hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ڡ / page 5 (11)

vowel - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2020-02-29 Sat

#3960. Ҳûλ [sound_change][vowel][consonant][phonology][phonetics][shortening][shocc][homorganic_lengthening]

ε#3959. Ritt ˤƱĹλ ([2020-02-28-1]) ˰³űѸ줫Ѹ⤦1Ĥ첻̤ѲȤơҲû (Shortening before Consonant Clusters (= SHOCC) or Pre-Cluster Shortening) λRitt (98) ѸǤη֤ǾҲ𤷤褦Ѹη֤ӤǤΤΤߤ󤲤롥

kepte'kept'
brohte'brought'
sohte'sought'
þuhte'thought'
demde'deemed'
mette'met'
lædde'led'
sprædde'spread (past)'
bledde'bled'
fedde'fed'
hydde'hid'
softe'soft'
fifta'fifth'
leoht'light'
hihþu'height'
dust'dust'
blæst'blast'
breost'breast'
fyst'fist'
mist'mist'
druhþ'drought'
clænsian'cleanse'
halja'holy (man), saint'
mædd'mad'
fætt'fat'
wræþþo'wrath'
cyþþo'kin'
feoll'fell'
fiftiȝ'fifty'
twentiȝ'twenty'
bledsian'bless'
wisdom'wisdom'
wifman'woman'
hlæfdiȝe'lady'
ȝosling'gosling'
ceapman'chapman'
nehhebur'neighbour'
siknesse'sickness'


SHOCC ̤̾ꡤ2İʾλҲľˤäĹ첻ûѲǤ롥꼰мΤ褦ˤʤ롥

V [-long]/__CCX
where CC is not a homorganic cluster


ΰʬ̤ꡤSHOCC kept, met, led, bled, fed ʤɸ촴ǽѲưβʬŵŪˤߤ롥ޤfifth 󤲤Ƥ뤬ˤĤƤϡ#1080. ʤ five ν fifth ʤΤ ([2012-04-11-1]) #3622. latter η֤űѸ졦Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ([2019-03-28-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿ˤϤʤδ against û첻 /ɛ/ ǤȯˤĤƤͻ뤳ȤǤcf. #543. says said Ϥʤû첻ȯ뤫 (2) ([2010-10-22-1]
SHOCC ϡäƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) Ȥ褽ƱƤꡤ䴰Ūʴطˤ벻ѲǤ뤳ȤդƤʲ⻲ȡ

#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1])
#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])
#2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1])

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

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2020-02-28 Fri

#3959. Ritt ˤƱĹλ [homorganic_lengthening][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][monophthong]

űѸ줫ѸˤȤ롤ƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ȸƤФ벻Ѳ롥ˤĤƤϡ#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǵñ˲⤷̤ѸŪˤ2첻 child û첻 children ΰ㤤ݤ˰礤˽ФפʲѲ1ĤǤcf. #145. child children 첻Ĺ ([2009-09-19-1])#146. child ʣ children ʤ櫓 ([2009-09-20-1]
ϤäƤ⡤child/children 첻ĹûŪƤʳˡ¾ˤɤΤ褦ʸѸθβˤĤƤΤȤС¤Ϥ¿ιϵ󤬤ʤ#2862. wilderness ([2017-02-26-1]) ε wild/wilderness κۤ˿줿Τ褦˾꤯ۤǤ롥Ritt (82) 󤲤ƤƱĹФ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥߤ褦

 Pre-HOLPost-HOL
ld:cildcīld
 feldfēld
 goldgōld
 geldangēldan
rd:wordwōrd
 swordswōrd
mb:climbanclīmban
 cembancēmban
 dumbdūmb
mb:behindanbehīndan
 endeēnde
 hundhūnd
ng:singansīngan
 langlāng
 tungetūnge
rl:eorlēorl
rn:stiornestīorne
 georngēorn
 kornkōrn
 murnanmūrnan
rð:eorðeēorðe
 weorðewēorðe
 wyrðewȳrðe
 furðorfūrðor
rs:earsasēarsas


ΤƱĹϡʤѸ climb behind 2첻ĤΤƤ롥ΰΤʳθˤĤƤϤޤ근ŪǤϤʤƱĹˤĹ첻ΤˤǺƤû첻ʤɤƸ˻äƤ뤿ᡤϤθ̤ޤ괶ʤȤϤѸŪˤܤ٤첻ѲǤϤ롥

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-29-1]

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2020-02-27 Thu

#3958. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺθ [meosl][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][sonority][neogrammarian][homorganic_lengthening]

ε#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ ([2020-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ˤϰճ㳰¿ĶۤƱ˸Ƥ⡤ñˤä첻ĹäƤ굯äƤʤäꤹΤ
Ritt (75) MEOSL ˤĤơ첻Ĺ뤫ݤϡĶνθǤγΨȤȤ館Ƥ롥ơΤ褦ʸͿƤ (75)

MEOSL Formula

      The probability of vowel lenghthening was proportional to
      a. the (degree of) stress on it
      b. its backness
      c. coda sonority

      and inversely proportional to
      a. its height
      b. syllable weight
      c. the overall weight of the weak syllables in the foot

   In this formula t, u, v, x, y and z are constants. Their values could be provided by the theoretical framework and/or by induction (= trying the formula out on actual data).


ǤϲäƤΤʬʤ⤹аʲ̤Ǥ롥MEOSL Ψϡ6ĤΥѥ᡼͡ʤ̤ͤΤˤδؿȤƻФ롥6ĤΥѥ顼᥿Ȥθ̤ϰʲ̤ꡥ

(1) β˶Сβ첻Ĺ䤹
(2) 첻첻ǤСĹ䤹
(3) coda 첻˸³Ҳˤʹ (sonority) ⤱СĹ䤹
(4) 첻Ĵ⤤ȡĹˤ
(5) β᤬ŤȡĹˤ
(6) αμ岻᤬ŤȡĹˤ

ФΤϤޤdzΨǤ뤫顤ۤƱĶˤǤäƤ⡤첻Ĺ뤫ݤη̤ϰۤʤȤȤRitt Υץϡǯʸˡ (neogrammarian) ŪʡֲѲ㳰ʤפθ§ (Ausnahmslose Lautgesetze) Ȥϰ褹ץǤ롥
ʤδؿϡ¤Ʊ⤦1Ĥ첻ĹǤƱĹ (homorganic_lengthening) ˤ⤽ΤޤƤϤޤ뤳ȤʬäƤꡤ⤤ƱĹˤĤƤεǡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-02-1]

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2020-02-26 Wed

#3957. Ritt ˤѸ쳫Ĺλȿ [meosl][sound_change][vowel][phonology][phonetics][final_e]

Ѹ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ϡ12--13ˤȤפ첻Ѳ1ĤǤ롥ŵŪ2ˤơû첻ǽ볫Τû첻Ĺ첻ѲǤ롥#2048. ƱﲻĹĹIJû ([2014-12-05-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡnama nāma, beran bēran, ofer ōfer ʤɤ㤬ŵǤ롥
βѲʹԤƤѸǤθȸѸǤθ¤٤뤳ȤǡŪʻǧƤʲRitt (12) ꡥ

EMEModE
laborlabour
basinbasin
barinbare
whalwhale
wavenwave
wadenwade
taletale
starinstare
stapelstaple
stedesteed
blerenblear
repenreap
lesenlease
efeneven
drependrepe
deriendere
denedean
-stocstoke (X-)
solesole
motemote (of dust)
motemoat
hopienhope
clokecloak
smokesmoke
brokebroke
oferover


¤ΤȤ MEOSL ˤ㳰¿ȤΤƤ롥Ritt (14) ꡤξˤ⤫餺Ĺ첻äƤʤǤ褦

EMEModE
adlenaddle
aleralder
alumalum
anetanet
anisanise
aspenaspen
azürazure
baronbaron
barratbarrat
barilbarrel
bet(e)r(e)better
besantbezant
brevetbrevet
celercellar
devorendeavour
desertdesert
etheredder
edischeddish
feþerfeather
felonfelon
bodigbody
bonnetbonnet
boþembottom
broþelbrothel
closetcloset
kokercocker
cokelcockle
cofincoffin
colarcollar
colopcollop


Ǥϡξ򤵤̲ MEOSL ŬѤ̵ͭͽ¬ǤΤ뤤ϡɭñ줴ȤǤꡤȤ虜ʤΤܳŪ˼ȤΤ Ritt θǤ롥
MEOSL ϡѸˡˤ "magic <e>" εˤؤ뤷첻ܡ (gsv) ؤϤ󶡤Ѹ˾˽פʲѲǤϤ뤬ճ¿βѲ˴ؤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1])#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1])#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) ʤɤε򻲾ȡ

Ritt, Nikolaus. Quantity Adjustment: Vowel Lengthening and Shortening in Early Middle English. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-02-27-1]

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2020-02-24 Mon

#3955. űѸ "digraph controversy" [digraph][oe][spelling][phonetics][phonology][vowel][diphthong][typography][reconstruction]

űѸ츦νפ "digraph controversy" ȤΤ롥2Ĥ첻Ťͤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ2Ż (digraph) ʤ첻ɽ魯ΤȤǤ롥첻μ̤ä͡ʸФƤ
űѸμܤǤ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> ʤɤ֤ƤΤߤιǤǤϤФ <ea>, <eo>, <ie> Ȥ̤ˡ1첻Ĺ (macron) դ <ēa>, <ēo>, <īe> Ȥɽߤ롥 <ea> ֤벻ˤϡŪˤϡûפΤȡĹפΤäȤΤƤ뤫Ǥ롥ĹΤʤСȤСȤǡºݤ˸űѸˤ첻μ̤ɤΤ褦˰äƤΤͤߤ뤳Ȥ񤷤͡ʿ¬ʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ǥ⥹ȥ졼ȤʤΤϡֻΤޤޤˡû2첻פȡĹ2첻פꤹƤǤ롥<ea> [ɛɑ], <ēa> [ɛːɑ], <eo> [eo], <ēo> [eːo], <ie> [ie], <īe> [iːe] ʤɤȺƷʡ#2497. űѸ줫ѸˤƤ첻Ѳ ([2016-02-27-1]) 첻ɽ򻲾ȡˡ෿ŪˤߤơʤȤ⥲ޥɤˤ2첻 (diphthong) ûΤĹΤ̤륱ϤʤȤ顤䤬褵Ƥ롥
ФơĹΤʤСñ첻 (monophthong) ǤꡤС2첻 (diphthong) ǤȤ᤬롥ˤĤƤ Minkova (178--79) Ĥ󤲤Ƥ뤬ǤϾܺ٤ˤƧ߹ޤʤ˽äƺƷ줿ʲ˼ (Minkova 156)

ValueExample
DigraphEarlyLate
<ēa>æʊæəstrēam 'stream'
<ea>æəæheall 'hall'
<ēo>sēon 'to see'
<eo>ɛəɛġeolu 'yellow'
<īe>iə, iː(ġe)līefan 'to believe'
<ie>ɪəɪġiefan 'to give'


űѸɤݤˡ2ŻФƤɤΤ褦ȯѤ뤫եǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

Referrer (Inside): [2021-06-21-1] [2020-03-04-1]

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2020-02-23 Sun

#3954. 첻Ĺûʬ褦ȤѸο [me][vowel][spelling][ormulum][final_e][meosl][digraph]

ѸŪ첻ĹûɽʬΤǤ롥ȤطʤˤĤƤϡʲεʤɤƤ

#1826. ޻첻ĹûľܼȤǤʤ ([2014-04-27-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2887. Ϣ3֤ʤѸ첻ɽΤʤΤס ([2017-03-23-1])
#2092. ե٥åȤ첻ľɽ魯Τ ([2015-01-18-1])
#2075. 첻첻Ĺû ([2015-01-01-1])

첻Ĺûʬ褦Ȥưʤä櫓ǤϤʤޤǽʬäȤǡʬˡϺƤΤ˸űѸǤϤΤ褦ʻߤϤۤܤʤʤäѸˤʤȤĤοƳ졤ʤˤϸޤǼѤ줿Τ⤢롥Minkova (189--90) ꡤΤ褦ʿ5󤲤褦

(1) ³λҲŤͤû첻ɽ魯
Ormulum ǺѤ줿ˡfollc (folk), þiss (this), þennkenn (think) ʤɤȤ롥Ĺ첻򼨤ˤϡӤƤ櫓ǤϤʤ (for), tīme (time) Τ褦˥ȵդˡΤ뤳ȤääȤ⡤ο Ormulum ʳǤϤߤ줺ޤǸΩñȯλߤǤcf. #2712. ѸθŪ֤ꤿ ([2016-09-29-1]

(2) 첻ŤͤĹ첻ɽ魯
aa (aye), see (sea), stoone (stone(s)), ook (oak) ʤɡʬ䤹ˡȤʬŪˤϸޤ³Ƥ롥Ϣơ#3037. <ee>, <oo> ϤΤ <aa>, <ii>, <uu> ϤʤΤϤʤ ([2017-08-20-1]) 򻲾ȡ

(3) Ҳθ <e> äơ첻ĹȤɽ魯
"magic <e>" ȾΤĹ첻ɽwife, stone, hole ʤɡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ̩ܤ˴ϢɽοǤ롥ܳŪ˵§Τ16ΤȤθѸΩƤ뤳Ȥաcf. #2377. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (1) ([2015-10-30-1])#2378. ԤĹ첻ɽ魯 <e>  (2) ([2015-10-31-1]

(4) ۤʤ첻2Ȥ߹碌2Ż (digraph) Ĺ첻ɽ魯
<ie> [eː], <eo> [eː] ʤɡΤ褦2ŻϸűѸˤ⤢ä첻Ĺûɽ魯˻ȤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäѸǤ2ŻĹ첻ɽ魯ΤѤ줿ǡȤ롥Ѹ beat, boat, bound ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

(5) 첻 <i/y> źĹ첻ɽ魯
󥰥䥹åȥʬۤФ뤬baith/bayth (both), laith/layth (poath), stain/stayn (stone), keip (keep), heid (head), weill (well), bluid (blood), buik (book), guid (good), puir (poor) ʤɤȤĹ첻ɽ路

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-02-11 Tue

#3942. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤμפ첻Ѳ [vowel][indo-european][germanic][sound_change][centralisation]

ɸϡĸη֤ñθ츻ƳȤǽפμǤ롥Ԥϡ츻 OED θ츻ɤǡΤäƤǤͭѡMinkova (68--69) ꡥ

a PIE *al- 'grow', Lat. aliment, Gmc *alda 'old'
 a 
o PIE *ghos-ti- 'guest', Lat. hostis, Goth. gasts
    
ā PIE *māter, Lat. māter, OE mōder 'mother'
 ō 
ō PIE *plōrare 'weep', OE flōd 'flood'
    
i PIE *tit/kit 'tickle', Lat. titillate, ME kittle
 i 
e Lat. ventus, OE wind 'wind', Lat. sedeo, Gmc *sitjan 'sit'


ȤСĸ *māter "mother" ā Ĺ첻äƤ줬ޥĸޤǤ ō ˲Ƥ뤳ȤաºݡűѸǤ mōdor ȤƸƤ롥Ĺ첻 o ؤû˰ʾ夬ä u ȤʤꡤǽŪ岽˻äƸ /ʌ/ ˤɤĤѸ첻ϡ56ǯΤ顤͵§Ѳ³ƸԤΤΤˤʤäƤΤǤ롥

Minkova, Donka. A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2014.

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2020-01-16 Thu

#3916. 岻ζ̤첻Ѳδط [gvs][stress][vowel][sound_change][drift][metrical_phonology][meosl]

ε#3915. 첻ܤȼդ첻Ѳν۴Ū ([2020-01-15-1]) κǸ˼褦ˡ˱Ѹ첻Ǥϡ̵ͭꥺʤɤαΧ첻Ѳˤδ֤ˤ̩ܤʴطȹͤƤ롥
Ѹ¾ΥޥǤϡΤΤ褦ˡζζ̡ҤƤ첻ζζ̤ǽŪ˽Ż뤵롥ˤꡤΧΥꥺˤηи뤳ȤˤʤꡤηĴ¤첻⤽μ̤ѲѰۤƤȤθˤĤƤϡ#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1])#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤ƤϱѸˤˤפĹ첻Ѳ˴ؤ븦路 Stenbrenden ηꡤݤεѤ (318)

. . . stressed syllables and vowels behave differently from unstressed syllables and vowels. Since stress in Gmc involves intensity (perceptual loudness and more muscular and respiratory force) in addition to pitch prominence, various articulatory features are a consequence of stress: stressed vowels are longer and usually more peripheral (in terms of the vowel space), fortis plosives have more aspiration, etc. Lack of stress, on the other hand, involves little muscular effort and perceptual 'softness', and often low/level pitch; unstress therefore has articulatory consequences like shorter and more centralised vowels (or at least loss of vowel contrasts . . .), vowel reduction, vowel and consonant elision, and little to no aspiration of fortis plosives, etc. Thus, what is known as the 'syncopation period' in early Gmc may be interpreted as only the beginning of a long process involving the gradual reduction and loss of unstressed vowels and syllables, the last major instance of which is witnessed (in English) in the loss of final schwa. Related to this reduction process are the lOE and ME processes that lengthen vowels in open syllables and shorten vowels in words of two or more syllables. Clearly, metrical considerations play a crucial role here . . . .


ΰѤκǸǡѸ쳫Ĺ (Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening; meosl) ʤɤ˿Ƥꡤ첻 (gvs) ˤƤʤΤΡԤޤƥޥɺή (drift) ͤƤ뤳Ȥϴְ㤤ʤפ첻Ѳ¿餫ηǴϢƤꡤΰ̣ǤϤ٤ƤҤä "chain shift" ʤΤȤͤǤ롥

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1]

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2020-01-15 Wed

#3915. 첻ܤȼդ첻Ѳν۴Ū [gvs][vowel][sound_change][drift][isochrony][prosody]

ε#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤס ([2020-01-14-1]) ǰѤ Stenbrenden ϡ첻ܡ (gvs) ĹŪʻѻ礭첻Ѳɺή (drift) ΰǤȺɾǤϡɺήȤΤϡʤ¸ߤʤΤStenbrenden (316) ϡĴоݤȤĹ첻ȡ줬ŪˤɤäƤѲפʲΤ褦˰ˤĤѲפ֤¤ܤ

ME and eModE long-vowel shifts

OE vowel, PDE reflexType of changeDate of beginning of change
ȳ > ī > /aɪ/unrounding950
 diphthongisation1250
ēo > ø̄ > ē > /iː/monophthongisation11th century
 unrounding12th--15th centuries
 raising1250
ā > ō̜ > ō > [ou] > /əʊ/rounding11th century
 raising16th century
 diphthongisation16th century
ǣ > > ē > /iː/ or /eɪ/raising/ɛː/ 11th c.; /eː/ 15th c.; /iː/ 16th c.
 (diphthongisation)(16th--17th centuries)
ē > /iː/raising1225
ō > /uː/ or /ʊ/ ? /ʌ/raising1225
 shortening; unrounding14th--15th centuries;
NF: ō > [üː](often fronted in PDE)15th--16th centuries
 NF: fronting and raising(late) 13th century
ī > /aɪ/diphthongisation1250
ū > /aʊ/diphthongisation1250


֤ѲפȤ raising, fronting, diphthongisation, monophthongisation ʤɤΤȤؤ餬ߤ̵طƤȤϹͤˤषˤ "cyclical nature" ʽ۴Ūˤ򸫽ФȤǤˤСѸΤߤʤ餺¿Υޥˤ۴Ū첻Ѳɺήߤ뤳Ȥ顤ޥ줹ͤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ҥȤȤʤΤϡRitt ʤɤμĥ "rhythmic isochrony" θʤȼ夤᤬Τ˶̤졤餬ߤ˸뱤Ӥγơ褽ƱĹäȯȤΧħǤ롥rhythmic isochrony 첻ѲδطˤĤƤϡ#1402. Ѹ줬ǯ֡첻򶯲Ҳ岽Ƥͳ ([2013-02-27-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-01-16-1]

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2020-01-14 Tue

#3914. Stenbrenden ۩첻ܤĹɺήΰˤʤ [gvs][vowel][sound_change][drift]

첻 (gvs) ˴ؤǿθ Stenbrenden 롥ܤˤĤƤϡ#3552. 첻ܤ5Ĥ ([2019-01-17-1])#3659. 첻ܤ5Ĥ (2) ([2019-05-04-1]) Ǥñ˼夲ΤȤƼ٤෼ȯŪƤθǤ롥
Stenbrenden ϡǯξʤԤƱͤˡ첻ܡפ̣ͭñ̤ȤߤƤʤѸѸˤŸηŪ첻ѲȤޤߤä첻ܡפϡ¤ΤȤޤ᤿Ĺ֤Ϥߤ˴Ϣ첻ѲΰʤƤˤΰʬ夲ơ첻ܡפʤɤ̾դΤϥߥ꡼ǥ󥰤Ǥ롤ȤΩ
ŪˤСStenbrenden (312) ϰʲΤ褦ʼ첻ѲĴơѲλʬŪ˽ʣʤ⡤ΤȤƤ1118ȾФޤǤˤ錄äƤȷŤƤ롥13--15ˤ¿첻Ѳ椷ƤΤ̩٤ǻȤ뤬⤢ޤǤ礭ɺή (drift) ΰȤȤ

 10001100120013001400150016001700
OE ȳ > [iː]***************     
OE ēo > [eː]  *****************    
OE ā > [ou]  ****************************  
OE ǣ > [iː]  *************************  
OE ō > [üː] N   **********    
OE ō > [uː] S   **********    
OE/ME ē > [iː]   **********    
OE ū > [au]   *********************  
OE ī > [ai]   *********************  
lME ā > [ei]   *********************  


ޤȤȤơStenbrenden (312) 2ĤۤɰѤ롥

. . . this comprehensive ME long-vowel shift started in the eleventh century at the latest, and did not come to a halt (if indeed it did) until perhaps the mid-eighteenth century.


The findings summarised in 9.1 [= the table above] indicate clearly that the traditional 'GVS' is only one part of some long-term drift in English (and other Gmc languages), and that the conventional definition of the shift is untenable.


Stenbrenden, Gjertrud Flermoen. Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1150--1700: Evidence from Spelling. Cambridge: CUP, 2016.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-03-01-1] [2020-01-15-1]

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2019-11-14 Thu

#3853. ʤֿסʤФˤΥ޻ɽ Shimbashi ˤ n ǤϤʤ m ѤΤǤ (2) [sobokunagimon][nasal][consonant][japanese][romaji][phonetics][phonology][phoneme][allophone][assimilation][vowel][spelling][spelling][orthography]

ε ([2019-11-13-1]) ǡܸΡ֤פĶ˱ƿΰۤʤȯǼ¸뤳Ȥ˿ޤλ¤ˤĤơ⤦Ū˹ͤƤߤޤ礦
ƣ (49) ˤȡ֤פ͡ʲŪ¸ˤĤơΤ褦ޤ

³ҲƱĴɡְФȤ벻Ǥ롥³ҲɡΤȤϡ[p] [b] [m] [m], [t] [ts] [d] [dz] [n] [n], [tɕ] [dʑ], [ɲ] [ɲ], [k] [ɡ] [ŋ] [ŋ] ˤʤ롥
ǤθꡤĤޤٻߤľǤϡɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ롥ĿͤޤϾ̤ˤꡤ[m] [n] [ŋ]ޤɡ첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥֤󤤡ʿաˡס֤ʿˡפΤ褦ʡ첻ܶ᲻Υ⡤ɡ [paɴ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ뤬ºݤϤۤǫĴʤ¤ĺ[ɕiĩi] Τ褦 [i] ɡ첻 [ĩ] Ȥʤ뤳Ȥ¿
³ҲԤϹԤʤɤ໤ΤȤ⡤ƱǡƱĴͭ໤ɡΤȤʤ뤬첻αƶ뤿ᵭ沽񤷤άɽǤϳά[h] [s] [ɸ] [ɯ̃], [ɕ] [ç] [ĩ] Τ褦ɡ첻ȤʤȹͤƤФ褤


ܸΡ֤פϤʤʤʣʤ͡ȯƤ뤳ȤʬǤ礦̾٤вŪ˸̩ȤäƤ褤Ѹɽʤ뤤Ϥ˶ᤤإܥ󼰥޻ɽˤǤΡ֤פ񤳤ȤʤС1ν˼ޤʤΤƻǤ̤ȤơShinjuku Ǥʤ Shimbashi Τ褦ֻФƤ櫓Ǥ
̾ӤФ긷̩ʲɽȤȤˤѸʤ޻ɽˤˤƤ⡤ n m ʬ뤯餤ǡ¤ϡָ̩פʤɤǤϤޤ󡥱Ѹˡ׵᤹٤ˤΤ߸̩ʲɽɽ路Ρ줬 Shimbashi ȹͤƤɬפޤ
ʤθɡ [ɴ] ˤĤơܸɴŵ (247) ­ȡ֤ѶŪɡҲǤȤϡꡤ㴳Ĥ뤳Ȥˤä벻פȤȤǤ

ƣ ˡŸ˾ܸ١ҡ1996ǯ
ܸɴŵ١İ ɧۤ ԡ罤ۡ1988ǯ

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2019-10-19 Sat

#3827. lexical set (2) [terminology][lexicology][vowel][sound_change][phonetics][dialectology][lexical_set]

ε ([2019-10-18-1]) ˰³lexical set ȤѸˤĤơSwann et al. Ѹ켭ŵˤȡ̤ꡥ

lexical set A means of enabling comparisons of the vowels of different dialects without having to use any particular dialect as a norm. A lexical set is a group of words whose vowels are uniformly pronounced within a given dialect. Thus bath, brass, ask, dance, sample, calf form a lexical set whose vowel is uniformly [ɑː] in the south of England and uniformly [æː] in most US dialects of English. The phonetician J. C. Wells specified standard lexical sets, each having a keyword intended to be unmistakable, irrespective of the dialect in which it occurs (see Wells, 1982). The above set is thus referred to as 'the BATH vowel'. Wells specified twenty-four such keywords, since modified slightly by Foulkes and Docherty (1999) on the basis of their study of urban British dialects.


1ʸˤ褦ˡlexical set ȤǰζߤϡŪ˼夲ơִפȤƿɬפʤˤ롥ñ췲򤢤ޤŪˤȤ館ҴŪ֤Ӥǽʤ餷ƤǤ줿ǰǤ롥ѸΤǡ'BATH' ŵȤ롤첻ޤñ췲פưפ˸褦ˤʤä

Swann, Joan, Ana Deumert, Theresa Lillis, and Rajend Mesthrie, eds. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2004.

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2019-10-18 Fri

#3826. lexical set (1) [terminology][lexicology][vowel][sound_change][phonetics][dialectology][lexical_set]

ءءʬˤפʳǰѸȤơlexical set ȤΤ롥#3505. THOUGHT-NORTH-FORCE Merger ([2018-12-01-1]) ʤɤǿƤȰäƤȤϤʤäΤǡƳ褦Trudgill Ѹ켭ŵѤ롥

lexical set A set of lexical items --- words --- which have something in common. In discussions of English accents, this 'something' will most usually be a vowel, or a vowel in a certain phonological context. We may therefore talk abut the English 'lexical set of bath', meaning words such as bath, path, pass, last, laugh, daft where an original short a occurs before a front voiceless fricative /f/, /θ/ or /s/. The point of talking about this lexical set, rather than a particular vowel, is that in different accents of English these words have different vowels: /æ/ in the north of England and most of North America, /aː/ in the south of England, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.


̻Ūˤϡ벻ѲФФ褦ˡꤵ줿ĶˤƤΤ䡤뤤Ϥ¾ͳñ췲Τߤˡ줬ñ췲򡤤¾ΤΤȶ̤ĤĤޤȤƸƤӤǤ롥ŪˤϡΤ褦ʲѲѼƤʤѼӡоȤݤˡܤ٤췲ȤƼ夲ȤǤ롥
פˡѲεˤϸä̤äΤȤ¤ǧ᤿ǡƱ褦˿äʤ뤤ϿäƤñ췲«ͤȤñ췲ñ̤ "lexical set" ȸƤ֤櫓ȤäƤ櫓ǤϤʤΤΤ褦ñ̾Ĥǡ¼ŪʤΤȤ館줿褦ʵ뤫Ի׵ĤѸȤΤϤ֤ǤʤȤ˴ΤȤʤˡ

Trudgill, Peter. A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-19-1]

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2019-10-17 Thu

#3825. quoth 첻 (2) [vowel][verb][preterite][old_norse][phonetics][sound_change][analogy][inflection][spelling_pronunciation]

[2019-10-07-1]εǼ夲ˤĤơĴ٤ƤߤѸ줫Ѹˤơưʲˤ첻ʻˤˤ͡ʤΤǧ줿褦ä <a> <o> ֤줿ΤˤĤơûäΤĹäΤȤ꤬ʸɸŪ quoth /kwoʊθ/ ĹפǤˡ
ˤĤ Dobson (II 339) äƤߤ1򻲾ȡ

It is commonly assumed, as by Sweet, New English Grammar, §1473, that ME quod and quoth are both weak-stressed forms with rounding of ME ă; but they should be distinguished. Quod, which occurs as early as Ancrene Wisse and its group, undoubtedly has ME ŏ < ME ă rounded under weak stress (though its final d is more simply explained from the OE plural stem than, with Sweet, as a special weak-stressed development of OE þ. Quoth, on the other hand, is not a blend-form with a ModE spelling-pronunciation, as Sweet thinks; the various ModE forms (see §421 below) suggest strongly that the vowel descends from ME long_o_with_polish_hook.png, which is to be explained from ON á in the p.t.pl. kváðum. Significantly the ME quoþ form first appears in the plural quoðen in the East Anglian Genesis and Exodus (c. 1250), and next in Cursor Mundi.


ΰѤʤ˲᤹ȡ̤Ȥʤ롥Ѹ衤ñ˴ؤûĹξ¸Ƥ줬ͳ褹ȤϡԤˤĤƤϸűѸ1û첻 (cf. cwæþ) ǤꡤԤˤĤƤϸťΥɸ kváðum Ǥ롥Ҳʻˤ th d ȤˤĤƤ⡤Dobson ͡ʰ۷֤κ硦ƱϡŪʷ³ԤϸűѸ1ͳ褷Ԥ2ͳ褹ˤȤƲᤷȤΩΤ褦

Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 1st ed. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1957.

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2019-10-14 Mon

#3822. رѸ춵٤Ϣ8֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤ [rensai][notice][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][me_dialect][sound_change][phonetics][standardisation][sobokunagimon][link]

1012ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ11ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ8Ȥʤ뺣ϡ֤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻ϸߤ˰ۤʤΤפǤ
Ѹϥڥ󥰤ȯδطȥ졼ȤǤϤʤȤޤϤȤ櫓첻ˤĤƤϤޤޤȤСmat mate ǤƱ <a> Υڥ󥰤ѤƤʤ顤Ԥ /æ/Ԥ /eɪ/ ȯ褦ˡ1ĤΥڥ󥰤Ф2ĤȯбƤϤˤޤդƱȯǤۤʤ륹ڥ󥰤֤뤳Ȥϡmeat, meet, mete ʤɤƱָפФ狼ޤ
εǤ <u> 첻ܤ줬ɤ첻б뤫ͤƤߤޤŪˤ bus /bʌs/, bull /bʊl/, busy /ˈbɪzi/, bury /ˈbɛri/ ȤñˤȤꡤˤƤΤ褦ʡԿԤʡץڥ󥰤ȯбƤƤޤäΤ򡤱Ѹˤδ⤷ޤˤ񤤤褦ˡָߤΥڥ󥰤ϡۤʤ˰ۤʤװѤ³ŪƤ̤λѡפǤطʤˤϡäȶäͳޤ򤭤򤪳ڤߤ

رѸ춵2019ǯ11



ϢܵȴϢơܥ֥ΰʲε⤴

#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1])
#562. busy ֻȯ ([2010-11-10-1])
#570. bury 첻ʬۡ ([2010-11-18-1])
#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])
#563. Chaucer merry ([2010-11-11-1])

δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ8󡡤ʤ bus, bull, busy, bury 첻Ϥ줾ۤʤΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ11桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ101262--63ǡ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-12-03-1]

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2019-10-07 Mon

#3815. quoth [vowel][verb][preterite][verners_law][phonetics][sound_change][analogy][inflection][old_norse]

#2130. "I wonder," said John, "whether I can borrow your bicycle." ([2015-02-25-1])#2158. "I wonder," said John, "whether I can borrow your bicycle." (2) ([2015-03-25-1]) Ǿ줿quoth /kwoʊθ/ ϡ?ȸäפ̣ʸǤ롥1;ñ3;ñľˡΤߤǡʤɤʳη֤¸ߤʤ̯ưǤ롥űѸѸǤϤŪĹ٤ưǤꡤűѸ쥦ȥǤ϶Ѳ5ưȤơ4׷ cweðan -- cwæþ -- cwǣdon -- cweden äʡ#3812. was were δط ([2019-10-04-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ȥ cweðan θ촴첻ȤȡθβѲˤ queath ʤɤȤʤϤǤꡤºݤˤη֤16ޤѤƤθѤȤʤäʤ bequeath ʰǾˤ򻲾ȡˡäơߤ quoth θ촴첻 cweðan μβѲη̤ȤϹͤʤ
OED quoth, v. queath, v. 򻲾ȤƤߤȡo 첻ϡNorthumbrian ʤ󥦥ȥˤ߿첻򼨤Ʊΰ۷ͳ褹ȤΤȤطʤˤʣʲѲѤƯƤ褦OED ϡquoth, v. βǼ3Ҳ𤷤Ƥ롥

(i) levelling of the rounded vowel resulting from combinative back mutation in Northumbrian Old English (see discussion at queath v.); (ii) rounding of Middle English short a (of the 1st and 3rd singular past indicative) after w; (iii) borrowing of the vowel (represented by Middle English long open ō) of the early Scandinavian plural past indicative forms (compare Old Icelandic kváðum (1st plural past indicative)); both short and long realizations are recorded by 17th-cent. orthoepists (see E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500--1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §§339, 421).


Ѹˤ۷ˤĤƤ MED quēthen v. ⻲ȡڥ󥰤Ȥ hwat ʤ̯ʤΡMED "reverse spelling" ȤƤˤ⸫Ĥꡤ̣Ԥʤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-10-17-1] [2019-10-08-1]

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2019-08-28 Wed

#3775. ѸϳܻؤƲѲ򵯤Ƥ [sound_change][phonetics][phonology][r][l][consonant][syllable][vowel][stress][rhythm][prosody]

#3719. ܸϳ졤ѸIJ ([2019-07-03-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡѸ෿Ūˤͭɸβ᥿פǤIJ¿ĸǤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ǤѸβѲĬήįƤߤȡѸ̵ɸγָƤȹͤ줽Ǥ롥
ƣ߷ĤϸѸˤߤ r Ʋ (flapping; city, data ʤɤ t [ɾ] Ȥʤ븽)l ΰƬ (pharyngealization; feel, help ʤɤ l Ť [ɫ] Ȥʤ븽)Ҳæattem(p)t, exac(t)ly, mos(t) people ʤɡˤȤä夲ⲻλҲؤäƤꡤβ򳫲˶ŤƤΤǤϤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ʲβѤ褦 (70)

Ʋϡ˳ /t/ 򡤤첻ŪʶIJѤ븽ݤǤꡤϰ (vocalization) ȹͤ롥ᤤäǤϡbetter [bɛ́r] Τ褦ˡƲ줿 /t/ æ뤳Ȥ⤢롥ޤ/l/ ΰƬǤϡΤ˰ưä뤬ܼŪ첻ŪưǤꡤ/l/ ܸΡ֥פΤ褦첻˶Ťºݡfeel [fíːjo] Τ褦ˡ/l/ 첻ˤʤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥äơ/l/ ΰƬ⡤IJ /l/ 򤵤첻˶Ť첻ȹͤ롥Ҳæϡ첻ǤϤʤIJˤ벻λҲϢñ㲽븽ݤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡĤθݤϡ⡤λҲ첻ꡤæ뤳ȤˤäơǸ夬첻ǽ볫˶Ť褦ȤƤ븽ݤǤꡤǽŪˤ϶̤Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥άܼŪ˳ָѸϡޤޤʲݤʤ顤IJ򳫲˶Ť褦ȤƤȹͤ롥


ϲѲṽ¤ΤȴϢƤȤβṽ¤Τ켫ȤϡꥺȤäΧˤäƷꤵƤȤ⤤롥ϲѲ˴ؤʲǤ롥#3387. ʤѸ첻ˤˤ첻Ѳ¿Τ ([2018-08-05-1])#3466. űѸ첻β̤Ѹʹߤ첻βŻ뤷 ([2018-10-23-1]) 򻲾ȡ

ƣ ͺ߷ رѸ١ҡ2001ǯ

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2019-07-22 Mon

#3738. ĸ5Ĥγ --- *sed- ξ [indo-european][reconstruction][gradation][vowel][terminology]

ĸθ촴첻ˤϡǥեȤ *e ꤵƤ롥־塤줬͡첻˲ƤȤˤʤΤӸؤˤƤΥǥեȤ *e "e-grade" 뤤 "full grade" ʴˤȸƤФƤ롥 *e ϡɬŪʤˤ첻 *o ˲뤳Ȥ롥 "o-grade" o ˤȸƤ֡*e ʤ *o ʤϡ줾Ĺ첻뤳Ȥ⤢ꡤ줾 "lengthened e-grade" e Ĺ, "lengthened o-grade" o ĹˤȸƤФ롥ˡ*e 첻μ¸ʤ "zero-grade" ʥˤȤΤ⤢ä
̤Ȥơ촴ˤŵŪ5Ĥ첻¸ߤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѱۤ첻ΤȤ򡤰ӸؤǤ gradation, ablaut, apophony ʤɤȸƤǤ롥ɤ첻ˤʤФɤΤ褦ʰ̣ǽˤʤȤäΤбϤʤ¾塤ŪѰۤȤȤ館ۤʤ
ĸǡֺ¤ (to sit) ̣ *sed- ˴ؤơƳθȡ줬ˤƤɤΤ褦˼¸Ƥ뤫򼨤򼨤 (Fortson 73)

e-grade (full grade)*sed-Lat. sed-ēre 'to sit', Gk. héd-ra, Eng. sit (i from earlier *e)
o-grade*sod-Eng. sat (a from earlier *o)
zero-grade*sd-*ni-sd-o- 'where [the bird] sits down = nest' > Eng. nest
lengthened e-grade*sēd-Lat. sēdēs 'seat', Eng. seat
lengthened o-grade*sōd-OE sōt > Eng. soot (*'accumulated stuff that sits on surfaces')


Ե§ưŪʶѲưˤ첻Ѱۤ⡤ư̾ʤʻ㤤θˤߤ첻ؤδط⡤ĸΡֳ׺ˤΤܤ롥˽פʲŪݤǤ롥

Fortson IV, Benjamin W. "An Approach to Semantic Change." Chapter 21 of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Ed. Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Blackwell, 2003. 648--66.

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2019-05-31 Fri

#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 [gvs][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][suffix][latin][diatone][-ate]

ε#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1]) ˰³-ate ĸȯưǤ /eɪt/ Ȥʤ̾졦ƻǤ /ɪt/ ȤʤˤĤơ
Carney Ǥ⤳꤬ƽǰƤꡤä p. 398 ˤθݤ򼨤ñꥹȤ󤲤Ƥ롥ʲ˺ƸƤŪǤϤʤȻפ뤬ʰǤ롥

aggregate, animate, appropriate, approximate, articulate, associate, certificate, co-ordinate, correlate, degenerate, delegate, deliberate, duplicate, elaborate, emasculate, estimate, expatriate, graduate, importunate, incorporate, initiate, intimate, moderate, postulate, precipitate, predicate, separate, subordinate, syndicate


Carney ΥꥹȤ󤲤ƤΤϡʻˤäȯؤतñ줬ȤˤƤǤ롥¾μȤƤϡؤ̾ư (diatone) 󤲤Ƥ뤷 -ment ĸˤƤ롥̾ưȤݤȤŪطʤˤĤƤˤĤƤϡǤܥ֥Ǥ diatone γƵܳŪ˾Ҳ𤷤ƤʻˤäȯؤפȤݥȤ -ate ȤĤʤäƤȤΤϡȯä
-ment ˤĤƤϡưǤΤ첻 /-mɛnt/ Ȥʤ뤬̾졦ƻǤۣ첻 /-mənt/ Ȥʤ롥Carney (398) 곺ñΥꥹȤ󤲤Ƥcomplement, compliment, document, implement, increment, ornament, supplement.

Carney, Edward. A Survey of English Spelling. Abingdon: Routledge, 1994.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-16-1]

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2019-05-30 Thu

#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 [gvs][vowel][spelling][spelling_pronunciation_gap][stress][analogy][suffix][latin][sobokunagimon][-ate]

ɸˤĤƼ䤬󤻤ޤȤ appropriate ưȤƤϡֻѤ˶סƻȤƤϡŬڤʡפǤơȯ /əˈproʊpriˌeɪt/, /əˈproʊpriˌɪt/ Ȥʤޤ첻 /eɪt/ ̸ /ɪt/ ǰۤʤäƤޤϤʤǤ礦
ư /eɪt/ ȯϡֻȾȤ餷碌Ф狼褦ˡ첻 (gvs) θ̤Ƥޤ<-ate> Ȥֻɽ蘆ȯ /-aːt(ə)/ Ѹ첻ܤˤ /eɪt/ ؤѲǤޤƱֻ̾졦ƻ -ate ǤϡΤ褦ȯѲϵäƤޤ󡥤Ѳϡष첻μ岽Ǥꡤ/ɪt/ ؤȵ뤷Ƥޤ
ΰ㤤ϡ첻ܰζΤΰ㤤˵ޤŪˤСappropriate Τ褦Ĺñξ硤ưˤƤϸβ2֤ޤƻ졦̾ˤƤ֤ʤȤޤappropriate ˤĤƶŪˤСưȤƤ4 -ate ˡ2˶֤ޤ̾졦ƻȤƤϤ줬֤ʤȤȤˤʤޤ
ǻפФ٤ϡ첻ܤϡֶΤĹ첻פˤƺѤ벻ǤȤȤǤĤޤꡤ-ate ưˡˤƤϡ2ǤϤޤ˶֤Τǡξ˹פ /-aːt(ə)/ /eɪt/ ޤ̾졦ƻˡˤƤϡ֤ʤΤ첻ܤȤ̵طˤळȤˤʤޤ̾졦ƻˡǤϡ /-aːt(ə)/ ֻȤƤ <-ate> ݤʤ⡤ȤƤ϶򼺤ȤȤ /-at/ ؤû /-ət/ /-ɪt/ ؤۣ첻ΤǤ
Τ褦ʷаޤǡ-ate ʻˤäȯ㤨Ȥʤޤä󤳤ηޤꡤѥ󤬤Ǥȡθϼºݤȯ䶯֤ˤ餺ȤˤΩѥŪŬѤ褦ˤʤޤơ-ate ȯ롼뤬ΩΤǤ
Ϣơ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) ⤴Ȥ-age ʤɤ˴ؤƤ⡤ۤƱƤϤޤȻפޤ (310, 313) ׻ȡ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-08-16-1] [2019-05-31-1]

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