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adjective - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2021-05-23 Sun

#4409. ɱ --- fair θ촶 [khelf_hel_intro_2021][adjective][synonym][semantics][semantic_change][lexical_stratification][bnc][collocation][etymology]

ֱѸƳ2021꺣Ҳ𤹤륳ƥĤϡɽ줿֤ǰ֡פΤïǤǥˡDz Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ʡɱ١ˤ "Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one of all?" ѤƤƻ fair ΰ̣Ѳ˾ƤѸƳƥĤȤʤäƤޤ
פȤФޤ beautiful פ⤫ӤޤʤǤ fair ʤΤǤ礦ޤƥĤǤ⤵Ƥ̤ fair ˤϡֿΡפȤ⤢ޤΤǡSnow White ȤΤ褤Ȥޤˡbeautiful ƻѤƤΤòƤ봶ΤФfair ˤϡָʡʿʡפθޤƻŪʴްդޤ (cf. fair trading, fair share, fair play) ɱƤΤˤԤäȤ櫓Ǥ
fair ϸűѸѤƤѸǡŤ˭ʶޤbeautiful ϡ14˸ťե󥹸̾ beute Ѥˡ15˱Ѹ¦ -ful ղäƺäѸǤե󥹼ѸΤˤϡȾץե󥹼ѸˤŪˤäΩŪ̵ƩζĤȤ¿ΤǤbeautiful ˤĤƤгΤ fair ٤ƻŪŪʿߤϴޤ󡥡ʥƥѸ attractive ȹ碌 fair -- beautiful -- attractive 31 (triset) ȳơλѰ (register) ˤĤƤϡ#334. Ѹäλع¤ ([2010-03-27-1])
fair beautiful Τ褦ΰ̣ˡΰ㤤ˤĤƾܤΤꤿˤϡ䥳ѥʸ򤸤äįᡤɤΤ褦ʸȶ (collocation) Ƥ뤫ѻ뤳Ȥᤷޤ1줫ʤ륤ꥹѸ쥳ѥ BNCweb ξζɽĴ٤ƤߤޤǤϿʪƻѤƤ붦˸¤äƾҲ𤷤ޤfair ȥåȤߤ䤹Τ hair lady Ǥbeautiful ȥåȤȤƤ woman, girl, young, hair, face, eyes, looks ʤɤ󤬤äƤޤʤ򴶤 fair lady ФơޤƻѤɤɽ魯Ȥò beautiful woman/girl ȤΩ¤⤫Ӿ夬äƤޤɱˤϤϤ fair դ路ΤǤ礦͡
fair ˸򤵤ȸηӤĤϡcandid Ȥƻˤ⸫ޤcandid ˡΨľʡפ̣ޤʤָʿʡפθޤŤϡ򤤡פθ⤢ޤȤȤθ츻ϥƥ candidus ǡޤˡ򤤡פ̣ޤǮƵƤפǡcandle ʥˤȤ캬ͭƤޤޤcandidate ʸԡˤϡޤǸԤ򤤥ȡ뽬路äȤͳ褷ޤʤߤܸǤַסֹס֥ʡ̵ˡפʤɤ򤵤ȸδطָޤ͡

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2021-03-06 Sat

#4331. Johnson μ̾򼨤ά n.s. [johnson][dictionary][lexicography][noun][adjective][verb][latin][terminology]

Samuel Johnson μ A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) ˤϡ̾򼨤άȤơ߸Ƥ n. ǤϤʤ n.s. ѤƤ롥̾ stone ιܤƬߤƤߤ褦



Ф³ơåΤ n. ʃ. 롥ξʸ <s> Ϥ long <s> ȸƤФΤǡߤΤΤȰۤʤΤաlong <s> ˤĤƤϡ#584. long <s> graphemics ([2010-12-02-1])#2997. 1800ǯ򶭤˰ä long <s> ([2017-07-11-1])#3869. 衼åѽ줬Ѹν񤭸դ˵ڤܤƶ ([2019-11-30-1])#3875. 񤭤Ǥ19ޤǤĤäƤ long <s> ([2019-12-06-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ
n.s. ϡŪ̾ؤ noun substantive ξάǤ롥ߤδФϤषĹ̾Τ褦˻פ뤫⤷ʤƥʸˡѸ츯餹ƥʸˡǤϡʤˤޤࡤʤ̾ȷƻҤä "noun" ȤߤʤƤˤʤä̾ȷƻʪȤ븫ޤ졤Ԥ "noun substantive"Ԥ "noun adjective" ȸƤФ뤳Ȥˤʤäޤ "noun" ޤޤƤǤϡѤǤȤ⤤롥Dixon (97) ϢѤ褦

Early Latin grammars used the term 'noun' for all words which inflect for case. At a later stage, this class was divided into two: 'noun substantive' (for words referring to substance) and 'noun adjective' (for those relating to quality). Johnson had shortened the latter to just 'adjective' but retained 'noun substantive', hence his abbreviation n.s.


Ѥˤ⤢̤ꡤƻΤۤ n.a. ǤϤʤ adj. ȤƤΤǡӤƤʤȤФ̤ƻ stone ιܤߤƤߤ褦



ʤߤˡˤư to stone θФ⸫뤬ʻά v.a. ϡverb active ɽ魯Ǥ¾ư (transitive verb) 򤽤ƤǤΤǤ롥ư (intransitive verb) ϡv.n. (= verb neuter) ä
ʸˡѸŪˤĤƤϡ#1257. ʤгʡפ "accusative case" ʤΤ ([2012-10-05-1])#1258. ʤ¾ưפ "transitive verb" ʤΤ ([2012-10-06-1])#1520. ʤư֤Ρ֡פ voice ʤΤ ([2013-06-25-1])#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬס ([2018-05-17-1])#3983. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (1) ([2020-03-23-1])#3984. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (2) ([2020-03-24-1])#3985. ؤǤˡ (mood) ȤϲǤ (3) ([2020-03-25-1])#4317. ʤֳʡפ "case" ʤΤ ([2021-02-20-1]) ʤɤ򻲾ȡ

Dixon, R. M. W. The Unmasking of English Dictionaries. Cambridge: CUP, 2018.

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2021-01-17 Sun

#4283. many years ago ʤɤβλɽѤ ago ȤϲǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hellog_entry_set][adjective][adverb][participle][reanalysis][be][perfect]

ɸϳιͤȤʤ䤫⤷ޤago Ȥϡ?ˡפɽ魯λɽѤȤΤ褦˥ޥƤȻפޤäʤΰ̣ФΤȿ֤Ƥ⡤ʤʤʤΤǤϤʤǤ礦⤽ ago θ츻ϲʤΤǤ礦İ



ǤǤ礦ago ϡư go ˰̣Ƭ a- դΡƴññʤΤǤŪˤ "XXX is/are agone." XXXδ֤᤮äפǤbe ưܲʬ agone ηǸߴλɽ路ƤΤǤ͡䤬 agone ϸҲ򼺤 ago η֤˽̾Ƥޤθ塤ʸΰȤŪ˵ǽˡbe ưʬάޤXXX (being) ago Τ褦ʬ칽ʸȤ򤷤Ƥ⤱äǤ
ΩͤȡI began to learn English many years ago. ϡäƤߤ I began to learn English --- many years (being) gone (by now). ȤäɽλȤȤǤˤĤơ⤦ܤΤꤿϡ#3643. many years ago ago Ȥϲ ([2019-04-18-1]) εɤ

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2021-01-02 Sat

#4268. -ly 2³ -lily ϵǤ [bnc][adverb][suffix][adjective][productivity][-ly][haplology]

-ly μդˤĤƤ -ly ¿εǰäƤŪˤߤƤ꤬˭٤ǡ#1032. -e ο -ly ȯã ([2012-02-23-1]) #1189. Ѹˤ -ly ε§طʡ ([2012-07-29-1]) ʤɤǡΤ⤷Ҳ𤷤Ƥ
#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) Dz⤷Ƥ褦ˡߤǤŪȹͤƤ -ly ϡȤȤϷƻäξڵ friendly, scholarlywomanly, daily, weekly, yearly ʤɤϼ˷ƻȤѤ롥 -ly ƻ줫бˤϤɤФ褤줿顤ȤƤ -ly 򤵤˲äơfriendlily ʤɤȤΤ
Ū -ly ΤȤǤ롤ϳΤ friendlily ηϤ뤷¡ϿƤΤ⤢롥ºݾ¿ˤܤˤʤʸǤ롥ƻƱ friendly Ѥꡤin a friendly manner ʤɤȱŪɽΤ̤/-lɪli/ ³ĴŪ˸Ϥ (cacophony) ΤͳȻפ롥̤Ȥơhaplology ʽŲæˤ1Ĥ -ly ˤޤȤƤޤΤcf. #2362. haplology ([2015-10-15-1]
-lily Ǥ뤳ȤϸѸ쥳ѥǤñ˳ǧǤ롥㤨СBNCweb "*l[i,y]ly_{ADV}" Ȥñ㸡Ƥߤȡ106郎󤬤äƤ롥Ƹ٤󤹤ȡslyly (90), jollily (4), sillily (4), surlily (2), beastlily (1), ghostlily (1), oilily (1), possiblily (1), seemlily (1), uglily (1) Ȥʤ롥Ǥ٤ι⤤ slily δΤȤʤƻ sly /slaɪ/ Ǥꡤ ly ϤޤǸ촴ΰˤʤᡤδؿоݤ鳰Ƥ褤2̥ jollily, sillily ˤĤƤ⡤Τηƻ jolly, silly ˴ޤޤ -ly ϡŪˤϤ餯ȴƤʤΤǤϤʤʸ츻Ūˤ silly -ly ϳΤܲܤƤͳ褹Τˡpossiblily ˤĤƤϡʸ̮ǧ̾ possibility Υߥڥ󥰤Ǥ뤳Ȥʬꡤθ鳰Ƥ褤̤Ȥơ-lily ϤƵǤ뤳Ȥ狼

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2020-12-28 Mon

#4263. XXX Made Easy Ȥȥ (1) [syntax][adjective][construction][flat_adverb][passive][participle]

˥δ֤夬äҲ𤷤Time The Best Inventions of 2020 ˡϳĴ Chef iQ Smart Cooker Ȥʤ夲ƤȤΥڡǥե㡼Ƥ뤬ϤΥȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ǥ롥ϤɤΤ褦ʹʸǤꡤɤΤ褦ʰ̣ʤΤ
֡Τ͡˵ʤ졤Ѥ⤷äʤȤǤϤ졤ΤʤϪǵȤΤϡȤƤθ餷
Ǥϡˡä礤η̡Ф줿ո͡äִñ˺줿פȤ̣ easy ϼ¤ñ (flat_adverb) ʤΤǤʤȤ򤬽Ф줿 make μȹʸǤ easy ϤޤǷƻȤѤƤִñˤ줿פۤɤǤȤ⤢äΤȤơֳڤӡפۤɤΥ˥奢󥹤ȤȤϳ狼äƤ뤱ɤ⡤ʸˡŪǼΤ񤷤ȤäȤǵǤߤȤʤä
餤Сϻ make μȹʸǤ롥ʸˡǤ5ʸ SVOC ١ȤʤäƤ롥(This cooker) makes meals easy. ۤɤǰƬˤȤ褤Ȥˤ "Meals are made easy (by this cooker)." Ȥʤ롥ȥȤΤ̾ˤ٤meals Ȥ "Meals Made Easy" Ȥ櫓
ǤϤäỌ̇̄ʬʤȤгΤˤmake ϡ?פθǤϤʤޤǻΡ?ĤˤפθѤƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫make meals ֿפʤäʬ䤹ʤ collocation ⤢ޤʤ褦ˡǤϤʤ make meals easy = cause meals to be easy ȤطĤޤֿñˤפȤȤʤΤǤ롥̤θ򤹤 meals = easy Ȥطˤʤ롥ֿסִñפȤΤϤɤȤֿѰաסִñפȤΤǤСȤƤ褯ʬ롥ϰäʤ
¤ XXX Made Easy ȤɽϡʤɤΥȥ˾Ѥ귿Ǥ롥ܸǤСء١ïǤ狼١ñ٤ȤäȤXXX ˤϡ롤̣ܡܤʤ͡ʸ礬롥BNCweb ˤ "made easy" ñ㸡Ǥ⡤̤ᤤΤԲʤΤޤǡȵ󤬤äƤ롥

Harvesting and storing made easy
MIDDLE EAST DISTRIBUTION MADE EASY
Suicide made easy
FLOOR TILING MADE EASY
COSMETICS MADE EASY
Sheep counting made easy
Financial Analysis Made Easy
Mechanics Made Easy

ºݤ˽ǤƤܤΥȥǤСܥӥΤ Word Power Made Easy ⤢СMath Made Easy ʤɤγزʤΤ֤Japanese cookbook for beginners: 100 Classic and Modern Recipes Made Easy Τ褦Τ¿AUSTRALIAN COOKBOOK: BOOK1, FOR BEGINNERS MADE EASY STEP BY STEP դϹʸ䤹ΤǤϤʤXXX Made Simple XXX Simplified õиĤ롥
XXX ϡֺ (make) оݤǤɬפϤޤäʤष餫ΰ̣ǽ٤оݤǤвǤ褤ȤȤǡ"Meals Made Easy" ֤עֳڤӡפۤɤȤʤ櫓Ǥ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2020-12-29-1]

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2020-11-29 Sun

#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][comparison][adjective][adverb]

ûƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿˤˤ -er, -est դĹƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿˤˤϡθ more, most դ줬Ѹεʸˡ뵬§ǤϱѸˤˤŪ§Ȥ٤ǤꡤŤŬѤƤ§ǤϤޤ󡥸ĹˤäƤӵ顦Ǿˡ뤫Ȥ§ϡˤʤΤǤǤϡβİ



⤽Ѹӵ顦Ǿˤ -er, -est դȤˡޤǤmore, most ֤ˡϡ餯ե󥹸ƥȤˡȤѸ˼졤ѸˤƳΩˡʤΤǤ
פ˱ѸΩ줫ߤȡޤ -er, -est ѤƷŪ˽ƤΤˤǥե󥹸ƥ줫αƶˤꡤmore/most ѤŪɽ褦ˤʤäȤפǤ
ε˴ϢġȤƤϡ##3617,3032,456,2346,403,2347,3349,3619,3618,3615,3703εå

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2020-11-11 Wed

#4216. ʤƻ friendly ˤΤϤ -ly դƤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][suffix][adverb][adjective][productivity][-ly]

Ƕᡤ󤻤줿ѤʵǤ-ly Ȥзƻ줫ŵŪʸ򤵤Ƥޤ¤̾줫ƻݤˤѤ뤳Ȥޤɸ friendly Ϥbeastlyfatherlyknightlyscholarlywomanly ʤɤ󤲤ޤ֤ɽ dailyhourlyweeklyyearly ʤɤǤ
ʤ -ly ƻˤʤΤǤ礦ϡθˤҤȤв褷ޤǤϡİ



¤ -ly ϤȤȤȤƻäΤǤäơfriendly Τ褦ʸϡषͳΤȤޤѸˤѲη̡űѸηƻ -līċ -līċe ξεǽͤ褦ˤʤäѸ -ly ϡषȤƤϤȯƤ褦ˤʤޤĤ -ly ϡεǽȤ⤤٤ƻȤƤǤϤʤȤǧ褦ˤʤޤ
ˤĤƤ˱ѸŪ򿼤᤿ϡ##40,1032,1036εå⤴ɤ

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2020-10-27 Tue

#4201. ν񤭽Ф Dear my friend [vocative][pragmatics][adjective][interjection][syntax][word_order][pragmatic_marker][coca]

ǶᡤرλŦ˥ϥäȤ뤳Ȥ¿ؤ󴶼դƤ롥ɸ귿ʸȤߤʤƤꡤȤꤿƤʬŪ˹ͤȤʤäŦơֳΤˡפȴdear ϡֿưʤפ̣̤ηƻǤ뤫顤my dear friend ʤ褯ʬ롥Ƭΰ (salutation) ʤɤǤϡŪ˳ʤȤ⤤ Dear my friendDear Mr. Smith ʤɤȤƤɤʤΤ
ŪʴФȤƤϡƬΰ Dear ϽƻȤϡΤδ (interjection) ˶ᤤΤǤꡤɸ (pragmatic_marker) ȤäƤ褤Τ⤷ʤĤޤꡤ my dear friend ȡ˳ʤ Dear my friend ٤ƤʤΤǤϤʤȤȤ⤷ʤCGEL (775) Ǥ⡤ʲΤ褦˰ƳޡȤߤʤƺѤޤƤ롥

It is conventional to place a salutation above the body of the letter. The salutation, which is on a line of its own, is generally introduced by Dear;
   Dear RuthDear Dr BrownDear MadamDear Sir


̻Ūˤߤе䤬ͯƤ롥Dear my friend Τ褦ʸ礬Ƹ줿ΤϤĤʤΤθɸβϤʤΤäΤѸǤ Dear my lord Dear my lady 㤬¿褦 milord, milady θòȤؤ꤬˰㤤ʤ
ѸξˤĤưҤ٤ƤСCOCA ǸƤߤ¤ꡤ¤ϡdear my ̾פϷ褷¿ʤŪˤ⤤ʴ롤⤷ơޤǤʢK󡤤꤬Ȥˡ

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2020-08-04 Tue

#4117. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡŪˤϡֹ԰ټԡ [preposition][syntax][infinitive][construction][adjective][semantics][passive]

ε#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ ([2020-08-03-1]) ³ԡŪˤϤäꤷʤ of ˡŪˤߤȤ褽褹롥ϡιʸ of ˡˤĤŪˤҤȤƹԤ
OED of, prep. ˤȡˡ of ϡ"V. Indicating the agent or doer." ȤʬβǸ16˵󤲤Ƥ롥

16. Indicating the doer of something characterized by an adjective: following an adjective alone, as foolish, good, rude, stupid, unkind, wise, wrong (or any other adjective with which conduct can be described); following an adjective qualifying a noun, as a cruel act, a cunning trick, a kind deed, an odd thing; following a past participle qualified by an adverb, as cleverly managed, ill conceived, well done.
   Usually followed by to do (something), as in it was kind of you (i.e. a kind act or thing done by you) to help him etc., and less frequently by that, both constructions introducing the logical subject or object of the statement, e.g. It was kind of him to tell me = His telling me was a thing kindly done by him.


ֹ԰ټԡפ of ȤƤ⡤ˤ狼ˤǼ⤷ʤɸʸǤСΤ you come ΰ̣μǤꡤäƹ԰ټԤȤ⤤롥Ǥ for Ѥ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤˤƤ⡤him get ΰ̣μǤ԰ټԤǤ⤢뤫顤of for ˡΰ㤤Фʤ2Ĥֻ줬ƱˡĤȼΤϤˤ衤ʤʤΤߤ
OED ΰѤ˵ҤƤŪطʤǫɤ߲򤱤Сʤֹ԰ټԤ ofפʤΤʬäƤ롥ˡ of κǽϡɤƻľ³Ȥ⡤ƻޤ̾ľ³褦ʤΤǤ롥ĤޤꡤIt's a very kind thing of you to come. Τ褦ʹʸäȹͤ롥θιʸФϰճ٤Ѹ̤ˤʤʲOED ǽο󤲤Ƥ

1532 W. Tyndale Expos. & Notes 73 Is it not a blind thing of the world that either they will do no good works,..or will..have the glory themselves?
a1593 C. Marlowe Jew of Malta (1633) iv. v 'Tis a strange thing of that Iew, he lives upon pickled grasshoppers.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. ii. 101 It was a brute parte of him, To kill so capitall a calfe.
1668 H. More Divine Dialogues ii. 383 That's a very odd thing of the men of Arcladam.
1733 J. Tull Horse-hoing Husbandry 266 Is it not very unfair of Equivocus to represent [etc.]?
1766 H. Brooke Fool of Quality I. iv. 145 Indeed, it was very naughty of him.


ǽ4ϡַƻޤ̾ + ofפȤʤäƤ롥of "(done) by" ۤɤΡֹ԰ټԤ ofפȤɤؤ򤷤䤹ǻפФΤϡȤưɽ魯ֻϡǤ by ŪѸ줫ѸˤƤϡष of Ƥ¤ϸʾ of = "done by"ʤֹ԰ټԤ ofפδФǻäΤǤcf. #1350. ư֤ưѤ of ([2013-01-06-1])#1333. ѸǼư֤ưѤ줿ֻ ([2012-12-20-1])#2269. ư֤ưѤ줿 by of ζ ([2015-07-14-1]
˵󤲤Ǹ2ˤĤƤϡǤŪάơַƻ + ofפιʸؤȰܹԤƤꡤΡֹ԰ټԤ ofפδФƤƤ褦˸롥ɸιʸϡιʸΤ褦˾άʤ⡤ޤǷѾƤΤˤۤʤʤΤǤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2025-10-24-1] [2022-01-09-1]

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2020-08-03 Mon

#4116. It's very kind of you to come. of ˡϡ [preposition][syntax][infinitive][construction][adjective][semantics][apposition]

ɸΤ褦ˡĤηƻϡof + ͡פȤֻȼ

It's very kind of you to come. ʤ虜虜ƤäƤߤޤ󡥡
It was foolish of you to spend so much. ʤʤˤȤäϼͤ
It was wrong of him to tell lies. ʱĤơ褯ʤä͡
It is wise of you to stay away from him. ʷȤĤʤΤϸ
It was silly of me to forget my passport. ʥѥݡȤ˺ȤϤĤä

ŵŪ It is ADJ of PERSON to do . . . . Ȥʸʤ櫓PERSON is ADJ to do . . . . ȤʸȤ뤳ȤǤǶ̣Ȥɸ You're very kind to come. Ȥ뤳ȤǤ롥ǡŪʡfor + ͡פȼ It is important for him to get the job. ब뤳ȤϽפʤȤˤιʸȤϰۤʤäƤ롥Ԥ *He is important to get the job. Ȥϥѥե졼Ǥʤ
ɸιʸƤƻ --- ʤ important פǤϤʤ kind פηƻ --- 󤲤Ƥߤȡcareful, careless, crazy, greedy, kind, mad, nice, silly, unwise, wise, wrong (Quirk et al. 16.76, 16.82ˡ̣ŪˤϿͤιưɾƻǤ롥̤γ٤ߤȡɸʸǤ kind ʿڤʡˤʤΤϡƤ줿ȡפǤ⤢ꡤƱˡ֤ʤפǤ⤢ȤطΩġ
Ҥ important ʽפʡˤѤʸǤϡפʤΤϡֿ뤳ȡפǤꡤפ׿ʪǤ櫓ǤϤʤ顤Ϥξפΰ̣Ūۤʤ뤳ȤʬĤޤꡤimportant פ for ѤʸȤϰۤʤꡤkind פ of ѤʸǤϡkind of you ʬ you are kind Ȥ̣طޤƤΤǤ롥
Ȥȡֻ of ˡϲȸƤ֤٤Ʊ (apposition) ˡȤߤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ɤǼޤ꤬cf. #2461. an angel of a girl (1) ([2016-01-22-1])#2462. an angel of a girl (2) ([2016-01-23-1])ˡֿʪưɾ ofפʤɤȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤˤ衤ŪõäƤߤɬפ롥

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

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2020-08-02 Sun

#4115. ʤthe ӵ顤the ӵפǡ?Фۤ?פΰ̣ˤʤΤǤ --- hellog 饸 [hellog-radio][sobokunagimon][hel_education][article][comparison][adjective][instrumental]

hellog 饸12ϡ1ĤθȤƳؽ뤳Ȥ¿ɸιʸˤĤơ

The longer you work, the more you will earn. ĹƯƯۤɡ¿ΤԤޤ
The older we grow, the weaker our memory becomes. ǯȤФȤۤɡϤϿꤨޤ
The sooner, the better. ᤱᤤۤɤ褤

ιʸǤϡӵѤ᤬2󤵤Τǡ?Фۤ?פȤ̣ˤʤ뤳ȤϲȤʤʬ뵤ΤǤʤ괧 the ФƤΤ礦 the ϤäʤΤǤ礦ϡ򤭤򤷤Ƥޤ



¤϶äۤˤθŤʸʤΤǤ͡⡤the (adverb) ȤƵǽƤȤϡͤȤƤϡwhen . . . then, if . . . then, although . . . yet, as . . . so Τ褦عʸƱ˰Ф褤ȤȤˤʤޤ
ˤĤƾܤ򤷤ϡ##812,811εå

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2020-05-05 Tue

#4026. ʤ Japanese Chinese ʤɤñʣƱʤΤǤ (3) [plural][number][adjective][etymology][suffix][metanalysis][sobokunagimon]

ɸѤʵˤĤ2֤ε ([2020-05-03-1], [2020-05-04-1]) Ƥޤ⤽³Ǥ
Japanese Chinese ƻǤ뤫̾ȤѤǤʣ -s ĤʤΤȤФơѸˤ Japaneses Chineses Τ褦̾ -s 򼨤ʣ̤˻ȤƤΤ顤Τ褦ʷƻ쵯˵ϼʤȤȤޤǵߤƤޤ䤦٤ϡʤ Japaneses Chineses ȤʣޤǤѤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ
ͤ1ĤϡޤǤݤ̷⤹褦ǤϤޤϤ굯Ū˷ƻǤȤռˤ³ǽŪˤϤ줬ȤǤ㤨 Those students over there are Japanese. ʹȤ Japanese ʣ̾ȤơܿͤפȤǤޤƻȤơܡʿ͡ˤΡפȤǤޤĤޤξŪǤŪˤƻǤꡤ٤ȤƤƻȤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ȤСȤä꤬̾ΤĤǤʸȯȤƤ⡤ʹϷƻȤ򤹤뤫⤷ޤȤ̾Ȥ Japaneses ʹ줿⤢äȤϤĹ֤ˡϤ Japanese ηƻȤߤʤȤԲǽǤϤޤ
⤦1ĤδϡϤεȴؤäƤޤthe English, the French, the Scottish, the Welsh, ʤɡ -ish ʤ䤽ΰ۷ˤķƻͳ褹?͡פ -(e)s 餺ŪѤ뤳ȤȤʿΤǤϤʤȤ⵿ޤcf. #165. ̱²ƻ i-mutation ([2009-10-09-1]
ˤ⤦1Ĥδ򼨤ʤСȯ˴ؤ⤢뤫⤷ޤJapaneses Chineses Ǥϸ໤³ /-zɪz/ ȤʤꡤȯԲǽȤϤ鷺Ȥ⺤ˤʤޤ򤱤뤿ʣ -s ڤȤȤǽޤϢƽͭʤ -s λ򻲾ȤƤߤޤȡ/s/ /z/ ǽͭ̾νͭʤ Socrates' death, Moses' prophecy, Columbus's discovery ʤɤ֤ޤȯȤƤϽͭʤʬ /-ɪz/ ϼ¸ʤΤ̤Ǥ໤³ȯˤʤ뤿ȹͤޤJapanese, Chineses ˤƱ褦ȯװѤΤ⤷ޤ
Ūװ⤦1IJäʤСJapanese Chinese θ /z/ ΤʣθθΤȤƴ㤤줿Ū˴ѻ줿ȤŦƤޤ礦OED Ǥϡ㤤η̤ȤƤñȤƤ Chinee Portugee λ㤬𤵤Ƥޤ󤳤Τ褦ʴ㤤Ūˤϡְʬϡ (metanalysis) Ȥޤˤ̲ȤŪ¤Ϥޤ󤬡ʤȤ Japaneses Τ褦ʻ໤Ϣ³ԼǤȤ嵭˴Ū˴ؤäƤǽ魯ǤϤޤ
ʾ塤٥εǤˤϻäƤޤ󤬡ѸˡѸؤδɸѤʵäƤߤޤѸˤΥݥƥ󥷥̥Ϥ˵ŤƤ館йǤ

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2020-05-04 Mon

#4025. ʤ Japanese Chinese ʤɤñʣƱʤΤǤ (2) [plural][number][adjective][etymology][suffix][sobokunagimon]

ε ([2020-05-03-1]) ˰³ѸˤμȤǴ󤻤줿ɸѤʵˤĤơ
εǤϡ-ese ϵŪ˷ƻǤꡤ餳̾ȤʻͭΡʣפʤɤϤȤʤΤȤ򸫤ޤѸˤϷƻ쵯̾ϤޤȤꡤ㤷äʣ -s ȤäƤΤǤ (ex. Americans, blacks, females, gays, natives) Ǥ­ޤ
ˤˤȤäԹΰȤˡѸˤϡʤ Japaneses Ȥ̾ʣѤƤΤǤOED Japanese, adj. and n. ꡤιܤʸ󤲤Ƥߤޤ礦

B. n
1. A native of Japan.
   Formerly as true noun with plural in -es; now only as an adjective used absolute and unchanged for plural: a Japanese, two Japanese, the Japanese.
   . . . .
   1655 E. Terry Voy. E.-India 129 I have taken speciall notice of divers Chinesaas, and Japanesaas there.
   1693 T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. 105 The Iapponeses prepare [tea]..quite otherwise than is done in Europe.
   . . . .


ڥ󥰤ޤǤϤޤ Japanesaas Iapponeses ȤߤޤĤޤꡤ̾ȤƤʣ Americans, blacks, females, gays, natives ѤΤƱ褦ˡJapaneses Τ褦ѤƤΤǤ1655ǯʸˤ Chinesaas ѤƤꡤ17ˤϤ줬ŪäΤǤºݡԥ塼꥿ͥߥȥ̾ؼڱ٤ˤ "1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iii. 438 Sericana, where Chineses drive With Sails and Wind thir canie Waggons light." Τ褦 Chineses ѤƤޤϡʤ̾ʣ Japaneses, Chineses ѤȤʤꡤñʣƱȤʤäΤǤ
³εǹͤƤȻפޤ

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2020-05-03 Sun

#4024. ʤ Japanese Chinese ʤɤñʣƱʤΤǤ (1) [plural][number][adjective][etymology][suffix][latin][french][sobokunagimon]

ѸˤμȤǴ󤻤줿ѤʵǤ-ese (suffix) ġ?͡פ̣̱̾ϡʣǤ -s դñʣƱȤʤޤThere are one/three Japanese in the class. Τ褦˻ȤޤʤʣʤΤ -s դʤΤǤ礦ϡʤʤ񤷤ǤȻפޤ
Ѹˤ sheep, hundred, fish ʤɡʤñʣƱ̾줬ޤ¿ϡ#12. How many carp! ([2009-05-11-1]) Ǥߤ褦˸űѸζ޻ˤΤܤꡤθŤѸޤDzŪ˻ĤäΤȤŪˤưפǤޤ-ese ϻ𤬰ۤʤޤϥե󥹸줫μѤǤꡤ᤯ȤѸȤƶѸʹߤ˸Ƥ뿷ǤűѸʸˡˤΤܤäñʣƱŤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤ
-ese θ츻ͤƤޤ礦-ese ȤϡޤäƸͭ̾餽ηƻǤƥηƻ -ensis ͳ褷θťե󥹸ˤȿǷ -eis Ѹ -ese ȤƼޤޤĤޤꡤŪ Japanese, Chinese Ū˷ƻȤơܤΡסΡפ̣ΤǤ
ƻ줬̾ȤѤ褦ˤʤΤϱѸ˸¤餺ӤǤJapanese ñȤǡܤθ "the Japanese language" ܤο͡ʡˡ "(the) Japanese person/people" ۤɤ̣̾ȤʤΤ⼫ԤǤߤ˻ޤǡ̾ǤϤʤƻǤȤռΤݥȤǤʣ̾ܿͤפȤѤȤǤ鸶ȤƤηƻΰռĤäƤꡤƻˤϡñȶ̤ʣʤȤ¤ؤäơJapanese Ȥ֤ΤޤޤʤΤȹͤޤפˡJapanese ŪˤϷƻ顤̾ˤߤʣ -s դʤΤȤǤ
ˤϾ꤬ޤŪˤϷƻǤʤ̾첽ñϡѸˤޤȤޤơ¿̾첽ʾ塤̾ȤƤΥ롼˽äʣǤ -s ȤΤǤ㤨 American, black, female, gay, native ϵŪˤϷƻǤ̾ȤƤѤƤꡤξ硤ʣ -s ȤޤȤ Japanese ⤳ƱΩ֤ˤϤǤʤ -s ʤΤǤŪǤ Japanese ñʣƱ­˲Ǥޤ
ˤĤƤϡε³Ƥޤ

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2020-04-12 Sun

#4003. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ (2) [adjective][inflection][oe][germanic][indo-european][comparative_linguistics][grammaticalisation][paradigm]

ѸˤϤߤʤ²¿θǤϷƻ (adjective) ˶ (inflection) ߤ롥˥ޥɤνˤƤϡƻޤ˴ؤợŪʴ鶯Ѳ (strong declension) ȼѲ (weak declension) 2ζ̤ߤʳơξˤĤƤϡ#687. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ ([2011-03-15-1]) 򻲾ȡˡΤ褦ʶζ̤ϡޥɤħ1ĤȤƤꡤӸŪ˶̣cf. #182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1]
ѸǤϡűѸˤϤζ̤Τˤߤ줿Ѹˤƶ޸οʿʹԤȡƱ̤ϤθˤƼƤäcf. #688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ ([2011-03-16-1])#2436. ƻʣޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ ([2015-12-28-1]) ˡѸϡƻζޤζ̤ϤޤΤΤ򼺤äƤꡤʬޥŪǤŪǤʤʤäƤȤ롥
űѸˤƻζѲȼѲζޤ򡤡#250. űѸζɽΥ祳 ([2010-01-02-1]) ȴФƤ

The Adjectival Declensions of Old English

ǤϡʤűѸ䤽¾ΥޥˤϷƻζޤ˶ζ̤Τ񤷤޷ΰ㤤ܤ뤳Ȥˤꡤƶ뤳ȤǤ롥ѲޥѥįƤߤȡ̾춯ѲޤȻؼ̾ޤξѥ󤬺ߤƤ뤳Ȥ˵դϡƻ줬Ȥ֤̾ȤơʶѲ̾Ūʶޤ򼨤ƤȤˡؼ̾ζޥѥʬŪ˿ƤΤȹͤʤ⤦ܤϡ#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ ([2016-04-30-1]) 򻲾ȡˡ
ѲζޥѥϡħŪ n ޤǼѲ̾ζޥѥˤäǤ롥Ϥƻ̩̾ܤʴطˤäΤѲ̾ζޤŵŪˤߤ n εϰĸ *-en-/-on- ˤȤ졤ϥƥ䥮ꥷ̾ˤФи (ex. Cato(nis) "smart/shrewd (one)", Strabōn "squint-eyed (one)") Τ褦ʸͭ̾Ѥ뤳Ȥ顤ɤѲޤϸ̲εǽ̤褦Ǥ롥ȤȡűѸηƻѲޤȼ se blinda mann "the blind man" ȤϡȤ "the blind one, a man" ۤɤƱŪʶäȹͤ롥줬䤬ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ޤȤʸˡƤȤ߹ޤƤȤˤʤäΤ
ʾ塤Marsh (13--14) 򻲾Ȥơʤޥɤηƻ˶2ζޤΤ˴ؤ1ĤҲ𤷤

Marsh, Jeannette K. "Periods: Pre-Old English." Chapter 1 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 1--18.

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2020-04-10 Fri

#4001. want αѸ --- t [old_norse][loan_word][borrowing][inflection][adjective][gender][impersonal_verb]

Ϣ want ȤѸŪ˷겼뵭񤤤Ƥʲ [2020-04-08-1] [2020-04-09-1]ˡϸ t ˤĤƹͤƤߤ
ѸˤζʽʤɤǤϡwant Τ褦Ūñ줬ťΥɸ줫μѸǤȤΤ϶ä٤ȤȤƤФиڤ롥ޤ t ťΥɸηƻǤ뤳ȤŦcf. #1253. ťΥɸαƶܡ ([2012-10-01-1]t äƤϰճȹä𤬤롥
#3999. want αѸ --- 츻Ọ̇̄Ѳ ([2020-04-08-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡѸ̾ want ư want Ȥϸ촴ΤƱäƤϩϰۤʤ롥̾ want ϡťΥɸηƻ vanr ʷ礤ˤ˶ޤ vant Ȥ֤̾ŪѤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥ư want ϸťΥɸư vanta ʷ礯礤Ƥˤͳ褹롥Ĥޤꡤ캬б wan ʬ̤ȤߤƤ褤 t ˴ؤƤϡ̾ξˤϷƻͳ褹ȤʤФʤ餺ưξˤϡ̤Ĵˤޤ̤ͳ褬ȤȤˤʤ롥äơwant t ϷƻǤȤʽŪʻŦϡ̾ȤƤ want ˤΤƤϤޤȤȤ
ư t ˤĤƤĴ٤뤳ȤˤǤ϶ʽǸڤ롤̾ t ƻͳ褹ˤĤƷ겼Ǥ˽Ҥ٤褦ˡťΥɸ vanr Ϸƻǡ?礤Ƥ (lacking) ̣ʸűѸηƻ wana ƱˡťΥɸǤϡ줬 be ưȤ߹蘆ä;ιʸOED want, adj. and n.2 θ츻ˡΤ褦˵Ҥ롥

Old Icelandic vant (neuter singular adjective) is used predicatively in expressions of the type vera vant to be lacking, typically with the person lacking something in the dative and the thing that is lacking in the genitive and with vant thus behaving similarly to a noun (compare e.g. var þeim vettugis vant they were lacking nothing, they had want of nothing, or var vant kýr a cow was missing, there was want of a cow).


ƻȤƤ vanr vantˤϡĤޤ "was VANT to them of nothing" ˤȤäƲ礱ƤʤäˤΤ褦˼Τʤ;ιʸˤѤƤȤȤǤ롥ˡۤɹ٤äΤťΥɸüԤܿѸüԤϡ˶ޤ vant 켫Τ촴Ǥ뤫Τ褦˲ᤷƬҲѸ첽Ĥ t ߤ want ַ˳­פ̣̾ȤƼƤȹͤ롥
μѤˤƤϡ¦üԤʸˡ̤Ƥʤꡤ޸ޤƸ촴ȴ㤤ơָפȤƼǤޤϤǤ⤢äºݡƻͳ褹 t ¾Ȥơscant ˳, thwart ʲڤäơ, wight ͦʡˡquart ʷ򹯤ʡˤʤɤ󤲤롥
Ϣơե󥹸 -er ޤޤޱѸ˼ޤ줿 cesser, detainer, dinner, merger, misnomer, remainder, surrender ʤɤ⡤̣ȤˤĤƤϡ#220. supper ([2009-12-03-1])#221. dinner ([2009-12-04-1]) 򻲾ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-11-1]

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2020-02-09 Sun

#3940. ƻ -al -ar [suffix][adjective][morphology][dissimilation][r][l]

ѸηƻŵŪ (suffix) -alabdominal, chemical, dental, editorial, ethical, fictional, legal, magical, medical, mortal, musical, natural, political, postal, regal, seasonal, sensational, societal, tropical, verbal ʤ˿¿󤲤뤳ȤǤ롥ϥƥηƻ -ālis (pertaining to) Ѹ˥ե󥹸ͳäƤΤǡŪǤ롥
褯 -ar ȤΤ⤢롥褷ƾʤʤangular, cellular, circular, insular, jocular, linear, lunar, modular, molecular, muscular, nuclear, particular, polar, popular, regular, singular, spectacular, stellar, tabular, vascular ʤ¿㤬󤬤롥εϤϤƥˤꡤƻ -āris (pertaining to) ˤΤܤ롥ξΰ㤤 l r ߤ˴طƤΤ
Yes Ǥ롥ŵŪ l r ΰ۲ (dissimilation) ȤʤäƤ롥ƥˤǥեȤ -ālis Τ l ޤޤȤˤ l νʣäơ l r ؤȰ۲ä˴ΤֻҲ -leפǽˤϡؤȤƻҲθ u (anaptyxis) ƻ -ular Ȥ򼨤Ȥˤʤ롥
l r ΰ۲ˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե󥹸 titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1])#3016. colonel ֻȯ ([2017-07-30-1])#3684. l r ϤäѤᤤ ([2019-05-29-1])#3904. corianderl ǤϤʤ r ([2020-01-04-1]) ⻲ȡ

Referrer (Inside): [2021-02-05-1] [2021-01-01-1]

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2020-01-19 Sun

#3919. Chibanian ʥХ˥ջˤ -ian (2) [suffix][word_formation][adjective][participle][indo-european][etymology]

ε ([2020-01-18-1]) ˰³ Chibanian -ian ˤĤơαѸϡƥǷƻ -(i)ānus ˤΤܤ뤳Ȥ˰ĸޤǤΤܤ *-no- Ȥ˹Ԥ夯촴첻 *-ā- ޤޤΤ˸³ȡ*-āno- ȤʤꡤΤȤڤФ줿ȤȤ -ian, -an, -ean ơѸ˼ޤ졤ŪʸŸƤȤϡ󤲤¿Ǽ̤Ǥ롥
ơĸ *-no- ϡޥɤΥ롼Ȥ̤ơѸΰճʬ˼ѤƤѲưβʬ˸ -en Ǻɽ魯̾դƷƻ -en Ǥ롥Ԥ broken, driven, shown, taken, written ʤɤ -en ؤԤ brazen, earthen, golden, wheaten, wooden, woolen ʤɤ -en ؤ (cf. ԤˤĤơ#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1]) ⻲ȡˡƻʳƻȤǶ̤εǽ̤Ƥ롥
ĤޤꡤChibanian -ian golden -en ϡѸ˻ޤǤηϩϳơޤäۤʤΤΡΤܤäƤߤƱȤȤˤʤ롥

Referrer (Inside): [2021-04-14-1] [2020-01-20-1]

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2020-01-18 Sat

#3918. Chibanian ʥХ˥ջˤ -ian (1) [suffix][word_formation][toponymy][adjective][anthropology][homo_sapiens][productivity]

Ĥ Chibanian ʥХ˥ջˤܤ̾˴Ťϼ̾ȤơϼʳϢˤꤵ줿ܥ֥Ǥ#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) Ǽ夲Ƥ2ǯȾвᤷƤ뤬褦䤯ηǤ롥ոǤϿʹι泰ۤ줿Ȥ顤֤夬äƤ褦
Chibanian ϡ774ǯ?129ǯϼؤ̾ΤǤ롥λϡۥ⡦ԥ (homo_sapiens) о줷ǤꡤˤϽθǽϤƤǽ⤢Ƕ̣ԤʤεǤϡChibanian ʤ뿷ϡ褯ͤƤߤȥƥǤѸǤܸǤʤԻ׵ĤʸȽҤ٤̾ηǰơο˰äƸ츻Ū⤦󶡤Ƥߤ (suffix) -ian ˤĤƤǤ롥
ϡ?Ρ?°פ̣ƻƥ -iānus ˤΤܤ롥ʬ򤹤С-i- Ϣ첻Ǥꡤ¼ŪʵǽäƤΤ -ānus ʬǤ롥ƥǸ촴 i ĸͭ̾줫顤ηƻΤ -ānus դ줿Τ -iānus ΤȤȴ褦ˤʤäΤ (ex. Italia -- Italiānus, Fabius -- Fabiānus, Vergilius -- Vergiliānus)
ѸϤΥƥθˤʤ餤-ian ˤͭ̾ηƻʤӤηƻб̾ˤ򼡡ȺФƤ󤲤СAddisonian, Arminian, Arnoldian, Bodleian, Cameronian, Gladstonian, Hoadleian, Hugonian, Johnsonian, Morrisonian, Ruskinian, Salisburyian, Shavian, Sheldonian, Taylorian, Tennysonian, Wardian, Wellsian, Wordsworthian; Aberdonian, Bathonian, Bostonian, Bristolian, Cantabrigian, Cornubian, Devonian, Galwegian, Glasgowegian, Johnian, Oxonian, Parisian, Salopian, Sierra Leonian ʤɤǤ롥ͭ̾١ΤΤФǤʤʸ񤭤 antediluvian, barbarian, historian, equestrian, patrician, phonetician, statistician ʤɡ¿
¤ϡƥ -ānus ˤΤܤǤ -ian -an -ean ƱǤ롥äơAfrican, American, European, Mediterranean ʤɤ⡤ŪˤϷطˤȤ (cf. #366. Caribbean ֻȯ ([2010-04-28-1])) οˤƤϡͭ̾ˤĤ硤-ian դΤŪΤ褦Ǥ롥 Chibanian ⡤ζǯ (productivity) 򼨤ڵȤ褦

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2019-11-05 Tue

#3844. ӵ4ˡ [comparison][adjective][adverb][semantics]

ε#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1]) #3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1]) ǡƻ졦 (comparison) ˤĤĴ٤Ƥ롥ʲϡؿѸؼŵ٤ comparison ιफˤʤKruisinga (Handbook, Vol. 4, §§1734--41) ˤӵ4ˡҲ𤷤褦

(i) оӵ (comparative of contrast)
a younger son ˤӵ younger ϡan elder son elder ǰƬˡоŪѤƤ롥How slow you are! Try and be a little quicker. Τ褦ˡƥŪо⤢롥unique, real, right, wrong ʤɤηƻŪоŪʰ̣ͭƤꡤ椨оӵȤ뤳ȤϤʤ

(ii) ͥӵ (comparative of superiority)
2ԤˤĤƱħĤ¾⤤٤ɽ魯Ѥ롥He worked harder than most men. Τ褦ʰŪʸǤ롥оӵ̤ʾȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥

(iii) ӵ (comparative of proportion)
ʿԤ2ĤѤ뤳Ȥ¿ƱΨáɽ롥The more he contemplated the thing the greater became his astonishment. You grow queerer as you grow older. Life seemed the better worth living because she had glimpsed death. ʤɤ㤬롥

(iv) ӵ (comparative of graduation)
á뤳Ȥɽ魯Τ and ѤӵŤͤΡThe road got worse and worse until there was none at all. ʤɡworse and worse Ȥ even worse ʤɤź⤢뤷worse 1ĤñȤѤ⤢롥

ӵ̣ŪʬषƤߤȶ̣ŪȯãĴ٤ƤߤȤ⤷

⿮ ʸͺ ƽؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1987ǯ

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-22-1] [2021-06-19-1]

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