϡָѡפǤϤʤűѸ줫³ǤűѸǤԵ§ưŪʡֶѲưסˤβˤϼο;Τ˱2Ĥꡤ줾12ȸƤФƤޤ2ʬϡɸѸǤĶٸǤ be ưΤߤ˻ĤäƤꡤ줾 was were ȤʤޤűѸǤϡwas -- were Τ褦2ʬ¾Ե§ưˤ⤪ʤ٤¸ߤȤ櫓Ǥ
sing ξˤ1 sang2 sungon Ǥθˤǡ1Ĥ˽뤳Ȥˤʤޤġư˱ơɤη֤˽뤫ϰۤʤäƤޤư1̲ޤ̤ưǤ2̲ޤξԤɤϼ¤˽Ѹ1500--1700ǯˤޤ³12ɤŪǤ
Ѹ1700--1900ǯˤˤ褦䤯ϲʤߡ줫פ줿ΤǤȽǴϥɥۥåǡɬͳ餫ǤϤޤsing ξˤϡűѸ1˴Ť sang ޤɸȤޤĿˡȤƤϡθ2˴Ť sung ʻѤ³ᡤߤαѸüԤˤ sung ѤͤΤǤ
ϡʬ sung ˤŬѤȤ̣ǤζŪʡָѡפ (analogy) Ȥߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ޤˤη³Ż뤹ʤСűѸ2λ¸Ȥߤ٤ݤʤΤǤ
ˤĤƤϡʲ hellog Ǥ夲ƤޤΤǤȤ
#492. ѸζѲưɤ ([2010-09-01-1])
#860. ѸѲѰۤΰ ([2011-09-04-1])
#2084. drink--drank--drunk win--won--won ([2015-01-10-1])
#3343. drink--drank--drank Ω ([2018-06-22-1])
#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1])
Voicy heldio Ǥ夲Ȥޤ#35. sing β sang sung Ҥİ
ε#4781. open warn -(e)n ư ([2022-05-30-1]) ǡűѸư -(e)nian 夲űѸˤϤۤ -(e)sian Ȥư⤢äϤѲư2ब롥
ƱͤˡLass Hogg and Fulk Ѥǡ-(e)sian ˤĤƤβñ
(i) -s-ian. Many class II weak verbs have an /-s-/ formative: e.g. clǣn-s-ian 'cleanse' (clǣne 'clean', rīc-s-ian 'rule' (rīce 'kingdom'), milt-s-ian 'take pity on' (mild 'mild'). The source of the /-s-/ is not entirely clear, but it may well reflect the IE */-s-/ formative that appears in the s-aorist (L dic-ō 'I say', dīxī 'I said' = /di:k-s-i:/). Alternants with /-s-/ in a non-aspectual function do however appear in the ancient dialects (Skr bhā-s-ati 'it shines' ~ bhā-ti), and even within the same paradigm in the same category (GR aléks-ō 'I protect', infinitive all-alk-ein). (Lass 203)
(iii) verbs in -(e)sian, including blētsian 'bless', blīðsian, blissian 'rejoice', ġītsian 'covet', grimsian 'rage', behrēowsian 'reprent', WS mǣrsian 'glorify', miltsian 'pity', rīcsian, rīxian 'rule', unrōtsian 'worry', untrēowsian 'disbelieve', yrsian 'rage'. (Hogg and Fulk 289)
űѸȤƤϤ褯ư줬¿Τǰʤ -(e)nian ƱͤˡߤޤǻĤäƤưϵǤ롥1줬 cleanse Ǥ롥ƻ clean /kliːn/ бư cleanse /klɛnz/ 첻ûʤäȤˤĤƤϡ#3960. Ҳûλ ([2020-02-29-1]) ȡ
¿αѸؽԤˤȤä shoe ϡַפ̣̾ȤѤΤۤȤɤǡ~˷롨ϡˤŴǤġפ̣ưȤƻȤäʹꤹ뵡ϤäˤʤưˡϤΤ餤ʤΤʤԵ§ưʤΤǤ롥ΤˤС§ shoe -- shoed -- shoed ⤢ˤϤΤԵ§ shoe -- shod /ʃɑd/ -- shod(en) /ʃɑdn/ ⤢롤ȤȤ
ʬȤƤ shod Ѥʸ
His feet were shod in slippers. (= He was shod in slippers.)
The children were well shod and happy.
She turned on her elegantly shod heel.
The horse was taken to be shod.
ܤƤưȤƤ shoe εϸŤűѸǤ⤹Ǥ scōgan ȤƸƤ롥ѲưȤƲ scōdʬ ġescōd Τ褦Ĺ첻ݤäƤѸʹߤû첻û첻ˤĤƤ OED Ǥ "anomalous" ȻŦƤ̤ꡤʤʤäΤʬäƤʤ
The doubling of the d and the consequent shortening of the vowel in Middle English schodde past tense, schodd past participle (whence the modern shod past tense and participle) are anomalous. (An Old English example occurs in Wulfstan Homilies p. 173, Unsceoddum fotum.) Compare Middle Swedish skodde past tense, and Swedish skodd past participle. The case is parallel to that of fledde, fledd < FLEE v. (where Swedish also has the corresponding gemination).
ʬ shod ؤƻȤ slipshod ֤ȤΤĤ֤줿ʷϤˡ餷ʤʡʡפƤֳ롨äꤹפ̣ư slip Ȥ߹蘆äʣǤ롥ФϽѸ1580ǯŪslipshod shoes ֤ȤΤĤ֤줿סa slipshod piece of work ֤ʺʡסslipshod management ֤ʷбġפʤɤȡ
δñѸ in English٤5椬ȯȤʤޤƥȤDZѸˤ˴ؤϢܤôƤޤ14ϡԵ§ʣ֤1 children ˤĤơ-ren ȤϤäʤΤȤѤʵ˾ܤפƤޤ

children Ե§ʣΤʤǤѤԤतǤϢܵɤСǯۤθűѸλ夫餹ǤˤʤʤѤԤäȤʬޤФƤʤѤޤ͡child -- children ȻƤ brother -- brethren ˤƤޤˤñ㥤פʤΤʣǤϡפȯѤˤĤƤ⤷Ƥޤchildren ˤϡѸѸγؽԤγ⡤äȤʤ뤳ȴְ㤤ʤǤ
Ѹؽˤϰŵ٤Ե§ĤΤǤɤԵ§ˤŪͳޤҤȤޤŵƤޤäϡұѸˤδ鿶֤ꡤפỤ̄äƤߤƤѸˤ̥ϤˤȤĤȻפޤ
ϢȤơ#145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1])#4181. ʤ child ʣ children ʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-10-07-1]) ⤴
ѸֻȯЪΥ (spelling_pronunciation_gap) 夲Ϥȥ꤬ʤºݤ˥ʤܥ֥ǤƤäȵˤʤäƤ̤꤬롥ɸ <o> /u:/ Ȥʤ륱Ǥ롥ˤĤƤϲ٤Ƥ伫Ȥ⤪˴ؿΤȤȤƲˤǼˤäƤʤǡޤطȤϤᡤĴˤĤʤȻפ
Ǥȶ do, to, who, whose դȻפäƤޤۤɿȶǤ롥does, done ˤĤƤϡ#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1]) Ǽ夲Το do ˤĤƤϹͤƤʤäwho ˤĤƤϡ#3630. ʤ who ϤֻǤȯʤΤ ([2019-04-05-1]) Ǽ夲ɤѤڤʤ֤Ȥ two Ƥ褤ˤĤƤϡ#184. two /w/ ȯʤΤϤʤ ([2009-10-28-1])#1324. two /w/ Ϥ ([2012-12-11-1]) Ǽ夲
move, remove, removal; prove, approve, approval, improve ʤɤ <-ove> ֤Ǥ롥#1882. move prove ˤĤƸ줿첻Ȥαƶ ([2014-06-22-1]) Ǽ夲Ǥ <o> /u:/ δطˤĤơ伫Ȥ褯ʬäƤʤ
ơlose ȤԲĻĤ㤬롥OED ˤȡΤ褦˲⤬롥ߤαƶˤꡤֻ̾ȯбطäȤǤ롥
The regular modern English pronunciation representing Old English losian would be /ləʊz/; the standard English pronunciation /luːz/ seems to be due to association with LOOSE v., which in some contexts (e.g. to loose hold) closely approaches this verb in meaning. Many dialects have the phonetic form normally descending from the Old English verb. The Scottish form loss is probably evolved from the past tense and past participle lost.
¾ˤϡȾХ shoe, canoe; tomb, womb դϢȤƵƤ
ơͭ̾Ȥơꥹ̳ Sir Alec Frederick Douglas-Home Home the Stone of Scone Scone ˸ۤ Brome, Scrome ⤢ (Carney 353)
嵭ν <o> /u:/ θ뤬δطʤ˻äŪаޤϡ餯̤ʤФʤʤ礷ǤʤФ꤫ĤҤȤĤǤ롥
Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.
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