Ρ#4207. ̾줢꤭٤ư줬 ([2020-11-02-1]) ȡ#4208. It rains. ϹټԺߤǡֹ߱פۤɤΰա ([2020-11-03-1]) ε˰³Ԣʬˡư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء٤˰͵Ĥġư (voice) ꤫; (person) ؤȵŸ
εǤߤ褦ˡĸꤵ̤äʳǤϡIt rains. Τ褦;ιʸưŪʹʸˤꥸʥư칽ʸȿǤƤȤǽ롥ˤʤС;ιʸϤ2ŪʹʸȤȤˤʤ
ưˤȤɤޤ餺ˤ;ΤȤϲȤˤ⿷ʸꤲ롥;ŪưŪʹʸư칽ʸȤȡ˿;ΤȤȯۤ;ϤϤʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ (category) ȤƤ븽λ䤿餹С⤷֤θ鹽ʸο;ΤϲפΤǤСȤꤢǤ1;ΤǤ2;ΤǤʤȤ̣ǡ˾öŪˡ3;Ρפ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫⤷ʤ;ΤȤʸˡƥ̤ʬäȤܤĸΤβŪʸηϤ顤Ʊ褦ȤȡȤ˵礹ΤǤ롥
䤬ƤΤ褦̤ʬξ֤顤ΤȤƤΡֻפȡνפäǤ֤ʤפʲˬ졤줾줬;ΤȤʸˡƥפʸѸǤ1;Ρפȡ2;ΡסˤȤʤäλˤ̾ΤǤä¿ʬ˾öŪưŤǡ3;Ρפ̾Ť뤳Ȥˤʤä123;ΤȤʬǤꡤߤ˻롥ȡʥȡ뤫⤷ʤ
Ԣʬ (171) ϡˤĤƼΤ褦˲⤷ƤʰʲǤϸʸ뤤ϷǼƤˡ
˲פֻ䤬פ
ϤĤޤꡤưˤΤʤǿ;ΤγǰϤ֤ȸˤʤäȯΤȤȤǤ⤢롥
ȤСֻ䤬βפȽҤ٤Ȥƥˤ;ΤưѤ "me paenitet culpae meae" Ȥɽ뤬ʸ̤ˤϡֻβ˴ؤơ˲פǤ䤬ΤǤϤʤΤ顤ϡֲפʤΤɽ뤦Ǽ¤ŪΤʸȸͤФʤʤˡ
Τ褦ʸϿ;ΤȯãȤȤưγѤ˼äƤƱư;Τ˳Ѥ paeniteo ʻ䤬ˤȤ֤Ѥ褦ˤʤäƤǤ롥
Τ褦ʿ;ΤˤϤ̾Τ⤿餹Ƥ롥ư;η֤ˡֻ;ΡפȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤ֤б뤳Ȥͤȡ;Ρʻˤ;ΡʤʤˤγǰưˤˤơˤʤäƤ鸽ƤΤȤȤˤʤ롥
ֻפˡ;ΡפȤ̾ΤͿƤ뤫Ȥäơ;ΤֻפϤޤä櫓ǤϤʤֻסʰ;Ρˤ֤ʤס;Ρˤؤȸˤ顤Ժߤμԡʻ;ΡˤؤȹäƤȤϤ̾Τ⤿餷Ǥ롥
ˤơޤ̤ˤơ;ΤȤϲȤκƹͤ¥ŦǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1])#2309. ưο;θε ([2015-08-23-1]) Ϥ person γƵȡ
Ԣʬ Ϻư֤ջ֤Ǥιųء١ؽ2017ǯ
ε#4039. ˤȤϥեǤ ([2020-05-18-1]) ǡˤ (gender) ȤϡĤƤθ춦ƱΤƤȼѡʡʪθΥեˤȿǤ̾ʬˡǤȤݤǵŸ¤ϡ˸¤餺ʸˡƥ (category) ȤΤϡ褽Τ褦ʿʹ֤ʬեθ줿ΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ʸˡΥƤ⡤äʬʤɤϤޤ˥եΤޤΤ
ܥ֥Ǥϡδ͡ʵƤΤǡդǵåȤޤȤƤ
ָȿǤƤʹ֤ʬեפεå
ʤܸΥեȤϥեƥάǡ긵ˤäعϻǡ٤ȡּʪҡסʪҡסְΰࡦȶʤɤФơ۾˰ȡŪݺΰפȤ롥Ѹ fetishism ΤȤȤʤ fetish (n.) ˤĤƤϡOALD8 ˤȰʲ̤ꡥ
1 (usually disapproving) the fact that a person spends too much time doing or thinking about a particular thing
She has a fetish about cleanliness.
He makes a fetish of his work.
2 the fact of getting sexual pleasure from a particular object
to have a leather fetish
3 an object that some people worship because they believe that it has magic powers
ΥƥˤĤƻ䤬եޥѤƤ֥եפȤɽϡ֤춦ƱΤͭλˡʬˡȿǤ줿ΡפۤɤΰդǤ롥
ˤʸˡ (grammatical gender) ϡ⤿ʤܸѸüԤˤȤäƤϼ¤ԲIJʸݤ˱Ǥ롥²Ǥϥե졤ڥ졤ɥĸ졤졤ƥʤɤˤΤ褦˸뤷ѸˤĤƤűѸޤǤʸˡǽƤϤƤ⡤ĸ¿ꡤ4İʾĸ⾯ʤʤ
űѸǹͤƤߤ褦űѸǤϸġ̾줬§Ȥ (masculine) (feminine) (neuter) Τ줫˿ʬƤ뤬ζʬɬʪŪʤ (natural gender) Ȥϰפʤ̣ wīf ʷŪˤϸ wife Ϣʤˤ̾ȤȤˤʤäƤ뤷Ʊֽפ̣ wīfmann ʸ woman ϢʤˤϤʤ̾Ǥ롥ֽ͡פ̣ hlǣfdiġe ʸ lady ϢʤˤϽ̾ʤΤǰȤ뤬̵ʪǤϤ stān ʸ stoneˤ̾Ǥꡤlufu ʸ loveˤϽ̾Ǥ롥ʬब褯ʬʤcf. #3293. űѸ̾ ([2018-05-03-1])ˡ
űѸüԤޤơäʤʤΤȿҤͤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ⡤֤äƤϡ֤狼ʤȤˤʤäƤ뤫פˤȤɤޤΥեüԤˤҤͤƤߤȤ褤ʤ soleil ̾ǡ lune Ͻ̾ʤΤȡơɥĸüԤˤҤͤƤߤ褦ʤդ Sonne ̾ǡ Mund ̾ʤΤȡüԤǼΤ֤ʤؼԤˤʤ
ȤϲʤΤϾɸΤ褦˹ͤƤˤȤϥեʤΤǤ롥⤦ΤˤСˤȤϿʹ֤ʬեɽ蘆줿1֤Ǥ롥
ʹ֤ˤʪʬष뽬롥ʬλˤĤƤϸĿͤȤ˰ۤʤ뤷ŵŪˤϽĤȤˡȤ櫓춦ƱΤȤ˰ۤʤΤǤ롥줾ʬθϤθĿͤ佸ĤƤѡѡѤʤɤ˴ŤΤȿ¬뤬θߤˤʤäƤ뤳ȤϤƺǤ롥ߤˤޤʸˡѤƤȤƤ⡤ĤƤʬึ켫ΤϤǤ˺ƤꡤޤǷǡθ̾졤θϽ̾ȤäʸˡŪʷޤȤ¸³Ƥˤʤ
ѡѡѤȤȲ鿼ʤΤ۵뤬Τ褦ʿܤʬǤʤ桼⥢ʤɤ˴ŤͷӤʬ˺äƤΤ褦ʲǽƤСȤϥեƥ (fetishism)ʤθ콸ĤäƤʪθʤ餤ƤΤˤ踽ߤǤϿˤǤǤʤ褦ʪʤΤʬΥե¾ͤˤ¾ͤΥեʬˤΤƱ褦ʤΤ
ѸȤƤ gender פƤȤϡ̣Թäñ gender ϡƥ genus ťե gendre ФѸˤޤʸˡѸȤäƤñǤ롥genus θϡּ²פۤɤǤꡤեб genre ϡ֥롤ͼפǤ롥ѸǤ kind ּפ⡤¤ϤƱǤ롥Τ˿ˤȤäƷ褷̵ؿǤϤʤ༫Ȥ2ʬˡ˽ζ̤Ǥ gender Ȥ櫓˽Ȥ sex ζ̤ŬѤ줿ȼΤϼǤ롥ȸεˤĤơפȲᤷƤޤäΤägender, genre, kind ϡȤ˽ζ̤˸¤餺ʪζ̤ѤϤǤꡤäƤߤñʤּפ̣̾ʤΤǤ롥ȽʤӤΤǤʤˤȤ sex ˴Ť˸¤äƤޤäˡʤСפ̾ʤΤʤְפ̾ʤΤʤֽפ̾̾ʤΤȤ𤷤䤬ʮФ뤳ȤˤʤäƤޤä
ؤβˡϡgender = ˽ζ̡פȤȤ館졤A, B, C Ǥ褤ϤǤ褤áʺǤⲿǤ褤ΤǡựʤñʤȤƤȤ館뤳ȤűѸǤϡСפAȢäƤ롤ְפBȢäƤʤޤ̣ΤˡפֽפʤɤΥ٥ơȢŽդƤޤ顤ä䤳ʤ롥
ΤȤ館ˤϰ⤢Ǥ϶ü㳰ΤΡ¿ʸˡĸǡŪʤΡˤؼ̾̾ˡŪʤΡˤؼ̾Ͻ̾°뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ餫餳gender = ˽ζ̡פβĹƤΤǤϤ٤ƤǤʤ餳١gender = ˽ζ̡פθƤߤ褦ȼĥƤΤǤ롥˽ΰ㤤ϳΤ˿ʹ֤ˤȤäƴؿΤ̤Ƥ̵οʹֽĤϡʳˤ⸽ߤǤϿ䤷̤뤳ȤǤʤ褦ѤäؿȼΥեƥäʪʬषƤΤǤϤʤ줬ʤβ̤Ƥե졤ɥĸ졤뤤ϸűѸ˻ĤäƤ gender ȤȤǤϤʤ
gender ˸¤餺ˤʸˡƥ (category) ȤΤϡŪˤϥեƥλʪȹͤƤ롥 (anthropological linguistics)Ҳ (sociolinguistics)ǧθ (cognitive_linguistics)֥ԥᥦդβ (sapir-whorf_hypothesis) ʤɤΰˤޤ롤ƹʸؾΥȥԥåǤ롥
gender ĤƤϡgender εΤָۤˤפεåäƤߤ碌Ƥɤ
ӸؤȰˤߤƤȡʸˡƥ䤽ΥСν̸űѸȤˤǰƬˤƤ⡤Ȥưβη֤ϡˤΰĸˤ봰λ (perfect) ̵ (aorist) η֤ˤΤܤ롥ưλꥫƥˤäȤȤ cf. #2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥȤؤ ([2015-03-20-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1])ˡ
ۤˤϡĸưεˡ (optative) ³ˡ (subjunctive) ǤϤȤȰۤʤ֤ȤäƤűѸޤǤԤη֤Ԥ߹ɽȤʤäο֤դ줿̾Τ³ˡפ顤䤳cf. #3538. Ѹ subjunctive ֤ϰĸ optative ֤ ([2019-01-03-1])ˡ
̾ˤƱͤθݤߤ롥űѸͿ (dative) ϡͿʡåʡ (instrumental)̳ʤʤɤǽŪ˵ۼΤ־εˤϵ롥űѸηƻ졤졤̾ʤɤˤ鷺˺פĤʤ⡤ŪˤζʤѤΤǤϤʤȤ (Marsh 14) ¤ˤ䤳Τ
Clackson (114) ϡˤư쥫ƥκ̾ⵯ䤹äȤͳϰʲ̤ꡥ
In the documented history of many IE languages, the verbal system has undergone complex restructuring, while the nominal system remains largely unaltered. . . . It appears, in Indo-European languages at least, that verbal systems undergo greater changes than nouns. If this is the case, it is not difficult to see why. Verbs typically refer to processes, actions and events, whereas nouns typically refer to entities. Representations of events are likely to have more salience in discourse, and speakers seek new ways of emphasising different viewpoints of events in discourse.
It is certainly true that . . . the verbal systems of the earliest IE languages are less congruent to each other than the nominal paradigms. The reconstruction of the PIE verb is correspondingly less straightforward, and there is greater room for disagreement. Indeed, there is no general agreement even about what verbal categories should be reconstructed for PIE, let alone the ways in which these categories were expressed in the verbal morphology. The continuing debate over the PIE verb makes it one of the most exciting and fast-moving topics in comparative philology.
ȤȤϡ̣Ūˤư쥫ƥΤۤʣǰȤȤͽۤ줽Τ˰ŪˤäơŪ̾ưŪưΤۤˤȤΤϹ
Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.
Clackson, James. Indo-European Linguistics. Cambridge: CUP, 2007.
2֤ε ([2020-03-23-1], [2020-03-24-1]) ˰³ɸεˤĤƵޤƥʸˡѸ modus ˤĤĴ٤ƤߤȡȻפȤޤOED mode, n. θ츻˼Τ褦ʸڤޤ
In grammar (see sense 2), classical Latin modus is used (by Quintilian, 1st cent. a.d.) for grammatical 'voice' (active or passive; Hellenistic Greek ĦάȦŦҦς ), post-classical Latin modus (by 4th-5th-cent. grammarians) for 'mood' (Hellenistic Greek ἔæʦ˦ɦҦς ). Compare Middle French, French mode grammatical 'mood' (feminine 1550, masculine 1611).
Ĥޤꡤmodus ϸŵΥƥǤŪʡˡפΰ̣ѤƤΤΡŵƥǤϤष̤ưʸˡƥǤ֡ (voice) ΰ̣ѤƤȤȤˤʤޤʸˡƥɽ魯Ѹ췲ƱƤ뤫Τ褦˸ޤϤɤФ褤Ǥ礦
¤ voice ȤѸ켫Τˤ褦ʻ𤬤ޤ#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸˤơvoice ϸŪʡ֡פΰ̣Ѥˡ̤ưʸˡƥǤֿ;Ρ (person) ɽ魯Ȥ⤢ޤ̾ʸˡƥǤֳʡ (case) ɽ魯Ȥ⤢ޤ˥ƥѸƤߤޤȡ֡פɽ路Ѹ1Ĥ genus ޤθϸ gender ȯŸ̾ʸˡƥǤ (gender) ̣ȤʤäƤޤ
ʾ夫鸫ƤΤϡդѸ췲κƱŪˤϤäȤȤǤͤƤߤСߤǤư̾ʸˡƥɽ魯ѸƤߤȡˡ (mood) (aspect) (voice) (gender) (case) ʤɡ鸫Ǥϰ̣ȽȤޤʤΤ褦ѸܸǤѸǤˤƤƤΤʤΤ¿Ȥ˵դޤŪʬ䤹Τϻ (tense)(number); (person) 餤ǤϤʤǤ礦
Ѹ mood/mode, aspect, voice, gender, case ܸΡˡסס֡ססֳʡפʤɤϡաʤȯݡˤΡˡס¦̡סּ٤̣롤̣ŪˤϤʤ¤ʷ̾ȤäƤ褯kind, type, classּסַספʤɤȸƤ褤ʪǤȤȤϡϤޤصŪʬ̾ˤ˲餫ѶŪʰ̣ǽ餫ɤ߹ޤƤ櫓ǤϤʤäȤǽޤ
ޤȤޤ礦2֤εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤƤޤβϡѸεȤ餤ɬƤޤmode ϸ츻ȤƤϡˡ٤̣̾ˤϤѶŪʰ̣ϤۤɴޤޤƤʤäȹͤ뤫ǤҤ٤ȤϤޤѸεȤεǤäơդǤˤ衤䤿ˡֵʬפ֥⡼ɡפȤѶŪʰ̣ɤ߹Dzᤷ褦Ȥ뤳ȼΤ꤬櫓ǤϤޤºݤΤȤŪˤСˡסֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȤϤʤոƤΤǤϤʤȡ伫ȤפäƤޤ
ε ([2020-03-23-1]) ˰³ˡ (mood) ˤĤƤǤεϡmood mode Ϥˡפΰ̣Ѥ졤ˡȤϡֵʬפǤ֥⡼ɡפǤ⤢뤫餽Ԥȹͤ줽˻פޤºݤˤϡξñϸ츻ۤʤޤmood mode ˤ̤פȤϽҤ٤ޤ츻ƱȤϸޤǤˤϾ𤬤ޤ
mode ͤޤ礦ñϥƥ modus ̤ޤƥǤ "manner, mode, way, method; rule, rhythm, beat, measure, size; bound, limit" ʤ͡ʰ̣ɽ路ޤ̤аĸ *med- (to take appropriate measures) ˤɤĤϡּʡˡʤ֤ˡפۤɤä褦ǤΥƥñϤθե mode Ȥʤꡤ줬Ѹ mode ȤƼѤƤޤѸǤ1400ǯ˲ѸȤơ֥ǥʤΰפΰ̣ǽФޤ1450ǯˤϸؤΡˡפΰ̣ǤѤ졤ѸȤ夷ޤν OED ˤȰʲ̤Ǥmoode ȤֻѤƤ뤳ȤդƤ
mode, n.
. . . .
2.
a. Grammar. = mood n.2 1.
Now chiefly with reference to languages in which mood is not marked by the use of inflectional forms.
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case, as 'I love the for I am loued of the' ... How many thyngys falleth to a verbe? Seuene, videlicet moode, coniugacion, gendyr, noumbre, figure, tyme, and person. How many moodes bu ther? V... Indicatyf, imperatyf, optatyf, coniunctyf, and infinityf.
mood θ츻ҤȤƤߤޤ礦ߡֵʬࡼɡפ̣뤳αñϼѸǤϤʤűѸǤűѸ mōd ʿʬࡼɡˤѽиȤäƤ褯#1148. űѸ˭ʸϡ ([2012-06-18-1]) Ǥߤ褦˿ʣιǤȤѤƤޤ̤аĸ *mē- (certain qualities of mind) ˤɤĤ mode ȤϵۤˤƤ뤳ȤʬȻפޤ
ơ mood Ѹǡˡפΰ̣Ѥ줿ΤϡOED ˤ1450ǯΤȤǡʲ̤Ǥ
mood, n.2
. . . .
1. Grammar.
a. A form or set of forms of a verb in an inflected language, serving to indicate whether the verb expresses fact, command, wish, conditionality, etc.; the quality of a verb as represented or distinguished by a particular mood. Cf. aspect n. 9b, tense n. 2a.
The principal moods are known as indicative (expressing fact), imperative (command), interrogative (question), optative (wish), and subjunctive (conditionality).
c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 A verbe..is declined wyth moode and tyme wtoute case.
ŤǤ礦c1450νФʸ˵ mode ΤΤƱǤĤޤꡤƥͳ mode ȱѸ mood ־ʰֻ moode ħŪˤˤäơʸˡѸȤƱѸǻȤФΥߥǡ㺮ˤʤäƤޤä褦ʤΤǤOED ϼ¤ΤȤֿפ mood, n.1 ȡˡפ mood, n.2 ̸ФȤΩƤƤΤǤԤθ츻 "Originally a variant of mode n., perhaps reinforced by association with mood n.1." Ȥ褦ˡɤϤ㺮ȲᤷƤޤ̣Ūˤϡֵʬס֥⡼ɡդȤơξñ줬ӤĤȹͤޤäơˡפֵʬס֥⡼ɡפȲ᤹븫ϡθ츻ŪƱͿƤΤΡΤȤ1450ǯˤ櫓Ǥͳ郎Ȥ⤤뤷ʤȤ⤤̯ʻǤ͡εǡˡפֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤߤ֤ʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲפȽҤ٤ΤϡΤ褦طʤäǤ
ǤϡɸεФϲʤΤǤ礦ܤäơƥʸˡѸȤƤ modus ɤΤ褦ʰ̣礤ǻȤƤΤʬСˡ (mood, mode) οˤĤʤꤽǤεǡ
ؤǤϡˡ (mood) ȸƤФưʸˡƥ (category) פȤʤޤ¾ưʸˡƥȤƤϻ (tense) (aspect) (voice) ޤŪ˴طȤǤ̾ʸˡƥǤ (number) ; (person) ⤢ޤΥƥƯơưη֤ޤȤΤħǤκѤϡưγ (conjugation)뤤ϤŪˤưζ (inflection) ȸƤФƤޤ
ĸˡȤƤϡ#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Ǥߤ褦ľˡ (indicative mood)³ˡ (subjunctive mood)̿ˡ (imperative mood)ˡ (optative mood) 4郎̤ƤޤäȸޥɤǤϺǽ3˽̸˸űѸޤǤˤϺǽ2ؤȽƤޤʸˤ̿ˡΰˤĤƤϡ#3620. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (1) ([2019-03-26-1])#3621. ̿ˡפǧָ᤺̿ˡפȤФ褤 (2) ([2019-03-27-1]) ȡˡˡűѸʹߡ³ˡϿΰӤéꡤޤǤŪʲɽ魯ɽƤϤޤѤʤʤäƤޤΤ褦ʻ𤫤顤αʸˡǤŪʡ³ˡפȤƤ³⡤ֲˡפȾΤΤŪȤʤäƤޤʤ뤤ϡֽˡפȤƤ̾ʸˡȤ⤤ޤˡ
ơѸˡȤƤϡľˡ (indicative mood) Ȳˡ (subjunctive mood) 2ζ̤ߤ뤳ȤˤʤޤΩܼϲǤ礦̤ˤϡǽŪ˥ǥեȤľˡФơˡüԤ̿Ф벿餫οŪ٤ɲ줿ΤȤޤ餫οŪ٤ȤΤۣʸǤ˿줿ǤʤСŪʲפŵǤIf I were a bird, I would fly to you. ˤ벾ˡ were ϡüԤֻĻǤפȤŪʲοŪ٤äƤ뤳ȤޤäƤߤСۥɤäƤ뤳ȤɸǤ
Ʊͤˡˡ߷ go Ѥ I suggest that she go alone. ȤʸˤƤ⡤üԤƬΤʤǴ˾ȤƤˤʤͤǤפȤ̿ꡤޤäƤʤ줫μ¤˵뤫ɤ狼ʤ̿Ǥ뤳Ȥư֤ˤäƼƤޤۤɥѥȤ϶ʤΤΡۥɤɸǤ
ˡפȤѸֿŪ١פȤⲿȤפ碌֤ɽǤѸȤƤ mood Ǥ顤üԤΡֵʬפǤȤȤ館Τ⤢٤ͭʲǤĤޤꡤˡȤüԤ̿ɤΤ褦ʡֵʬפǽҤ٤ƤΤʤƤϡŪʵʬסˤɸΤǤ롤ȤǤ뤤 mood mode ֥⡼ɡ֡פˤ̤ºݤξñȤѸȤƤˡΰ̣ѤޤΤǡüԤΡ֥⡼ɡפȸƤ褵Ǥˡϡۥ⡼ɤɸΤȤȤǤ
ˡˤĤƤϾ嵭Τ褦ʡֵʬפ뤤ϡ֥⡼ɡפȤ礭ְ㤤ϤʤȻפޤβϡѸˤ֤äƤߤȡʤʤޤǤƤϤΤΡ¤ϼäդ褦ʲȤȤʬäƤޤˤĤƤεǡ
ѸŵŪʷƻ졦ˤϡ顦ӵ顦Ǿζ̤롥ܸΡӡפֵפȤѸˤϡѸ "comparison", "degree", "gradation" ʤɤб뤬⤽⤳ϸŪˤɤΤ褦 (category) ʤΤBussmann Ѹ켭ŵꡤޤ "degree" ιܤߤƤߤ褦
degree (also comparison, gradation)
All constructions which express a comparison properly fall under the category of degree; it generally refers to a morphological category of adjectives and adverbs that indicates a comparative degree or comparison to some quantity. There are three levels of degree: (a) positive, or basic level of degree: The hamburgers tasted good; 'b) comparative, which marks an inequality of two states of affairs relative to a certain characteristic: The steaks were better than the hamburgers; (c) superlative, which marks the highest degree of some quantity: The potato salad was the best of all; (d) cf. elative (absolute superlative), which marks a very high degree of some property without comparison to some other state of affairs: The performance was most impressive . . . .
Degree is not grammaticalized in all languages through the use of systematic morphological changes; where such formal means are not present, lexical paraphrases are used to mark gradation. In modern Indo-European languages, degree is expressed either (a) synthetically by means of suffixation (new : newer : (the) newest); (b) analytically by means of particles (anxious : more/most anxious); or (c) through suppletion . . . , i.e. the use of different word stems: good : better : (the) best.
Ʊͤ "gradation" ȤܤƤߤ褦
gradation
Semantic category which indicates various degrees (i.e. gradation) of a property or state of affairs. The most important means of gradation are the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and some (deadjectival) adverbs. In addition, varying degrees of some property can also be expressed lexically, e.g. especially/really quick, quick as lightning, quicker and quicker.
ˤ褦 "degree" "gradation" ְ̣ƤǤ뤳ȤϤ狼롥ѸΤߤʤ餺ܸǤ֤ɤס֤äɤסֺǤɤסֺɡפʤɤɽ͡ѰդƤꡤӡפֵפ뵡ǽ̤Ƥ뤫̸ŪˤϤ줬˷֡ŪʡʸˡƤǤ⤢ȤȤˤϤʤʤäƤޤСޤްǤʸˡʡʸˡޤˤƤΤʸˡƤȤǧƤ뤬ܸǤäʸˡƤȤꤵƤʤȤΤȤǤ롥
ġʸˡƤϡ̸ŪŪ褯ߤΤ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥ʸˡƤȤϡ̣Ǹ̸ˤեȤ٤ΤǤ롥θˤĤƤϡ#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1]) Ϥ fetishism γƵȤ줿
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1])#3693. ˤȤϲ ([2019-06-07-1]) Ǵñ褦ˡѸˤ̤¸ߤĹ餯ŪˤʤäƤ̤ǧ٤ʤΤǧȤФκϲ뤤ϡǧ٤ǤϤʤΤȤФκϲرѸ켭ŵ٤ future tense ι (269) ƤֱѸ̤ʤפȤκ
(1) ̤ˡwill/shall + פȤ̤פȾΤ̤פɽ魯ΤƤ뤬ϤޤŪʼʤѤƤˤʤȤդɬפǤ롥ȤƳΩƤָפȡֲפϡgo went Τ褦ưޡѲŪʼʤˤָ߷פȡֲפƤꡤwill/shall go Ȥϥ٥뤬ۤʤ褦˻פ롥will/shall go ΩΤϤष would/should go ǤꡤΩΤɤΤȤָСֲפ˴ԸȤ٤ǤϤʤ
(2) 嵭Τ褦ʼʤ̤ˤƤ⡤will/shall ɤޤʸˡŪʸǤ뤫ȤˤĤƤ⵿롥Ƹϸְջ֡סġ̳פɽ魯ưǤꡤư첽ȤǤ⤽θϤٻĤäƤ롥¾ˤտ̣Ȥơֿ̡סɬפʤɤΰ̣ĤäƤꡤˡ̤פΰ̣ôΤȤϤʤäƤʤ can, may, must, ought, be going to, be (about) to ʤ¾Ρʽ˽ư⡤¿쾯ʤ̤פΰ̣ôƤ뤿ᡤ⤷ will/shall ̤פνưǧΤǤСƱͤǧʤаݤƤʤäȤ⡤ˡŪʴްդȼʤʡ̤פɽ魯㤬will/shall ˸ȤΤ¤ǤϤ롥ʲλȡ
My babe-in-arms will be fifty-nine on my eighty-ninth birthday ... The year two thousand and fifteen when I shall be ninety. --- [F. R. Palmer]
Ѹ̤ϤΤʤΤȤϡ̤ˡͿθबʸˡƤǤȤߤʤˤϡɤΤ褦ʾ郎ƤФ褤ΤȤܼŪ䤤ؤȤĤʤäƤʸˡѤ˴ؤ뤭礭ʥȥԥåǤ롥
߷ ˧ͺԡˡرѸ켭ŵ١ҡ2002ǯ298--99ǡ
ɮԤϳ˸ؤ˴ؿ˸ءƼҲؤؤȴؿƤޤ̱²פȡֿͼפȤäȴʤʤҲŪȤˤʤȤ̴ˤפʤä鿴äơ̱² (ethnic_group) ȡֿͼ (race) ˤĤƤߤŪˤԤʸŪʤΡԤϷŪʤΤȤȤ館ƤǤɬ⤽Τ褦ˤȤ館Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤޤϡ̱² (ethnicity) ˤĤƸƤA Dictionary of Sociolinguistics ethnicity ι (100--01) ꡥ
ethnicity An aspect of an individual's social IDENTITY which is closely associated with language. Ethnicity is usually assigned on the basis of descent. In addition, the subjective experience of belonging to a culturally and historically distinct social group is often included in definitions of ethnicity. Thus, DEAF people usually consider themselves to be part of the Deaf community, which is defined by specific cultural and linguistic practices, although they may not have been born into the community (they may have become Deaf only later in life, or they may have grown up among hearing people). Questions of identity and ethnicity are also problematical in the context of migration. Second-generation migrants may not wish to identify with their traditional ethnic group but with the new society (e.g. second-generation German migrants in the USA may see themselves not as German but as American; such shifts in identity are often accompanied by symbolic actions such as name changes --- Karl Müller to Chuck Miller). To assign individuals unambiguously to distinct ethnic groups can be difficult in such contexts. Sometimes RELIGION is also considered to form part of ethnicity.
Language forms a central aspect and symbol of ethnic identity (see e.g. Smolicz (1981) on language as a 'core value' of an ethnic group). Sociolinguists who study multicultural societies have often included ethnicity as a SOCIAL VARIABLE. Horvath (1985), for example, included speakers from different ethnic groups (Australians of English, Italian and Greek background) in her study of English in Sydney.
̱²˸줬礭ؤΤϻ¤ΤߤǷꤵ륫ƥȤ櫓ǤʤˤϡʳʸˡҲŪʥƥ⤷ФдͿ롥ʣŪװˤäƷ륢ǥƥƥȤ٤ΤǤ롥
ˡֿͼפϤɤñʪŪʶʬȤߤŪʸ⤢뤬켫ΤǤ˼Ҳ줿¤ʪǤȤ⤢롥ƱѸ켭ŵѤ롥
race Highly contested term. Whilst it has no basis in biological or scientific fact, 'race' is in widespread everyday usage to refer to particular groups or 'races' of people, usually on the basis of physical appearance or geographical location, who are presumed to share a set of definable characteristics. The term ETHNICITY is sometimes used to refer to the identity of different groups on the basis of their assumed or presumed genealogical descent. 'Race' in social studies of language is viewed as a social construct rather than a fact (hence the use of inverted commas around 'race'): that is, 'race' or 'racial groups' only exist because particular physical characteristics (such as skin colour, facial features) are attributed a special kind of significance in society. This attribution usually involves differentiation between 'races' in terms of status and power, resulting from a particular IDEOLOGY. It is acknowledged that 'race' has considerable force in continuing to inform policies, behaviour and attitudes, including those relating to language and behaviour (see discussions in Omi and Winant, 1994). For this reason, 'race', usually within the context of RACISM, has been a focus of study in sociolinguistic research (e.g. Reisgl and Wodak, 2000).
̱²ͼϤ줾ΩƥǤʤ⡤ʣʻߴطݤäƤ롥椨˳ƥƥϡʬŪȤʤʤʤФʤʤ̿ʤΤ
Ϣơ#1871. ȿͼ ([2014-06-11-1])#3599. ȿͼ (2) ([2019-03-05-1]) ⻲ȡ
Swann, Joan, Ana Deumert, Theresa Lillis, and Rajend Mesthrie, eds. A Dictionary of Sociolinguistics. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2004.
ε#3692. Ѹˤϲ2Ĥʤ ([2019-06-06-1]) ơϸˤ (tense) Ȥʸˡ (grammatical category) ˤĤƹͤƤߤ롥
ؿѸؼŵ٤ˤСtense ȤϡưˤŪطʸˡƤŪˤϡδطüԤäƤ濴ȤΰߤȤơ̤ʬפȤ롥
ˤͤݤ1դƤΤϡεǤҤ٤褦ˡ¤ˤֻפȸƤȤƤΡֻפȤϡɬ⤭줤б櫓ǤϤʤȤȤŪˤϡֲפѤƤʤ顤̣ŪˤϡָߡפؤƤ What was your name? ʤɤ㤬뤷εդδطΩŪ (historic_present) ʤˡΤƤ롥Τ褦ʥϥˤߤȻȤбطϡ礦ɸűѸ stān (= stone) ŪˤǤǤʤȤ٤ʸˡ̾ȤȤˤʤäƤ롤ʸˡ (grammatical gender) θݤ˻Ƥ롥ȸƤϡɬб櫓ǤϤʤΤǤ롥ޤɽ塤Ƥ֤ζܡȤиߤȲߤ̤ȤζܤɬϤäȶ̤Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤȤˤդפ롥
ʬˡˤ͡ʤΤ뤬Ѹλ˴ؤƤСŪʴΩ (preterite tense) ȸpresent tense) ʤ뤤(non-preterite tense) 2Ȥߤ븫Ť餢롥¾ΥޥʤΤưηѲˤäɸǤΤϡȤ sing ʸ߷뤤ˤФ sang ʲˤʤ츫ȡ̤פǤ뤫Τ褦ˤߤ will/shall sing ưηѲˤΤǤϤʤ顤̤ǧʤȤΩ
̣ŪʴΩĤΤǤСsing, sang Ф will/shall sing ȼλؤƤΤ顤1ĤȤǧ٤Ȥͤ⤢롥ĤޤꡤѸλϡΩˤä2Ȥ3Ȥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸλˤĤʤΤϡưΤȤϡФн˻ɸ櫓ǤϤʤ (aspect) ˡ (mood) Ȥä¾ʸˡƤεǽ碌ɸ뤳Ȥơεǽߤ߹äƤꡤ줤ʬ뤳ȤǤʤȤ𤬤롥
ѸλϡʸˡʤɤŪʬϤƤƤʤ̤ȤäƤ褤ҤȤĽפŪȤơ#2747. Reichenbach λ ([2016-11-03-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
ѸˤμȤʤɤǡűѸưλ (tense) ˤϡ (preterite tense)ȸߡʤ뤤˻ (non-preterite tense) 2षʤȽҤ٤ȡɬȤäƤ褤ۤɡ֤Ǥϡ̤ΤȤϤɤäɽ路Τפȼ䤬ʤ롥ѸǤ⡤Ūʴ餤Ѥ餺ȸ2Ĥʤˤ⤫餺Ǥ롥äȤСܸˤʥˤˤ2Ĥʤ櫓ǡűѸȤ⸽ѸȤۤʤȤʤѸޤޥɤνܸȤϤǤϤ褯ƤΤǤ롥
ŪˤߤСѸŪ˲ (preterite tense) ȸpresent tense) ʤ뤤 (non-preterite tense) 2λäƤʤäΤϻ¤Ǥ롥ѸǤ̤ΤȤϼȤƸ߷ɽ路ƤΤǤꡤȶ̤̤̤ȤΤ¸ߤʤäϥޥ˶̤ħǤꡤŪطʤϡ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])#3331. ĸ줫饲ޥĸؤưʸˡƤκ ([2018-06-10-1]) Dz⤷̤Ǥ롥
嵭ϡַŪˤߤСפȤâβǤ롥#2208. Ѹư̤ζޤʤΤϤʤ ([2015-05-14-1])#2317. Ѹˤ̤ȯã ([2015-08-31-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡűѸ衤will shall ʤɤνưѤŪʱŪˤ̤פƤΤϻ¤ǤꡤγΩλˤĤƤϵΤΡˤΤʳ̤פѸλƤ˲ää뤳ȤϤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
Ѹλ2ĤʤΤ3ĤʤΤȤʸˡȤΤǤĹ餯³ƤꡤŪϽФƤʤäȽפϡΡֻפȸˤֻפȤ̤ƤʤФʤʤȤȤˤäƤϡξԤפƤ뤳Ȥ⤢뤷ɬ⤽ǤʤȤ⤢롥ʤǧˤˤƤϸߡ̤3Ԥ̤뤫Ȥäơʸˡ (grammatical category) ˤƤƱ褦3Ԥ̤Ȥϸ¤ʤΤǤ롥űѸ⸽Ѹܸ⡤3Ĥλ̤ƤΤФǤ2Ĥλ˶̤ƤˤʤΤǤ롥
⤽⡤ˤȤϲʤΤεǹͤ
Ѹο;̾ηϤˤƤϡñʣȤ1, 2;ΤǤ̤ʤ (I, you) 3;ñǤ϶̤ (he, she, it) ϸűѸǤƱǤꡤηζ̤1, 2;ΤǤϤĤʤ3;ΤǤϤĤ줿Ϥʤ18ȾФαƶϤΤʸˡ Lowth (29) ϼΤ褦Ƥ롥
The Persons speaking and spoken to, being at the same time the Subjects of the discourse, are supposed to be present; from which and other circumstances their Sex is commonly known, and needs not to be marked by distinction of Gender in their Pronouns; but the third Person or thing spoken of being absent and in many respects unknown, it is necessary that it should be marked by distinction of Gender; at least when some particular Person or thing is spoken of, which ought to be more distinctly marked: accordingly the Pronoun Singular of the Third Person hath the Three Genders, He, She, It.
1, 2;Τϲäθˤ櫓̤ϸФ狼롥3;ΤϤƤˤʤ櫓ʤΤǡ̤˴ؤ˺ܤΤŬäƤ롤Ȥ3;ʣĤʤˤĤƤľܸڤƤʤ3;ñΤۤ "some particular Person or thing" Ȥζ̤궯᤹ȸȤ
Lowth ʬʤǤʤɬϤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤܸ䤽¾θξŪȤϤʤäƤʤܸǤϡ̣ǤϤष1, 2;ΤǤζ̤Ĥ뷹Ȥ⤤뤫
ܸȰۤʤꡤѸˤΤ˿; (person) ȤʸˡƤǧƤ1;Ρᥪ졤2;Ρᥪޥ3;Ρ¾ΰڹڡȤ1ĤѤΤȤcf. #3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1])#3468. ;ΤȤϲ (2) ([2018-10-25-1])#3480. ;ΤȤϲ (3) ([2018-11-06-1])ˡѤΤȤǤϡ;Τξˤϡ㤨Ȥ褦2ʸˡƤ궯ռ롦ʤȤäФƤΤϼȤм˲פʶ̤ɽ蘆Ƥȴ뤫餳;ΤȤʸˡƤ¸ߤƤϤ
;Τˤˤ衤ʸˡƤȤΤϿʹ֤ʬեΰˤʤȤդɬפ롥եˡޤŪ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤȹͤƤ롥ʸˡơեפȤˤĤƤϡ#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1])#1868. Ѹ͡ʡַס ([2014-06-08-1])#1449. ˤơס ([2013-04-15-1]) ʤɤȡ
Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ
ε˰³ָ̿ˡפ˴ؤꡥϺѤʸȤ̤δϢʸΤʤǡͤùѸ춵δ餳ڤǤ롥ָ̿ˡפФȤǡϢݤȤȤ˰ӤʸˡǤΤǤϤʤȤΡ֤ޤȤפѤ (78)
ɡѸ̿ưǤϡʤȤŪ¤ϡ̿ˡθưǤäȤƤ⡤ȼư֤ʤʾˡָˡפªưˡפδϷ褷ƤȸƤ֤櫓ˤϤʤʸˡפȤƤȤ⸫ʤΤǡΰ̣ǡ̿ʸפȸƤ֤ȤǽǤȷŤ롥⡤°³ˡ߷Ǥ⡤ˡư줬ʤȤˤϡ̿Ʊͤ˸ΤߤȤ븫ϡε̳䴫ɽ̣ǽȤοȤؤäơ촶ΤªȸäƤ̿ˡ³ˡ߷ɽŪˡǰª뤳ȤǤȤȤǤ롥ΤˡˡפγǰΤϱѸ춵θǤ뤵ƤܤǤָפȤˤ褯ȤƤ븽ͤȤष̤˲ФƳˡˤ礤˥åȤȻפ롥
عǤϡ뻰ñ -s ˤĤƤϡʤ˽פǡԲķʡľˡȤǰ̵뤷ơ䤫ޤƳ뤬˿øȿ롤°³ˡ߷ he do ȤϢ뤿ˤϡˡ˴ؤƤμɤƤɬܤǤ롥ǤȤˡפȤդϻȤʤˤƤ⡤ξԴ֤ˤȤΩȤŦʤФʤʤκݡưΡָפŪˡʤΰˤôȤͤͤ뤳Ȥϡˡΰ̣ŪǤ⽽ʬͭǤ
̻Ūʻ¤ʬ˲ǡƤȯ̤ۤŪηϲޤȤԤλϡ˿ȤޤѸȾˤ褦ˡä3ñ -sפȤⴹǤǡ٤ࡥ
ʡ---Ѹ̿ʸפˤĤ---סطضס632014ǯ73--79ǡ
ѸˤĤ̿ˡ (imperative mood) ǧ뤫ݤȤϡѸؤǤ⤿ӤӵʤƤˡ (mood) ˷ŪʥƥȲʤСʸˡǤưΡ̿פϸˤƱǤ뤫顤ȼˡꤹɬפϤʤȤȤˤʤ롥षˤܤ˿ơˡ1ĤȤ̿ˡȹͤۤäꤹ롥̿ˡȸ¾νˡˤϡ̣Ūʡפ̣ŪʡפȤ̹⸫Ф졤ǤŪԹ礬褤ˤС³ˡߡפȸƤФƤΤŪˤϸȰۤʤʤΤ顤ϤƱ롼פ뤳Ȥˤʤºݡ³ˡߡפϤޤˡפ碌Ƥ롥
ǽҤ٤ƤȤϡ̿³ˡ߷ȤˡϡפˡȤ1Ĥˤ뤳ȤǤȤƤ̣ǡפŵȤ⤤̤פؤθڤƱʡḶˤˤäôʤΤϤʤȤϻĤ롥ֲפֻ͡פɽˤƤƱͤǤ롥Τ褦ˡʤɤνƥʣ˸ΤϷ褷ưפǤϤʤ̿ˡפΰ褦Ȱ첡ȡ̤פΰԹ礬롤Ȥäͤ뤫
εϡ褽εǤ롥ʸǤϡ̻ŪŪʴ餳äƤ뤬Ρ֤ޤȤפϼ̤ (98)
٤˶ޤŵǤϡˡ̤ΩƤϽʬۤɤꡤ¸߰յޤʬˤäȤޤǤϸƱư֤ʣˡɽȤä餯Τ褦ʷ־νʣȤ̤ȡľˡߤ̤λݤޤǤ뤳ȤǽäȤ̣Ū¦̤Ȥޤäơͭɸ³ˡǤϤʤ̵ɸľˡΤʤ̤ꤹ뤳ȤֲƤΤǤϤʤȹͤ롥
ФơưθѲűѸ٤ƶˤƴDz줿ѸǤϡϤư֤ȤƤˡ뤳ȤǤʤˤ뤬ǤŪˡϡά'stance' marker ȤƵǽ롥will ʤɤˡư if ʤɤüʥޡӡ°Ǥ⡤suggest require ȤäưλỊ̇ˤäƲ̵뤳ȤǤ롥Τ褦˹ͤС̤λؼϡŵŪˤˡư will Ȥ stance marker ˤꡤŪˡɽͭɸʹ¤ª뤳ȤǤˤľˡ³ˡȤäˡǰä˻ɬפϤʤȤˤʤ롥դäСŪˡɽͭɸ¤ˤϡȤƽ°ˡʤưǤ븶ˤ롥̤θСάŪ̿ˡưưǤϤʤˤȸʤ硤ޤˤ̿ˡ°ޤƤȤͤ櫓ǡȤȵդˡŪˡɽˤΰˡȤƽ̿ˡª뤳ȤǤ̿ˡΤˡΰȤΩƤˤɬפƱˤʤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ѸŪˡ̿פɤ٤ȤϡʤѸ춵ˤؤäƤ
ʡ̤ˡֻפϤΤ---Ѹľˡ³ˡ---סطضס622013ǯ91--100ǡ
ɸʸϸɽǤϤ뤬ߤǤȤ뤳Ȥ롥ֲȤƤƤȤפȤưŪʰ̣бˤϡưʹԷѤ The house is being built. Ȥʤ٤ǤϤʤΤȵ˻פ뤫⤷ʤεϤäȤǤꡤΤ˸ԤμưʹԷιʸɸŪǤϤ롥Ǥʤɸ The house is building. ϲǽŪˤϤष̤äǽư֤ȼư֤Ȥ (voice) ζ̤ˤ뤵ϤαѸǡʤɸʸΤ
ŪˤϡThe house is building. building ϸʬǤϤʤư̾Ǥ롥Ʊ -ing ʤΤʶ路ξԤϵǽޤäۤʤ롥The house is building. ʳˤ The house is a-building. Ȥʸꡤˤʳˤ The house is on building. ȤʸäĤޤꡤbuilding build ư̾Ǥꡤ줬ֻ on ŪȤʤäƤȤ칽¤ʤΤǤ롥̣ŪˤϤޤˡַפȤȤˤʤ롥ֻ on 岽ƬŪ a- Ȥʤꡤ줬˼岽ǽŪˤϾüƤޤäˡ⸽߿ʹԷʸΤ褦ʸɤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ롥
ư̾ưͳǤ뤫ưŪǻĤƤȤϤȤƤ̾Ǥ롥֤ȤܼŪưˤʸˡƤǤꡤ̾ˤϴͿʤäơư̾פȤƤ building ǤϡַƤפȡַƤפ֤Ω¤Ƥ롥ޤܸΡַۡפԤä꤯褦ʰ̣äƤΤֻ on ȼäơַפΰդȤʤΤϼ
Τ褦ʹʸϡȤϤߤǤѤ뤳Ȥ뤷Ѹޤ̤Ф褯ߤ줿ȤơʲƤ硤pp. 229--30ˡ
The whilst this play is playing --- Hamlet, III. ii. 93.
While grace is saying -- Merch. V., II. ii. 202
What's doing here?
The dinner is cooking.
The book is printing.
The tea is drawing.
The history which is making about us.
ɸ䤤 the house ȡbuilding Τʤ˼ޤäƤȤȤư build ȤϡŪˤľŪطˤ櫓ǤϤʤСbuild the house ȤưȤʸǤϤʤȤȤɸŪ The house is being built. ϡưȤʸǤ롥Ĥޤꡤ2ĤιʸϵޤäۤʤäƤꡤ٤ƹäƤ⤷ʤʪʤΤǤ롥
ʬư̾줬ޤäۤʤ뵡ǽʤ⡤Ʊ -ing ȤʤäƤŪаޤˤĤƤϡ#2421. ʬư̾ζƯŪȯã ([2015-12-13-1]) Ȥ줿
ʸͺرѸȯãˡǡٴȽŹ2005ǯ
(70) ϡåƥʤʻˤʤ顤̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³ܤƤ롥ζˤ˰꤬ꡤ¾ζˤ˰ưѲ1ĤϢ³ΤȤ
åƥΩĴפϡγФξѤоݤȡѲȤʤȤΩ˸ФȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤǤϻ֤ηвǰꤷоݤꡤ⤦ǤϤΰưѲβγФ롥ΩȤ˹ͤȡ̾ΥץȥפϡѲΤʤꤷäоݤǤ롥ؼԤˤϡƤسԤΤʪΤǤ뤳ȤܤȤʤ롥ФưΥץȥפϡ֤ѲȤäǤ롥ҤԤΤϡΩäѲߤȤ줿礬ǤꡤŵŪˤϹ٤η̤ȤƸ뤫Ǥ롥äǤεǽȤ餳С̾餷פǰоݤ³ˤ뤿ΰꤷطʤߤư餷פϻ֤ǤѲˤäƵ֤οʹԤɽϤ餭ġ
Τ褦˹ͤȡŪ˷ƻ줬̾餷ư餷δ֤ǡɤפ뤤ϼΩƥȤƤϸ¤줿С⤿ʤȤ¿Ȥϡƻ줬ˡȻפ롥ƻϽŪˡ㡧֤סˤȽŪˡ㡧֥֤סˤξäƤꡤԤоݤ̤ơ̾餷פ¦ˡԤϡʹ٤ǤϤʤˤĤƤνҤ̤ơư餷פ¦˶ŤǤ롥ƳǰŪ˥ץȥפ鳰줿Ȥˤϡ̾ư줫ˤäɽ뤳Ȥ¿ʤ롥
ƻ줬̾ư˶ޤ줿ŪƤǤ뤬椨ˡȤˡ̾餷פȤˡư餷פӤӤȤϤ롥ΰ㤤ŪˡȽŪˡ˸ƤΤǤϤʤȤƶԤޤŪˤäơƻȤƥϸÿʸˡŪˤƸ֤ΰۤʤ꤬㤷Τ⡤ŪʥƥȤ⼨٤㤨СܸǤϷƻΩƽҸˤʤư˶ᤤǤ϶Ūˤ̾˶ᤤȹͤˡ
Τ褦Ϣ³ƲȤʻȤ館ȡʻž (conversion) ˤޤḤ̂䤽¾ηˤ⿷ʸƤ뤫⤷ʤ
סǧθء١ؽDz2002ǯ
ɸϡ[2018-10-20-1], [2018-10-25-1]ε³ԡؿѸؼŵ٤ The Oxford Companion to the English Language ꡤ ʿ;ΡˤȤѸȡ̣줿Ѹο;̾ˡξܺ٤ˤĤƤ꤬Ȥʤ뤬ֿ;ΡפȤեŪѤαָ롥Ĥ褦
Well, and how are we today? ʤɤˤֿƿȤ we (paternal we) ϡ1;ΡʣˤȤο;Ρ (generic person) 뤤ϡֶ̿;ΡפȤ٤as we know ʤɤƱ͡
;Τλؼоݤȿ;Τʸˡοϰۤʤ롧Ȥ the (present) writer, the author, the speaker ʤɤϡؼоݤ1;Τʸˡ3;ΤǤ롥Ʊͤ your Majesty, your Excellency ʤɤؼоݤ2;Τʸˡ3;ΤǤ롥Does His Majesty wish to leave? Does Madam wish to look at some other hats? ʤɤȡϢơ#440. ˻ĤɾΤ you ([2010-07-11-1]) ⡥
դˡMother, where are you? Τ褦ʸƤӤǤϡ3;Ū̾Ѥʤ⡤2;Ṳ̄ǻ
Ƽ Pidgin English Ǥ "inclusive" 1;ʣ yumi (< "you-me") ȡ"exclusive" 1;ʣ mipela (< "me-fellow") ̤ (cf. #1313. ɤΤ餤ŤޤǸ̤뤳ȤǤ뤫 ([2012-11-30-1]))
royal we Ȥƥꥹ餷Victoria ˤ We are not amused. ʢ1٤ǤäƤߤˤȡ
ܸ֤ʤɡˡפϳơ123;Τбȹͤ롥ʢʤۤɡ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
McArthur, Tom, ed. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford: OUP, 1992.
; (person) ˤĤơ#3463. ;ΤȤϲ ([2018-10-20-1]) ǻ丫Ҥ٤ҴŪ˸ˤ;ΤͤƤäơޤϸѸ켭ŵ person Ƥߤ褦ʲCrystal (358--59) εҤꡥ
person (n.) (per, PER) A category used in grammatical description to indicate the number and nature of the participants in a situation. The contrasts are deictic, i.e. refer directly to features of the situation of utterance. Distinctions of person are usually marked in the verb and/or in the associated pronouns (personal pronouns). Usually a three-way contrast is found: first person, in which speakers refer to themselves, or to a group usually including themselves (e.g. I, we); second person, in which speakers typically refer to the person they are addressing (e.g. you); and third person, in which other people, animals, things, etc are referred to (e.g. he, she, it, they). Other formal distinctions may be made in languages, such as 'inclusive' v. 'exclusive' we (e.g. speaker, hearer and others v. speaker and others, but no hearer); formal (or 'honorific') v. informal (or 'intimate'), e.g. French vous v. tu; male v. female; definite v. indefinite (cf. one in English); and so on. There are also several stylistically restricted uses, as in the 'royal' and authorial uses of we. Other word-classes than personal pronouns may show person distinction, as with the reflexive and possessive pronouns in English (myself, etc., my, etc.). Verb constructions which lack person contrast, usually appearing in the third person, are called impersonal. An obviative contrast may also be recognized.
ʤۤɡ˿;ΤȤäƤθ٤Ϥ褦̣Ūʴο;Τª⤢СʸŪȤƤο;Τ⤢롥
Ǹ˿Ƥ obviative Ȥ3;Τȶ̤Ūʿ;ΤȯۤϤ⤷С4;ΡפǤ롥Crystal (338) ƱѸ켭ŵꡤʹƤߤ褦
obviative (adj./n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to a fourth-person form used in some languages (e.g. some North American Indian languages). The obviative form ('the obviative') of a pronoun, verb, etc. usually contrasts with the third person, in that it is used to refer to an entity distinct from that already referred to by the third-person form --- the general sense of 'someone/something else'.
֥ס֥ޥס֤ʳפȤ3ʬ˽ obviative 3;ΤǤˤϰ㤤ʤ4;ΡפȤŬڤʸƾΤ⤷ʤ4;ΡפȤȯۤϡ;ΤȤեѤʤĤθˤƤϡˤǤ˸ڤƤ뤫ݤȤäδޤǤθĤġɤޤǤեˤʤꤦʸˡƤǤ뤳ȤƤ롥
Crystal, David, ed. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2008. 295--96.
Lass (151--53) ˤȡSanskrit ŵŪưˤϡ;ΡΥƥ˱126롥ޥΤʤǺǤʣʶޤ Gothic Ǥϡ22ζ롥ޥΤʤǤ⤪褽ŵŪȤäƤ褤űѸϡ8ĤζʤѸǤϺǤ3Ĥλ¤ϡŪФ뤴ȤˡޤμबäƤƤΤǤ롥
ĸǤϡ̤ƤʸˡƥȤ̣ϰʲ̤ꡥ
(voice) ǽư (active) ư (middle)
ˡ (mood) ľˡ (indicative) ³ˡ (subjunctive)ˡ (optative) ̿ˡ (imperative)
ꡦ (aspect/tense) (present) ̵ (aorist) λ (perfect)
(number) ñ (singular) ξ (dual) ʣ (plural)
; (person) 1; (first) 2; (second) 3; (third)
ΥƥˤĤơĸ줫饲ޥĸؤκͻҤάҤ褦
֤ΥƥˤĤƤϡĸǽư vs ư֤ζ̤ϡޥĸǤϡǽư֡ vs ʼư֤ȺƵ֡ˤȤǤ⤤٤̤˺줿
ˡΥƥ˴ؤƤϡĸ4Ĥζʬϡ̡ޥɤǤϡľˡ³ˡ̿ˡ3ʬ뤤Ϥͻ礬ʤߡűѸǤľˡ³ˡ2ʬؤȺ줿
ĸλΥƥϡŪˤ˴ŤΤȹͤƤ롥Ϥ褦ȤưĸΡִλפޥĸˤֲפ˺줿褦̤ȤơޥĸǤϡοֲפȡߤޤפȤΡ˴Ť2ʬˡΩ롥
ΥƥϡűѸǤξ;̾ˤ鷺˻¸ƤΤΡŪˤСñʣ2ʬ˺줿κˤĤƤϡ#2152. Lass ˤ볰Ŭ ([2015-03-19-1])#2153. Ŭˤ륫ƥȤؤ ([2015-03-20-1]) Ȥ줿
Ǹˡ;ΤΥƥˤĤƤϡѸΡ3ñ -sפˤħ褦ˡ褽3ʬˡޤǼѤƤ롥
Lass, Roger. Old English: A Historical Linguistic Companion. Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
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