ѸǤϡ̾ˡηƻ֤̾뤬̾θ֤ճ¿롥ƻθֽˤϰʲΤ褦͡ʼबǧ롥
(1) ̾ -thing, -body, -one: ex. something strange, nobody else, everything possible; cf. all things English
(2) all, any, every, Ǿȼ -able, -ible: ex. every means imaginable, the latest information available
(3) եʤɤαƶŪˡ: ex. the sum total, from time immemorial, the devil incarnate, bloody royal
(4) ̤ͭ̾ˡ: ex. Elizabeth the Second, Asia Minor, Hotel Majestic
(5) ȼäĹʤ: ex. a friend worthy of confidence, a meal typical of Japan
(6) ˡ˶ᤤ: ex. all the people present, the authorities concerned, the person opposite
(7) ưŪʬƻ: ex. the people arrested, the best car going
(8) Ĵоȡꥺδط: ex. America, past and present
(9) ¾δŪˡ: ex. on Monday next, for ten years past, me included, Poet Laureate, B flat/sharp/major/minor, Longman Group Limited/Ltd (UK), Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich, Incorporated/Inc (US)
ܤΤ (3) ΥեαƶŪɽǤ롥Quirk et al. (Section 7.21) ˤС"institutionalized expressions (mostly in official designations)" ȤƼΤ褦㤬Ƥ롥
attorney general
body politic
court martial
from time immemorial
heir apparent
notary public
postmaster general
the president elect ['soon to take office']
vice-chancellor designate
ɽϴɽǤ뤫顤̾ʬϤ줺ʣΤ褦ˤߤʤƤ롥Ȥ櫓ˡΧѸˤĤƤϡ#336. Law French ([2010-03-29-1]) ȡ
Ѹˤδä˽פʤΤϡQuirk et al. (Section 7.21) μǤ롥ꥶ٥īήԤˡȤ϶̣ŦǧĴɬפ
The postpositive adjective, as in the president elect and vice-chancellor designate, reflects a neoclassical style based on Latin participles and much in vogue in Elizabethan times.
եαƶˤƻ֤ȤƤϥꥶ٥ī⤺äȿΤȻפ뤬ʬͭ "postposed 'mode' qualifier" ȸƤФ⤢ (Section 17.60)
Postposed 'mode' qualifier: Lobster Newburg
There is another French model of postposition in English that we may call postposed 'mode' qualifier, as in Lobster Newburg. Though virtually confined to cuisine (rather than mere cooking), it is moderately productive within these limits, perhaps especially in AmE. In BrE one finds veal paprika and many others, but there is some resistance to this type of postposition with other than French lexical items, as in páté maison, sole bonne femme. Nevertheless (perhaps partly because, in examples like the latter, the French and English head nouns are identical), the language has become receptive to hybrids like poached salmon mayonnaise, English scallops provencal.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ѹηƻ졦 long ӵη֤ϵ§Ū longer űѸ줫ѸˤƤ lenger ȤƤ leng ˤΤ褦˸촴첻Ľ֤ѤƤޥĸӵɽ魯 *-iþo Ȥʤäľθ촴첻 i-mutation θ촴θ첻첻ؤѲθ̤ϡűѸ leng(ra) Ѹ leng(er) ˸Ƥ롥
ȤϸűѸǤѸǤ lang, long ʤɤȾ˸첻ƤΤǡ䤬 (analogy) ˤӵ⸶ -er դε§Ūʷ֤褦ˤʤäĤƤ i-mutation ȤѲθ̤ȤѲθ̤ˤǤä줿Ȥ롥
ơˤ longer ˤĤʤ֤줿ΤĺΤȤˤʤäΤǡĴ٤ƤߤOED Ǥ longer ȤƸФΩäƤʤΤǡlong ιʸõƤߤȡa1533 longer Ƥ롥MED ǤƱäΤ lōng (adj. (1)) ʸõȡa1400 (a1325) langer Ф롥ʸǯξǤϿʤ
leng(er) κǽǯĴ٤ȤĴ⤷ƤߤOED ˤȡ leng κǽ Chaucer c1386ƻ졦 lenger ϡˡȤƤ Spenser 1590ǯǽäʾ礹ȡ14--15 longer 졤16ˤŪ leng(er) ֤Ȥڽˤʤꤽ
˽Ҥ٤褦 longer θФΩäƤʤʾ塤OED ʸΤߤǿ֤θŤ櫓ˤϤʤΤ褦ŪˤϡŪ˥ѥͭѤǤ롥Helsinki Corpus ˤꡤäȿ줽줾ΰ۷֤夲ƤߤűѸǤ2 r ϸζǤ뤳Ȥθޤꤳܤ仨βǽˤⵤĤǤϤʤ⤷ʤȤǤĤġʲ˿
| LONGER | LENG(ER) | |
|---|---|---|
| O1 | 0 | 1 |
| O2 | 0 | 14 |
| O3 | 0 | 45 |
| O4 | 0 | 7 |
| M1 | 0 | 14 |
| M2 | 0 | 21 |
| M3 | 11 | 26 |
| M4 | 3 | 25 |
| E1 | 11 | 6 |
| E2 | 19 | 0 |
| E3 | 46 | 0 |
| LONGER | LENG(ER) | |
|---|---|---|
| CEECS1 | 31 | 6 |
| CEECS2 | 37 | 0 |
#968. ѸˤեѸμŪƻ ([2011-12-21-1]) ǡ˸زˤлθȯɽ˴ϢƵƱȯɽ˴Ťл˸ء1˴ƤʸȴʸǤϡܥ֥[2011-12-21-1]εȤޤФ꤬Ȥޤ
лϤʸǡ(1) ѸθŪ Native Agglutination (NA) Latinate Fusion (LF) Ȥʬ롤(2) NA LF θΩϡRA ʴطŪŪʷƻ QA ʼŪɾŪʷƻˤΰ̣ΩȳͰפ롤(3) ̻Ū RA QA ؤȿܤ뷹롤3ĥƤ롥ꡤȤ櫓 (3) ̻Ū˴ؤƤϡлθȯɽ˿ȯơܥ֥Ǥ Farsi ʸȤʤ #1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1193. ե˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1]) Ǿ
RA QA ؤοܤȤˤĤơлϤ "a compensatory strategy for semantic strategy for semantic bleaching of QAs" (23) Ȱ֤Ť"a general linguistic change from the marked to the unmarked" (23) ȤȤ館Ƥ롥˶ᤤ1Ѥ롥
In my opinion, what underlies the diachronic shift and the synchronic mechanism is a familiar transition from the marked RA to the unmarked QA. The central member of the adjective is what I call the 'evaluative', which can be fundamentally expressed as a certain point in the 'good/bad' scale. Since adjectives on this scale typically undergo 'semantic bleaching' and their meanings easily get watered down, language has to find some way to compensate for the bleaching and ensure the diversity of evaluatives. In my view, the categorial shifts from RAs to QAs are best to be considered one of the compensatory strategies for this semantic bleaching. (34--35)
RA ɾӤӤ QA ؤȿܤƤ椯ϡ#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡʸѲȤƼ롥طʤˡ¸ QA "semantic bleaching" ꡤδַˤĤ RA QA ꤹ뤳Ȥ˴ؤơϰۤʤäͤäƤ롥̣ŪɺˤĤǤ QA ȤȤϡ̣ drag chain ƤȤȤˤۤʤʤ㤨С#660. ѸΥեѸηƻΨ ([2011-02-16-1]) ǵեѸƻϡѸƻΰ̣ŪɺˤĤȹͤ뤳ȤǤΤ뤤ϡ#1193. ե˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 -ness -ity ζ⡤Ԥɺηͤ drag chain ȤǤΤɤޤΰѤľǡܸΥƻȥʷƻʷưˤδ֤ݤ˿Ƥ뤬ܸˤǤϡ˴Ťʷƻ줬̤줿Τϡ¸Υƻ䴰뤿äȤʺƣp. 121--22ˡ¸Υƻ줬̣Ūɺδַ뤿äȤʹʤդäС¸ QA ϡ¿ϴܸǤꡤ̣ŪɺƤȤϡषޥϤ٤ƶѤ뷹ʴϢع¤γƵȡˡ
̣ŪɺˤĤ drag chain ꤹΤǤϤʤޥϤγϤǤѶŪ˲ΤȤͤĤޤ push chain βꤹ뤳ȤϤǤʤdrag chain push chain ɬȿΤǤϤʤξȤ˺ѤȤȤ⤢ˤ衤̤Ȥ͡ɾŪʷƻ줬Ѥơ"the diversity of evaluatives" (35) Ƥ뤳ȤϳΤ
ФˤĤơʤǤϤʤˡҰ˵ޤ礦
Koshiishi, Tetsuya. "Two Types of Adjectives and the History of English Word Formation." ˸ء1桤2012ǯ23--38ǡ
Farsi, A. A. "Classification of Adjectives." Language Learning 18 (1968): 45--60.
ƣ س⡡ܸˡ١īҽŹ1995ǯ
ƻƱ졤 flat_adverb ˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ͡˼夲ƤƻεǽϤȤ˾֤ɽ魯ȤǶˤƶᤤطˤꡤФФɤʬहФ褤Τ¤Ȥ⤢롥ʸˡˤʻ (part of speech) 뤤ϸ (word class) ʬबԴǤ뤳ȤξںǤ롥
Ūˤϡ߷ַƻܿפȤʸΤʤǡ6ܿ˭٤ʼȤʸغʤˤȤȤ˻ŦƤ롥߷ (3--5) ñˤޤȤ褦
(1) flat adverb ñˡ̤˥ꥫѸˤϤ뤫¿ˡ礷Ƥȸ졤äաä˶ܤΤʤͤäդħŪȤ롥#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverb ([2012-01-04-1]) ȡex. Now the Picton boat began to swing round steady, pointing out to sea.---K. Mansfield, The Voyage.
(2) Ѥηƻ졥ϤꥢꥫѸ¯ä¿α (1) ˵Ϣơ#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻ ([2012-01-06-1]) #1172. ѸΥƥñ ([2012-07-12-1]) ȡex. His shoes and clothing were wet through and icy cold.---O. Henry, The Last Leaf.
(3) ư졥stand ΩäƤˤȤ֤ˤ get to stand ΩġˤȤưԤ롥ưɽ魯̣ϡԤưΰ̣Ȥ߹ǤʤȤħŪǤ롥ξԤζ̤̯Ǥ뤳Ȥϡ־֡ƻפȡưפȤζ̤̯Ǥ뤳ȤˤĤʤ롥ex. The old man sat motionless.---B. Malamud, The Mourners.
(4) ư졥ȡ֡ĤǤפδطΩĤΤħex. His tongue felt dry and large, as though covered with a fine hairy growth, and it tasted bitter in his mouth.---J. London, Love of Life.
(5) ưѲư졥ѲơĤξ֤ˤʤפΰդǡϤȥδطΩġex. He noticed companion, and became crestfallen all at once.---J. Conrad, Heart of Darkness.
(6) Ʊʸ졥ִʸ˽һȤƷƻ줬źäơưμưƱŪ֡뤤ϤηŪ֤ס߷, p.5ˡex. Her dark hair waved untidy across her broad forehead.---J. Galsworthy, The Apple Tree.
¿ǡ߷ (5) ϰʲΤ褦˷֡
ƻȤδ֤κθϤξʻ줬ΤʳˤƱǤäȤˤ롥 -ly Ĥ뤳ȤˤäʬϷŪ˷ƻ줫Ωư -ly Ĥʤޤޤ¸³Ƥ롥줬 Flat adverb ñˤǤ롥μʬϡ־֡פ be link ΤǷƻ˶ޤΤ -ly ӽƤȤͤ롥
ѸǤϡ־֡פϤܷۤƻȴ뤬־֡פȤ롥ĤޤξʻˤޤΤˡκݳعʸˡΰæơ־ֻפȤä褦ʽѸꤷɤǤˤ衤ƻ줫줫̤ͤФʤʤȤ꤬ΤǤ롥
褦ʵ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) Ǥ夲Τǡȡޤ linking verb γȤδطˤĤƤϡ#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1]) ǾƤ롥
ƱɮԤˤ롤Ϣʸ (Osawa) ⻲ȡ
߷ ַƻܿסΩؿʸʳظǯ17桤1979ǯ3--5ǡ
Osawa, Ginsaku. "A Study of the Distinguishing Adverbs & the Distinguishing Adjectives." Ωʸѡ 49 (1974): 21--49.
ɸϡֶդžȤˡΧȡפ뤤ϡˡΧȤžȤաפΰ̣ζǤ롥̤ˡA turned B ǡBžȤAפ뤤ϡAžȤBפȤʤ롥ζ turned Դư turn βʬǡľ̾Ƥ뤬³ƤΤħǤ롥ư줬ʬȤ̾ˡϡ#752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡĤ롥֤Ѳɽ魯ưμưϸŤ be ˤ괰λäΤǡa lawyer turned teacher ϡ"a lawyer who is turned teacher" ʸѸȤƤ "a lawyer who has turned teacher"ˤб뤳Ȥˤʤ롥B ̾ϡ̵̾Ѥ롥an activist-turned-leader, an actor-turned-President, an engineer-turned-psychologist, a failed Kentucky lawyer turned smuggler, a lawyer-turned-legislator, a peeler-turned-pol, a writer-turned-governor ʤɥϥեȼ¿
OED turn, v. δϢεҤʸΤĤΤƤߤ褦
39. intr. with compl. To change so as to be, to become.
. . . .
b. with n. compl. (most commonly without article). Freq. as pa. pple. modifying a n.
. . . .
1945 Times 4 Aug. 5/2 Mr. Aneurin Bevan at the Ministry of Health..is conspicuously the poacher turned gamekeeper.
1964 Eng. Studies 45 382 Their Scandinavian conquerors-turned-neighbors.
1973 E. F. Schumacher Small is Beautiful i. iii. 44 The economist-turned-econometrician is unwilling..to face the question.
1982 Times Lit. Suppl. 10 Sept. 968/3 Jerome's father was a Nonconformist preacher, turned architect, turned mine-owner.
#752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1]) Ǥϡưβʬ줬֤̾ A turned B Τ褦ˡưβʬ줬̾˸֤Ϥۤɤܤˤʤʤ櫓ǤϤʤٹ (92--93) εƤǺܤ褦
A Daniel come to judgement! --- Shakespeare.
Everybody knows the treasure of the sailor arrived in port. --- Sir Walter Besant.
"My dear, you must ask Priscilla," he said in the once firm voice, now become rather broken. --- Eliot.
But Lottie staggered on the lowest verandah step like a bird fallen out of the nest. --- Mansfield.
The gallant old squire, lately gone to his rest. --- Thomas Hughes.
He looked at the little sister returned to him in her full womanly beauty. --- Eliot.
He looked as a man just risen from a long illness. --- William Morris.
The brave that are no more! / All sunk beneath the wave / Fast by their native shore. --- Cowper.
He led me to a place where I found a kind Englishman lived right in the midst of the natives. --- Mrs. Gaskell.
Here is a gentlemen come to see you. --- Bennett.
Ah, you are the young woman come to look after my birds? --- Hardy.
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
ѸˡեαƶǡѸŪʸǤ줿ꡤ֤줿ꡤѲ;ʤ줿ˤȤޤʤΥ٥ǤϤäȤ⸲ǤꡤեѸή椨˸űѸä¿Ѥؤɤޤ줿̾ˤĤƤƱȤ뤷ֻ¿ʬˤĤƤꡤΰ̣ˤƤ⤽ ([2009-09-01-1]ε#127. deer, beast, and animalפʤɤȡˡ
ޤΩʤȤǤϡˤĤƤƱȤȤŦ롥ʸ (238) ˤСѸǤϡǤǤ̾ -ness "action of A", "quality of A", "thing that is A", "place of being A" ʤɤι̣äƤꡤбեǤǤ -ity "quality of being A" ΤߤäȤѸˤʤȡ-ness "quality of being A" ΤߤؤỌ̇̄ꤷդ -ity "quality of being A" "aggregate of being A" ΰ̣碌Ĥ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤ̣ιȤ餹ȡ-ness -ity Ω줬žȤˤʤ롥оݸΰ̣ܤƤϡɬ⤳γäƤ餺ѸξȤ¿ǤäΤǤϤʤȤҤ٤Ƥ롥ȤϤ-ness Ѹʹߤ˰̣ñ㲽ͭΰ̣ʤ顤Ĥˤ̾ȤŪĤΤߤȤʤä¡ʡʸˡ "grammaticalisation"ˤߤСʤȤ̣ϰϤȤǤϡˤ錄äơ˥ե -ity ˶ƤΤ褦
ˤѸȥեз褪ӵžݤȤɤߤʤͤƤΤϡ[2012-05-01-1]ε#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤פǽҤ٤ƻΰ̣ϰϤθˤ뺹ˤĤƤβǤ롥β֤
űѸǤϡƻϤۤΤߤǤꡤ̣ˤä Class A, B, C 3बäѸʹߡեƥ줫̤ηƻ줬Ѥ[2011-02-16-1]ε#660. ѸΥեѸηƻΨסˡ¿ϵŪäƤᡤClass A Class C °ƤϤΰϤ˶б뵭ŪäƤäĤޤꡤϼȤɾŪä Class B Ĥ줿Ѹ⼡ɾŪӤӤ Class B Class C ؿǤη̤ȤƤθߡѸϥ饹ˤ餺ʬۤƤ뤬ϼפʤΤ Class B °ƤФǤ롥
-ness -ity ΰ̣ϰϤΩ deer, beast, animal ΰ̣ξ붥ϡθΰ̣˴ؤñȯŪ礭ʸäȤ٥Ǥ⡤ʩϤ絬ϤʵžݤäƤΤǤϤʤ
忡ָѸˤ-ity-nessξ硽סؤȤФΡʸؤȸؤλߡ ԡҡ2012ǯ213--48ǡ
[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻפǡٹ (127) νҤ٤Ƥ֥ƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤפɤٻ¤ʤΤȤռäФ餯ƤȤ Schmitt and Marsden (57) ˼Τ褦ʵҤĤ
Most adverbs of manner in Modern English have the suffix -ly. This derives from Old English lice (meaning "like"), which went through several changes before it was eventually reduced to -ly. Many adverbs in Modern English derive directly from their Old English versions: boldly, deeply, fully, openly, rightly. Others come from the great period of adverb formation in English in the later 16th century, when many adjectives were simply converted to adverbs with zero inflection. These included many so-called "booster" adverbs, such as ample, extreme, detestable, dreadful, exceeding, grievous, intolerable, terrible, and vehement. But others were supplied with -ly from the start (horribly, terribly, violently), and use of the inflection gradually gained ground. During the 18th century, the pressure for normalization ensured that the suffix became the rule. We still use this suffix regularly today to make new adverbs from adjectives.
Ĥޤꡤ16Ⱦˡƻ줫饼ñ (flat_adverb) 礷äȤŦǤ롥ٹθڤѸǰƬˤƤ褦ʤΤǡSchmitt and Marsden Ʊλ¤ˤĤƸäƤȸƤ褤ƥϤηƻȤƤʤ˵Ƥ9Τ dreadful 8ޤǤʥեͳޤ˥ƥϼѸǤ롥
ܤϤ¿̤Ĵפ뤬-ly ñȯŸγάϼΤ褦ˤʤűѸȯãƤ -ly ѸˤʤäʤűѸ̤ -e üȤˤñλѤ⡤Ѹˤ˿ꤨ뤳ȤϤʤäषѸˤϡƥϼѸˤ岡⤢ꡤñμϰŪ礷ñˤϡˤ³Ū connotation ޤȤĤƤ褦ǡ18˵ϼŪʸˡѤƬ˵ڤӡʸȤߤʤ褦ˤʤäθ塤-ly ŪͥȤʤꡤߤ˻äƤ롥
ʤ -ly ˴ؤˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ -ly suffix adverb γƵǼ夲ƤΤǡȤ줿
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.
ε[2012-05-05-1]˰³ grey eyes ꡥϡѸޥ grey eyes ˤĤƹͤζɽϸˤ³Ƥ롥BNCWeb ǡ"(grey|gray) {eye/N}" ȤƸȡ287㤬ҥåȤgrey eyes ̤ηƻԤƤߤȡclear, dark, deep, pale Ū¿beautiful bright 鷺ʤ餢ä
Τ褦㤫ȽǤȡgrey Τϵ̵ͭɽ魯̣ôƤʤ褦˻פ롥⤷ôƤȤСष pale ΡΤʤפȤ˰ѱѼdzǧ¤ꡤѸ grey ΰŪʸ촶ϡܸΤȤ褯ơnegative ϷǯµͫݵŷΥäơѸ grey eyes ϡnegative ʥ˥奢ä˴ްդʤɤߤȤʤС˿ȤƤΡֳפ뤤ϡĤߤΤ֤äפɽ魯Τȹͤ롥뤤ϡgrey eyes ϡ̣ޤäɽȤѤƤˤʤȤǽ⤢뤫⤷ʤ
ȡޤޤѸŵṲ̄ȤƤ grey eyes 狼ʤ⤷MED Silverstein Ҥ٤Ƥ̤ꡤѸ grey ɽ路ΤȤСѸεΤʤ grey 180٤ΰ̣ѲФȤˤʤ롥
gradation ΤǤꡤĤʤäƤϰϤ̣ꤷ뤳ȤϡʤʤѸΤߤʤ餺ܸˤƤ⡤̸Ǥ롥
ʤŵṲ̄ƤBrewer (258) ϡMatthew of Vandôme ˤ Helen of Troy ̤ʲ̤ꡤ1ĤηǤȤƤ롥
. . . her hair is golden, forehead white as paper, eyebrows black and thin. The space between the eyes (in contrast to the Greek ideal) is white and clear, a 'milky way'; the face is a shining star; the eyes are like stars. She has a little smile, a nose neither too big nor too small. Her face is rosy, her colouring white and red, like rose and snow. Teeth are like ivory, lips are small, slightly swelling, honeyed. Her mouth smells like a rose, her neck is smooth, shoulders radiant, well-spaced (dispatiati), breasts small, and figure incomparable.
ʽǤ礦ҲäƤߤ
Silverstein, Theodore, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.
Brewer, D. S. "The Ideal of Feminine Beauty in Medieval Literature, Especially 'Harley Lyrics', Chaucer, and Some Elizabethans." The Modern Language Review 50 (1955): 257--69.
ѸޥɤǤȡҥ grey eyes Ȥ̤뤳Ȥ¿̤Ǥ뤫顤grey eyes ŪˤɤΤ褦Ʒɽ路ƤΤΤꤿȻפΤ줬ƳǤ롥ȸȤŪФۤʤ뤳ȤϤˤȤƤ⡤ֳƷפȤΤʤΤ뤤ϡѸ grey ɽ魯̣Ѹ grey ȤϰۤʤäƤȤǽϤʤ
㤨СSir Gawain and the Green Knight ll. 81--84 "wheel" Ǥϡ Guenevere grey eyes ȤƤAndrew and Waldron Ǥѡˡ
Þe comlokest to discrye
Þer glent with yȝen gray;
A semloker þat euer he syȝe
Soth moȝt no mon say.
gray βϡԼԤˤäƤۤʤäƤ롥Andrew and Waldron ϥå "(of eyes) blue-grey" ȤƤꡤĤߤäפȲᤷƤ롥Gollancz, Barron, Tolkien and Gordon ϡѸ grey ƱǤȤƤꡤĤߡפѶŪӽƤ櫓ǤϤʤŪˤϡֳפȤߤʤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥grey eyes ϳƷؤȤľʲϡOED Ǥ3ˤ "Having a grey iris" ȤƺѤƤ롥
MED Ǥ grei (adj. & n.) ǤϡۤʤƤ롥 2 (b) ǡ"of eyes: bright, gleaming (of indeterminate color)" Ȥꡤ礤ǤϤʤ굱ͤҤƻȤƤ롥Ʊ Silverstein ˤäƤ⼨Ƥꡤ"With lively, sparkling eyes" ȤͿƤ롥Ѹˤϡgreye as glas (The General Prologue, l. 152 Prioress 䡤The Reeve's Tale, l. 3974 ʴ̼ηơˤ grey as crystalle stone ʤɤɽߤĤ뤷Τ褦ܡפȤ̤뤳Ȥ顤Ʒο礤ΤΤϤεܤɽȤäΤ⤷ʤ
ˤ̤ˤĤƤ Brewer ܤ12ˤϡʸؾ塤ƽפȤϤƤʤäȤʹߤϡŵṲ̄νޤ³ξˡ˳Ūɽ줿㤨С"whiter than the swan" Τ褦ηƤѸˤϰƤȤ (Brewer 262) grey eyes ϥեϰƤ줿 des yeux vaires ȤƤ롥 vaires ʤƻβ⡤礤ȵΤɽ路ΤǤꡤgrey eyes βɬҥȤͿƤʤ
Andrew, Malcolm and Ronald Waldron, eds. The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript. 3rd ed. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 2002.
Gollancz, Israel, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. EETS os 250. 1950.
Tolkien, J. R. R. and E. V. Gordon, eds. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 2nd ed. Rev. Norman Davis. Oxford: Clarendon, 1967.
Barron, W. R. J., ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1974.
Silverstein, Theodore, ed. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.
Brewer, D. S. "The Ideal of Feminine Beauty in Medieval Literature, Especially 'Harley Lyrics', Chaucer, and Some Elizabethans." The Modern Language Review 50 (1955): 257--69.
ε[2012-04-30-1] Farsi ˤ#1099. ҤηƻɾηƻפζʬŪ Class AɾŪ Class Bξ Class C ȤʬϡŪʴζʬ줾Υ饹°ƻоȤįƤȡ̻Ūʰ̣礤⤭夬äƤ롥Farsi ϼ2Ŧ (56--58)
(1) Class A Class C ؤȽ°ѹƻ줬Ĥ롥ȤȤϵŪ "concerning X" ۤɤθͭƤ Class A ƻ줬ɾŪ "worthy of X" ۤɤθθ碌ķ̤ȤʤäƤ롥English, American, Christian, logical, philosophical, scientific ʤɤΤ褦̻Ūвɤä
(2) 嵭Τ褦㤫¬ˡ Class A °ƻ줬衤ɾŪʰ̣ Class C ذܹԤȤȤΤǤϤʤ㤨Сphonemic ϡֲǤΡפȤŪʸŵŪ Class A ƻǤȤͤڻ뤹벻ȽŪ˻ؤ *unphonemic ɽС֤ȤƤ *phonemic ɾŪʸ뤳ȤˤʤꡤClass C ǧꤵ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Class A °ɤηƻˤ⡤ɾŪ뵡ϳƤ롥
Class A Class C ؤ̻Ūܹԡ뤤ϰ̣ȯŸϡѰ (register) ˱Ƥߤ뵭ŪɾŪΤɤȤŪʻ¤ȤɽФƤ롥㤨Сmental ɸŪˡǤϵŪɸŪˡǤɾΤäΤפȤ̣ӤӤ롥aesthetic ̾ϵŪˤɾŪˤѤ뤬ؤʸ̮ǤϡäѤ鵭ŪѤ
Farsi ϡClass A Class C ؤ夲ƤʤŪˤϤʳѲ⤢ȤϽҤ٤Ƥ롥ɾŪʸ줬ɾŪʸӤӤȤ̣Ѳϡεդڤ¿ľ롥ҴѤѤؤĥʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ꡤ[2011-03-11-1]ε#683. semantic prosody פǼʹ֤ȽꡥHotta (2011) Ĵƻ -ish ηỤ̄γǤ⡤Ϣä[2009-09-07-1]ε#133. ƻĤ -ish γηϩפ⻲ȡˡFarsi ηƻʬϡΤ褦ˡ̣Ѳꡤ̣ѲȻѰʤɤˤ⼨ͿƤ롥
⤦1ġ̻֤ȤδϢǵƤΤϡFarsi ʬȼѤ뤤ϸȤδطǤ롥εƬǤҤ٤#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) 䤽¾ع¤εǸƤȤꡤɾŪǡGreco-Latin ϡ˼ѸϵŪǤ褦ʸΥڥ¿Τ褦ʶŪʬ̻ۤŪʴ᤹ȡΤ褦ˤꤹ뤳ȤǤΤǤϤʤűѸǤϡƻϤۤΤߤǤꡤ̣ˤä Class A, B, C 3बäѸʹߡեƥ줫̤ηƻ줬Ѥ[2011-02-16-1]ε#660. ѸΥեѸηƻΨסˡ¿ϵŪäƤᡤClass A Class C °ƤϤΰϤ˶б뵭ŪäƤäĤޤꡤϼȤɾŪä Class B Ĥ줿Ѹ⼡ɾŪӤӤ Class B Class C ؿǤη̤ȤƤθߡѸϥ饹ˤ餺ʬۤƤ뤬ϼפʤΤ Class B °ƤФǤ롥
ʾ夬绨ĤʲǤ롥פּѸפϡΤˤϡǡפּѷǡפȸƤ֤ۤ褤⤷ʤbehavioural mannerly ʤɤ ( hybrid ) ΰǤɤΤ褦˰֤Ť٤ͤɬפ롥Ǥ Farsi ηƻꥹȤɤΤ褦˺줿ΤǡɤŪʤΤʤɤ⸡ڤɬפ
ɾŪγѰ衤ȼѸ졽Τ褦θȤơFarsi ηƻʬȤ館ʤȤǤ褦˻פ롥Ѹäλع¤뤿ˤ⡤ܸäλع¤[2010-03-28-1]ε#335. ܸäλع¤סˤΤˤ⡤̥ϤơޤȤʤꤽ
Farsi, A. A. "Classification of Adjectives." Language Learning 18 (1968): 45--60.
Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Suffix -ish and Its Derogatory Connotation: An OED Based Historical Study." Journal of the Faculty of Letters: Language, Literature and Culture 108 (2011): 107--32.
[2011-12-21-1]ε#968. ѸˤեѸμŪƻפǿ줿褦ˡƻ̣ξ礭ʬȡɾɽ魯 qualitative adjective (QA) ȴط relational adjective (RA) Ȥ̤롥QA RA ΰ̣֡ˤħΰ㤤ˤⶽ̣äʾ˸줫Ѹ줫ˤȤδطˤʤäƤȤΤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1]) 䤽¾ع¤εǸڤƤ̤ꡤɾŪŪǡGreco-Latin ϡ˼ѸϵŪҴŪǤΤѸäŵȤƤ뤫ƻϤζ̤Ȥ櫓ɽФ䤹Ǥ褦˻פ롥
˴Ϣ Farsi ʸɤǤߤFarsi ϡQA RA ȤѸ줳ȤäƤʤ"descriptive adjective" Ȥ Class A "evaluative adjective" Ȥ Class B ζʬߤˡξʤΤˤξθȸˡˤ Class C ߤơѸηƻ䤫ʬष䤹Ϥꡤƻ˴Ϣ˼ͿɾClass A, B, C
| Class A | Class B | Class C |
|---|---|---|
| affective | affectionate | academic |
| appositive | apposite | aesthetic |
| behavioural | mannerly | American |
| bibliographic | bookish | artistic |
| cardiac | hearty | British |
| causal | effectual | Christian |
| ceremonial | ceremonious | cinematic |
| commemorative | memorable | civil |
| conceptual | thoughtful | constitutional |
| connective | coherent | conventional |
| consonantal | consonant | critical |
| continental | continent | demonstrative |
| corrective | correct | diplomatic |
| cultural | cultured | dramatic |
| deductive | seductive | emotional |
| dental | toothsome | English |
| devotional | devout | ethical |
| doctrinal | docile | formal |
| durative | durable | French |
| elective | eligible | grammatical |
| entrepreneurial | enterprising | historical |
| evaluative | valid | human |
| experiential | experienced | legal |
| factual | accurate | literary |
| fiduciary | faithful | logical |
| financial | lucrative | Marxian |
| genealogical | genteel | moral |
| generative | degenerate | musical |
| generic | generous | parliamentary |
| governmental | ruly | philosophical |
| gustatory | tasteful | poetic |
| inflexional | flexible | professional |
| interrogative | inquisitive | rational |
| intonational | tuneful | religious |
| juridical | just | royal |
| legislative | legitimate | sanitary |
| manual | handy | scientific |
| mental | sane | social |
| methodological | methodical | spiritual |
| modal | modish | theatrical |
| morphological | shapely | |
| nutritional | nutritious | |
| observational | observant | |
| olfactory | savoury | |
| optical | sightly | |
| ostensive | ostentatious | |
| palatal | palatable | |
| pecuniary | pecunious | |
| pedagogic | pedantic | |
| penitential | penitent | |
| perceptual | perceptive | |
| pictorial | picturesque | |
| residential | homely | |
| retributive | rewarding | |
| semantic | significant | |
| sensory | sensitive | |
| sociological | sociable | |
| stylistic | stylish | |
| supervisory | watchful | |
| syntactic | orderly | |
| tactile | tactful | |
| temporal | timely | |
| theological | godly | |
| urban | urbane | |
| verbal | verbose | |
| verificatory | veracious | |
| visual | conspicuous | |
| vocalic | equivocal | |
| vocative | provocative | |
| volitional | willing |
A word which can occupy the position between an article and a noun and the position after a linking verb and which cannot be transposed with the noun it modifies is an adjective if it contains a typical adjective-forming suffix or takes the comparative and superlative suffixes or adds the suffix -ly to form an adverb.
ǤϡζʬΤ̻Ū implication ϲȤδطϤɤʤäƤ뤫εǹͤ롥
Farsi, A. A. "Classification of Adjectives." Language Learning 18 (1968): 45--60.
ɸϡѤʵؤ˴줿䡥 five Фƽ fifth ǤΤϤʤ twelve Фƽ twelfth ǤΤϤʤȤΤƱǤ롥
εΤ褦ˡִܷ A ФơϢ A' Ե§ӤӤƤΤϤʤפȤפϾʤʤդ˸ۤŪ¤Ф¤ǤȤȤФФ롥ΥǸС /v/ Ĵ five ФơϢ줬Ե§ /f/ fifth ȤʤäƤΤϤʤפǤϤʤ /f/ Ľ fifth ФơϢ줬Ե§ /v/ five ȤʤäƤΤϤʤפȹͤ٤Ǥ롥Ūˤ fifth /f/ ϼǤꡤfive /v/ פʤ Ǥ롥
űѸ̤ȡ5פ fīf Ǥꡤ12פ twelf äֻ˼Ƥ̤ꡤ̵ [f] Ǥcf. ɥĸ fünf, zwölfˡűѸǽ -(o)þa äҲ [f] θǤ [t] ȤƼ¸졤űѸǤб fīfta, twelfta ȤƸ줿Ѹʹߤˡ¾νȤ (analogy) ˤ t th ֤졤Ѹ fifth, twelfth ޤ줿
⤦1ä٤ϡűѸǡ5ܤΡפ fīfta Ĺ첻ߤǤû첻Ȥϡ2Ҳ³ĶľĹ첻ûȤѸˤŪʲѲη̤Ǥ롥ƱѲФޤڥĤѸǤϤƤ첻βؤ롥[2009-05-14-1]ε#16. -th ̾ΤȤˤʤäư졦ƻϡפ⻲ȡ
feel -- felt
keep -- kept
sleep -- slept
broad -- breadth
deep -- depth
foul -- filth
weal -- wealth
wide -- width
fifth ˤĤƤϡΤ褦λҲ촴첻̤˴ؤ¿Ѳä촴2ҲȤƤϸűѸӤ̵ /f/ ѾƤƤꡤűѸδ fīf ľϤλ¹ȤäƤ褤
ǤϡܼŪꡥűѸδ fīf θҲͭ /v/ ȤʤäΤϤʤѸǤ⤽ϡ5פΤ褦ñȤ̾ŪѤȡ5ĤΡפΤ褦˷ƻŪѤ礬롥űѸǤϡƻȤƤδϡ¾̾ηƻƱͤˡط̾ʡʤɤʸˡƥ˽äζȤäfīf ϡʤ顤Υƥ˴ؤʣȤƤζȤäŵŪˤ -e ä¾θ⡤ɡѸޤǤˤ -e ؼ̤ˡűѸǤϡ§Ȥͭ˶ޤ줿̵Ʊ (assimilation) ˤͭΤǡfīfe2Ҳ <f> ֤ƤƤ [v] ȯ줿ơ䤬Ƥͭķ̵֤ķ֤֤ܷȤߤʤ褦ˤʤätwelve ˤĤƤƱͤλǤ롥ºݤˤϡζޤξϰ̤ηƻʣǤꡤʤ [v] ĶΤۤͥȤʤꡤܷǧ褦ˤʤäΤϡ̤٤ȤƻĤ롥
ΤʤǤϡޤ five / fifth twelve / twelfth Τߤ嵭βѲξ˹פˡ̤ȤơԵ§פ˸ѤԤȤΩäƤ롥ŪˤԵ§ȸ븽ݤ⡤̻Ūˤϡʤٵ§ŪѲη̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ狼äƤ롥§ŪʲѲԵ§ʽϤͿȤΤ̷⤷Ƥ褦ˤϤФдѻ뤳ȤǤ롥ޤԵ§ʷѲ§ŪʽϤͿ㤨ѡˤȤΤޤˤϤФдѻΤǤ롥
ǶƤ flat_adverb εǤϡȤƸѸñ -ly ˾ƤƤѸǤξ Chaucer Ƥߤ
ѸǤϡΤ -ly ƤƤϤΤΡñѸ⤺äƤ[2012-01-06-1]ε#984. flat adverb ϥƥϤηƻ줬ƻפƬdz⤷褦ˡñϷƻθ촴 -e դȤˤäƷƤѸǤϤδο -e Фоüˤ餵줿ˡƻȷŪʶ̤ĤˤʤäƤȤäƤ -ly ˼ä줿櫓ǤϤʤloude, cleere, faste, faire, smal ʤ¿θ줬ޤ̳Ƥ㤨С couplet κǸ smal Ϸƻ "small" ǤϤʤ "finely" ۤɤ̣Ǥʰʲ Chaucer ΰѤϡ٤ Horobin, pp. 121--23 ǵƤƸΡˡ
Of orpyment, brent bones, iren squames,
That into poudre grounden been ful smal; (G 759--60)
ۤˤ츫ȷƻɤ߰㤨Ƥޤλ褦
That al his love is clene fro me ago (F 626)
The fires breene upon the auter cleere (A 2331)
Thanne shaltow hange hem in the roof ful hye (A 3565)
Χˤ¿äΤ褦ñϷߤäλ塤-ly ƤȤҤ̤ǡξʻѤ줿⾯ʤʤ-ly ȤǤ -lich(e) ȤŷݤäƤ㤹鸫졤1ĤηƻФƺ3¸Ȥˤʤ롥"newly" ʲȡ
This carpenter hadde wedded newe a wyf (A 3221)
This knyght was comen all newely (RR 1205)
that oother of hem is newliche chaunged into a wolf (Boece IV, met. 3)
ѸǤϡñ new ϡnew-laid eggs, new-mown hay ʤɤʣ˸ФǤ롥wedded newe collocation ˤĤƤϡѸ newly-weds ʿˤȡϢ#528. ˵§ư wed !? ([2010-10-07-1]) ɤ
Horobin, Simon. Chaucer's Language. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. (esp. pp. 105--07.)
[2012-01-03-1]ε#981. ȷƻζפǡThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸɤ᤹뤫bright Ȥߤ뤫ƻȤߤ뤫ˤĤƿ줿̤γ٤ߤȡThe sun shines bright. The sun shines brightly. ϡξǤɤΤ褦˰ۤʤ뤫ȤˤĤʤ롥εǤϡɽȤʬϤˤʤޤʤƨǤä (80ˤˤСºݡϸ̩ͤʤȹͤ븦Ԥ⾯ʤʤ褦Ǥ롥
ȤϤʸˡȤˤƤ뤳Ȥϻ¤ (80) ϡ빽ʸ¿ȤŦƤ롥
(1) He died happy / happily.
(2) He arrived safe / safely.
(3) He sat silent / silently.
(4) The wind blew cold / coldly.
(5) He stood silent / silently.
(6) He slept very sound / soundly.
(7) The rose smells sweet / sweetly.
(7) ˼ȡʸˡǤñʡƻ sweet ѤΤȤ졤ư smells Դư줢뤤 linking verb Ȳᤵ롥ХŤȤɤߤˤʤ롥-ly ʡ sweetly ѤʤǤϤʤξˤ smells ϴưȲᤵ롥ơξˤϥХŤȤɤߤˤʤȸ롥ºݾξԤκ̯Ǥꡤsweetly Ѥˤ⡤ɤΤȤХŤȤɤߤȤʤΤ̤üԤδФǤ롥ɽФỤ̄˲ʺۤǧ뤳ȤȤ٤
Ụ̄ȤƤ纹ʤɤǤ褤դΤȻפ뤬Ụ̄ˤϰ㤤Τǡ⤦ܤɬפ롥ñѤ뤫 -ly Ѥ뤫ϡ֤̯ʺ߽ФñȼˤĤƽҤȤ-ly ưλشؿȤϤͯФʸṲ̄ΰ㤤ȤϤʤΤ
̤˷ƻ϶ŪüŪ϶ɽϤϤŪŪǤȤ롥ƻϡ֤ס֤ӤӡפƤ롥 (81) ϼʸǡϢ³ƻ줬 -ly ä顤̤϶ʤʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥
Sometimes there was a lull, and flake after flake descended out of the black night air, silent, circuitous, interminable. (R. L. Stevenson, A Lodging for the Night Ƭ
ǡ-ly Ѥ뤳ȤϴʸˡˤʤäƤꡤʸỤ̄»ʤȤʤޤ̣襤Ͼä롥
Ѥ뤫ƻѤ뤫ΰ㤤ϡʸˡѸǤС1ʸ2ʸκб롥Ĥޤꡤ-ly ñϡưȤư줬ȤʸϢ뤷Ƥ뤳Ȥ狼롥ҤΤ褦ˡκȤϡʸΤ佤ȤƤȤ館ۤ褤Τ⤷ʤ
ŪȤư;ϤĤƤ뤳Ȥ⡤Ǹ˿ƤäƸˤ flat adverb ƤƤȤ¤ϡ[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbװ衤flat_adverb ΤĤεǼ夲Ƥ褦ϸ촶äΤˤäƤʸؤؤǽƤȤȤ롥 (79) Curme Τͤ linking verb äΰӤɤȤĤƤ褤ΤǤϤʤפɾƤȤꡤưΤȤʸ̻ŪѲȤѸ˾ˤĤʤȥԥåʤΤ⤷ʤ
סɽ夫 Predicate Adjective Adverbסزˡʸؽѵס8桤1957ǯ78--82ǡ
ǯư衤flat_adverb ˤĤƤĤƤĴ٤Ƥ뤦˽꤬ޤäƤΤǡȤƽĤƤ
(1) ּˤѤ졤üŪ϶ɽסʾp. 507ˡñ줬褯ѤΤϡʸŪûʬṲ̄ǡΤǤϤ϶ɽȤƹޤ뷹: It hurts bad. / Take it easy. / Go slow.סʹ, p. 522
(2) Ƥθ졦¯¿Ѥ뤳ȤϴҤʹڡpp. 86, 91ˡex. act brave, dance graceful, land safe, work regular, sit tight, mighty dangerous, reasonable busy, moderate good luck, everlasting cold, get ugly drunk, hustlingest busy; I see things different than I used to.; You are plain lucky.
(3) ζʤ̾ʤɤŪѤ롥ex. "Love Me Tender", "Treat me nice".
(4) ȤƤ very εȤ ([2012-01-12-1], [2012-01-13-1]) ̾ηƻϢ³ˤơηƻ줬ηƻȤưʬϤ㤬ߤ (ex. an icy cold drink, a blazing hot fire) ˡ̾줬ʤȤΩ burning hot, soaking wet, dazzling white ʤɤ⸫͡p. 589ˡ
(5) ƻ줬ƱΥڥˤ5ढꡤʲ iii, iv դ꤬ŵŪ flat adverb ȸƤФΤ (Huddleston and Pullum 568)
idaily, hourly, weekly, deadly, kindly, likely
iidownright, freelance, full-time, non-stop, off-hand, outright, overall, part-time, three-fold, wholesale, worldwide
iiibleeding, bloody, damn(ed), fucking
ivclean, clear, dear, deep, direct, fine, first, flat, free, full, high, last, light, loud, low, mighty, plain, right, scarce, sharp, slow, sure, tight, wrong
valike, alone, early, extra, fast, hard, how(ever), late, long, next, okay, solo
(6) flat adverb -ly adverb Ǥϡʬʸ (cleft sentence) Ǿ줿ǧǽۤʤ롥flat adverb ϡưʬǤ뤳Ȥˤ֤ǤȤ狼ˤʤ뤿ˡǧ٤㤯ʤΤǤϤʤʹڡp. 522ˡ
*It was slow that he drove the car into the garage. vs It was slowly that he drove the car into the garage.
*It was loud that they argued. vs It was loudly that they argued.
flat adverb ³줿̤θǽȡǤ뤳ȤΤˤʤꡤǧ䤹ex. It was loud and clear that he spoke.; It was extremely loud that they argued.
(7) A and B ȷƻ³ȡA-ly B ۤɤΰդȤʤ (hendiadys) ⡤ƻ첽ȤݤΰȤƤȤ館뤳ȤǤ͡pp. 531, 589ˡex. nice and cool (= "nicely cool"), good and tired (="well tired"), rare and hungry (="quite hungry").
ͧ ԡظѸˡŵ١Ʋ2006ǯ
ͺ° ̭ ԡظʸˡŵ١Ʋ1992ǯ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
ж Ϻ ԡظѸؼŵ١Ʋ1973ǯ
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
ε[2012-01-12-1]˰³դ very ˤˤĤոϡvery Ū˷ƻȤȤȤĶˡˤĤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Mustanoja Ҳ𤷤MED Ʊͤ˹ͤƤ褦ǡ"verrei (adj.)" θ츻ˤơ뤳Ȥ˿Ƥ롥
When verrei adj. precedes another modifier, it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish (a) the situation in which both function as adjectives modifying the noun, from (b) that in which the modifier nearest the noun forms a syntactic compound with it (which compound is modified by verrei) and from (c) that in which verrei functions as an adverb modifying the adjective immediately following; some exx. of (a) and (b) now in this word may = (c) and belong to verrei adv.
㤨Сa verrai gentil man ȤǹͤС(a) ɤߤǤ "a true gentle man"(b) Ǥ "a true gentleman"(c) Ǥ "a truly gentle man" ȤѸɽ˼칽¤βȤʤ롥μζܤΤޤʹ¤顤ʬ (metanalysis) η̡ȤƤ very ȯãȹͤ롥
ǵäΤϷƻ줫ؤʻž (conversion) ˤֿ¡פȤϤޤݻƤȤϤֿ¤ˡˡפθ֤ȤƤ⡤ˡפζդθؤƻΤϡƶᤤ֤κζϾǤ뤳ȤϡMED "verrei (adv.)" 2 (a) (d) ͿƤΥǡ⤦Τ롥Ƹɽ魯ʸ̮٤Ƥ⡤ߤ˰̣ɤۤʤΤˤ狼ˤȽǤǤʤ
ֿ¤ˡפ֤ȤƤפζϺ´ˤϡǤѤ "sign-off" ʸ㤬Ŭvery ȤƤˡȯãȤơPaston Letters ʸ Vere hartely your, Molyns 롥Ǥ hartely "sincerely, affectionately" ۤɤΰդǡvere ϡֿ¤ˡפθȡñ˶դ֤ȤƤפθȤ¸ƤȲᤷ (Room 278)
ʾΤ褦ˡvery ϡեƻμѢƻֿ¤Ρעֿ¤ˡע֤ȤƤפءˡȸȯŸƤߡȯŸκǽʳȤ⤤٤⤦1ĤѲʹǤ롥϶ոν̿Ȥ⤤̣ѲʤΤοζդƤƤȤΤǤ롥ʲϡåץ mere ιǿƤ륳ȡ
very ˡˤϤۤȤϤΤʤդˤʤäƤޤäI'm very glad to meet you. ʤǤƤȤƤ⤦줷ˤϡI'm glad to meet you. ʤǤƤ줷ˤ⡤Фդ˷礱ɽȤʤ뤳Ȥ롥
very ΰ̣ѲˤϡΰΥɥޤޤƤ롥䡤ȤˤϻʤȤäƤ⡤very ϡˤΤ顥
硼 T. åץ ƻ ϻ إåץѸ츻ŵ١罤ۡ2009ǯ
Room, Adrian, ed. NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings. Lincolnwood: NTC, 1991.
[2012-01-04-1]ε#982. ꥫѸθѽФ flat adverbפǡ衤ƻǤ good real ȤƸȤѤ褦ˤʤäƤƤ뤳Ȥ˿줿ƻ줫ʻž (conversion) Ǥͭ̾ȤƤϡո very ʤ櫓ˤʤ
very ϡѸǺѤζոȤäƤ褤Frequency Sorter ˤСBNC ˤ very ٤86̤Ǥ롥θ줬դȤܳŪѤФΤ15ʹߤǤꡤѸ̤м礿ˡϡֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻä⤽ΤϤǡθϸťեƱηƻ ve(r)rai ѤΤǤʸեǤ vraiˡѸǤνϡc1275θϡin very truth, Very God of very God ʤɤδѶ˻ĤäƤ롥14ˤϡ괧ͭ̾ȼäơ֤ޤˤΡΡפ̣붯ոȤƤѤϤᡤˡϸѸ the very hat she wanted to get, at the very bottom of the lake, do one's very best ʤɤˤߤ롥
14Ⱦˤϡ嵭ηƻбȤơֿˡˡפθ very λѤǧƤ롥ʤƻ줫ؤžȤϡthat is a verrai gentil man (Gower CA iv 2275), he was a verray parfit gentil knyght (Ch. CT A Prol. 72), this benigne verray feithful mayde (Ch. CT E Cl. 343) ʤɤ˸ȤǤ롥Ǥ very ˡϡ³ƻƱʤηƻǤ롥̣ŪˤŪˤ⡤2ηƻĴȲǤʤȤʤĤޤꡤʬ (metanalysis) ȵ롥Τ褦ʶ礬Ū˹Ԥʤ褦ˤʤȡ٤̾줬ʤĶǤ very ƻԤȤƵǽ˻äΤǤϤʤޤverray penitent verray repentaunt ʤɤΤ褦ˡvery ̾Ū˵ǽƤȤᤷƻ褦⡤ʻžή岡ȹͤ롥ơ15ˤ϶դȤ̤ˤʤꡤ16ȾޤǤˤϤޤŵŪʶդǤä full, right, much ɤȤΤ褦٤ޤä
ʾ塤Mustanoja, pp. 326--27 ͤ˵Ҥ1ĤϤΤȤѸѤ줿¾¿ζ⡤ΥڡǺ٤ҤƤΤǻͤޤǤˡ
ͤƤߤС[2012-01-04-1]ǤߤƸŪ real ⤫ĤƤ ve(r)rai Ʊ͡եѸǤꡤġֿΡޤȤΡΡפ̣ƻǤ롥a real good soundtrack ʤɤɽߤȤҤ Mustanoja very ˴ؤΤޤƤϤޤ褦ˤפ롥ˤ֤Ƥ뤫Τ褦
Mustanoja, T. F. A Middle English Syntax. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 1960.
flat adverb εˤĤƤϡ[2009-06-07-1]ε#40. -ly פ[2012-01-03-1]ε#981. ȷƻζפǴñ˿ƤűѸǤϡƻδΤ˸ -e ղäȤƵǽ -e Τüˤ餵ƷŪ̵˵ˡƻƱ줬ޤ뤳Ȥˤʤä줬flat adverb ηŪʵǤ롥ѸʹߡŪȤƤ -ly ޤäƤflat adverb 褷Ѥ뤳Ȥʤߤˤޤ¸³Ƥ롥
ʾ夬 flat adverb γάŪˤ˶̣꤬롥flat adverb ϸߤǤϤƤ졦졦¯ζȼΤ褦 register ħ˾夤ˤƤΤflat adverb ȯãˤܤĴ٤вǤ꤫⤷ʤ
ȴϢ뤫⤷ʤٹ (127--28) ϡ-e ξüˤꡤȷƻ줬ƱȤʤäȤ˸ڤǡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
դθǡƻȤ־̤ä塤άͳϤääơƥϤηƻ줬ѤȤʤΤȤϼ¤ˤǤ롥
Thou didst it excellent.---Shakespeare.
Grow not instant cold.---ibid.
Ǥ¯ǤϤ㤬¿ȤС
She talks awful.---Mark Twain.
You must ha' been an uncommon nice boy.---Dickens.
The mountains proved exceeding high.---H. R. Haggard.
ФǤʤäѤʸäƤΤ⾯ʤϤʤȤС
Quick as thought I switched on the light.--Kaye-Smith.
And doubtless there was more in him than met the eye, as is the way with great men.---Chesterton.
ѤΡ֥ƥηƻ줬ѤȤʤפȤϡŪʰ⤤뤤Ū¤ɽΤäˤβսǻʸͿƤ櫓ǤϤʤ꤫ǤϤʤˤʤڤǤ롥ɵ椷Ƥߤ
ٹ ﵭرʸˡ3ǡʸƲ1926ǯ
2ε (##981,982) flat adverb ˸ڤƤflat adverb Ȱ˸äƤ͡ʼब롥ΤʤǤ⡤He ran good real bad news ȤǤȤƤˡۤʤ롥ϡؿѸؼŵ٤˽äơȤ -ly adverb Ӥʤ顤flat adverb μʬषƤߤ褦
(1) flat adverb -ly adverb ξѤˡ̣㤨Ƥ뤳Ȥ¿dear vs dearly, fast vs fastly, free vs freely, hard vs hardly, late vs lately, near vs nearly, pretty vs prettily ʤɤ㤬롥
(2) 졦졦¯Ȥơä˥ꥫѸǹޤ롥ΤȤҤޤä϶Ϳ뤳Ȥ¿
Alice's elbow was pressed hard against it.
But she did not venture to say it out loud.
Then they both bowed low.
I lighted the torch high.
Sure you won't change your mind and come and look for lions in Rhodesia?
I shall doubtless see you tomorrow.
(3) ˶ĴȤ¾θ롥mighty cold, burning hot, real good ([2012-01-04-1]), terrible strong, dead tired.
(4) Ӥɽľ (simile) ˤƤϡflat adverb ǧ٤⤯ʤ롥
Come as quick as you can.
I can't stay longer.
He stared at me now as expressionless as a stone.
Silver leant back against the wall as calm as though he had been in church.
Helpless as a sheep, I moved along under his expert direction.
(5) binomial Ȥơ줬Ϣ³硥speak loud and clear, lose fair and square, be brought up short and sharp, etc. (Quirk et al. 406)
(6) ˤơOne road leads to the river, As it goes singing slow. (Masefield)
(7) flat adverb -ly adverb ȰۤʤꡤưΡʤ뤤Ū줬ФΡ˸֤˸¤롥He drove slow.; We got the house cheap.
(8) be, appear, look, sound, feel, taste, smell, turn, run, grow, prove, remain ʤɤ1ʸ2ʸư˸³ˤϡflat adverb -ly adverb ˤäʸʬ롥The train appeared slow/slowly.; The boys looked eager/eagerly.
ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1]) κǸ˿줿ñ (flat adverb) 夲롥б -ly ¸Ƥ硤flat adverb ϰ̤άŪ뤤ϸŪǤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ롥Ūʴϡ-ly ȼɸǤꡤflat adverb оݤȤΤǻѤ٤Ȥ뤬LGSWE (Section 7.12.2) ˤСʲΤ褦ϲåѥǤ̤˸Ȥ
The big one went so slow. (CONV)
Well it was hot but it didn't come out quick. (CONV)
They want to make sure it runs smooth first. (CONV)
ä good real ȤѤˡϡAmE θǹʹ롥LGSWE (Section 7.12.2.1) εҤˤСgood well ΰ̣ѤϡAmE βäǰŪˤ褯졤ǽդ BrE ǤϵǤ롥really ѤȤƤ real ˤĤƤϡAmE βäǤ really Ⱦʬۤɤ٤ǻѤƤȤ顤٤ѥ٤ǤС BrE βäˤ really ٤ɤŨȤʤBrE Ǥ real Τˡϳ̵ǤϤʤǤ롥ξԤ LGSWE 餤Ĥ褦
It just worked out good, didn't it? (AmE CONV)
Bruce Jackson, In Excess' trainer said, "He ran good, but he runs good all the time. It was easy." (AmE NEWS)
It would have been real [bad] news. (AmE CONV)
I have a really [good] video with a real [good] soundtrack. (AmE CONV)
Τ褦ˡgood ưȹ¤ʤƽˡreal ϷƻĴˡ̤Ǥ롥
ʾΤ褦ˡѸˤ flat adverb ϥꥫѸθѤ뷹Ȥѥ餫ȤʤäƤ뤬ηȴϢ[2011-01-12-1]ε#625. ѸʸˡѲ˸뷹פǿ줿ꥫѸ첽 (Americanisation) ȸ첽 (colloquialisation) Ĭή۵ˤʤ塤good 뤤 real ˸¤餺ѸΤȤ flat adverb λѤ礷Ƥ椯ȤǽȤȤ碌ơ[2010-03-05-1]ε#312. ʸˡαƺפ (5) ⻲Ȥ줿
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow