̾ (noun phrase) ϡȤ˽礬¿ղä졤Ĺʤ뤳Ȥ롥㤨СüˤǤä夲ǤϤ뤬all the other potentially lethal doses of poison that may be administered to humans ʸˡŪǤ롥
Τ褦͡ʽ礬ղäˤϡ̾Ǥ¤ӽ礬ޤäƤ롥Ŭ֤ƤϤʤΤѸε§Fischer (79) "Element order within the NP in PDE" ꤹɽǺܤ褦
| Predeterminer | Determiner | Postdeterminer | Premodifier | Modifier | Head | Postmodifier |
| quantifiers | articles, | quantifiers, | adverbials, | adjectives, | noun, proper name, | prepositional |
| quantifiers, | numerals, specialized | some adjectives | adjuncts | pronoun | phrase, relative | |
| genitives, | adjectives | clause (some | ||||
| demonstratives, | adjectives) | |||||
| possessive/ | (quantifiers?) | |||||
| interrogative/ | ||||||
| relative pronouns | ||||||
| half | the | usual | price | |||
| any | other | potentially | embarrassing | details | ||
| a | pretty | unpleasant | encounter | |||
| both | our | meetings | with the | |||
| chairman | ||||||
| a | decibel | level | that made your | |||
| ears ache | ||||||
| these | two | criminal | activities |
#5633. ƻʸȤ to 줬³7ĤΥ --- Quirk et al. ([2024-09-28-1]) ˰³ƱʸˤĤơ̤ʸˡȤȡۤʤʬबʤƤ롥 LGSWE (= Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English) §9.4.5.2 ȤǤηƻΰ̣ˤäơ6פ̤Ƥ롥
9.4.5.2 Adjectives taking post-predicate to-clauses
CORPUS FINDINGS
- Only one adjectival predicate is notably common controling to-clauses in post-predicate position: (un)likely. This form occurs more than 50 times per million words in the LSWE Corpus.
- Other adjectival predicates occurring more than ten times per million words in the LSWE Corpus are: (un)able, determined, difficult, due, east, free, glad, hard, ready, used, (un)willing.
- Other adjectival predicates attested in the LSWE Corpus:
Degree of certainty: apt, certain, due, guaranteed, liable, (un)likely, prone, sure
Ability or willingness: (un)able, anxious, bound, careful, competent, determined, disposed, doomed, eager, eligible, fit, greedy, hesitant, inclined, keen, loath, obliged, prepared, quick, ready, reluctant, (all) set, slow, (in)sufficient, welcome, (un)willing
Personal affective stance: afraid, amazed, angry, annoyed, ashamed, astonished, careful, concerned, content, curious, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, embarrassed, free, furious, glad, grateful, happy, impatient, indignant, nervous, perturbed, pleased, proud, puzzled, relieved, sorry, surprised, worried
Ease or difficulty: awkward, difficult, easy, hard, (un)pleasant, (im)possible, tough
Evaluation: bad, brave, careless, crazy, expensive, good, lucky, mad, nice, right, silly, smart, (un)wise, wrong
Habitual behavior: (un)accustomed, (un)used
Ǥϡ줾Υפηƻ줬Ѥ to 줬ɤΤ褦ʰ̣ôäƤΤȤˤĤƤϿƤʤLGSWE ³սˤʤ⤬ΤǡҤȤ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan, eds. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.

10ϤޤޤؤοشⳫϤޤΤǡơhel (helkatsu) ФƤȻפޤ9ܤˤϡμͭӥ Mond ˤ10αѸ˴ؤ˲ƤޤϡѸˤ˴ؤѤʵ (sobokunagimon) ˤȤɤޤ餺ʳ̤ʤɤޤΤ̤äƥĥꡤդޤ
(1) ʤѸˤϥݥƥ֤ʷƻ¿Τ˥ͥƥʷƻ줬ʤΡ
Ѹˤϥݥƥʷƻͥƥʷƻ˭٤ˤޤŪθҲŪװˤꡤŪʱѸؽǤϥݥƥʷƻ˿뵡¿ʤ뷹ꤽǤºݤθѡä˥ɽǤϡͥƥʷƻ¿¸ߤޤ
(2) ̾ȷƻδطˤĤơGermany German Τ褦˸ʪޤ
̱̾²̾̾ʤɤδطʣǡɤ餬ΤǤɤ餬줫ϾˤäưۤʤޤŪѲ伫Ρ¾Τΰ㤤ʤɤƶŪʷŦΤϺǤ
(3) ߴλ I have been to б븽߷ *I am to ʤΤϤʤ
have been to 18о줷Ūɽǡб븽߷ϸ¸ߤޤǤbe ưξֻ to ưפͳΰĤǤָߴλΤʸˡ̤ȯŸƤޤ
(4) ɤޤʤƬʳ h ˤĤƤθˤϡ
桦 h Ū2Ż2ǤȤƤh䡤<wh> бȯѸˤ /h/ ʬ۳ʤɡ͡ʴ鸦椬ʤƤޤh ꤵѸȯֻȯŸ˴ͿƤܤǤ
(5) ˤֽħѲˤĤ
ˤäƸǤֽͭηꡤϸ硤ֹ¤¤ʤ͡¦̤˸ޤħŪʤΤǤϤʤŪѲ뤳Ȥ⤢ޤ㤨бѸ䥲ޥδܸ SOV SVO ؤĹ֤ѲƤޤ
(6) ʤ come some ˤ "magic e" Υ롼뤬ŬѤʤΡ
comesome ʤɤñϡ"magic e" Υ롼Ȥ̵طˤǤޤñֻϡ餷ɤߤ䤹뤿ˡޤ줿ΤǤѸֻˤ¿Υ롼뤬¸ߤ"magic e" ϤΤ1Ĥ˲ޤ
(7) Let's ˤߤ us s ξάϤ롩ޤ̣Ѳͳϡ
us ξάȤƤ -'s ȤƤϡshall's shall us ޤäΡˤޤlet's ϷŪˤ us μ岽ޤޤǽŪˤϡֵĤΰפִͶפؤȯŸˡ֤ʤ¥ǽޤϸμѲּѲȤޤ
(8) ѸˤܸΡ~פΤ褦1;ΤܤɽϤ롩
Ѹˤ⸬ɽϤޤܸۤηŪǤϤޤ㤨 in my humble opinion my modest prediction ʤɤɽ¾εĤɽԤؼ the present author ʤɤɽޤθ䴷ɽˤȤɤޤꡤܸΤ褦ηŪԶɽƥ¸ߤޤ
(9) Ѹ˸Ԥܻؤ4ǯ
´ȸ˼ҲиѤǤر˿ʳؤ륭ꥢѥޤ鸽Ǥηиϸ˥ˡʻ⤿餹ǽޤԤˤʤ뤫ɤ¤¿οͤΤǤǤפʤΤϻ³ؿõ濴ʤǮǤ䥻ߥʡؤλä³ؤӤΥ١ݤäƤ
(10) Ѹο;̾ˤ̶ʬͳȿ̾βǽϡ
1;Ρ2;̾ϲäθ̤ȽǤǤ뤿ᶦŪǤ3;ñ̾ϲäθˤʤͤؤᡤŪ̾դƤǤǤ¿ؤǧ顤3;ñ̾줬ƤƤޤƤΤ singular they ǤܤǤ
ʾǤ10 Mond ꡤѸʻˡˤ˴ؤѤʵ
ϡε#5634. eager-to-please ʸθŤȽư첽η ([2024-09-27-1]) ǿʤä⤦1Ĥιʸeasy-to-please ʸˤĤơŪħͤƤߤޤ
Fischer et al. (171--72) ˤСeasy-to-please ʸˤ (voice) ˴ؤפ꤬ĤޤȤޤ
The easy-to-please construction has undergone a number of changes. From around 1400, two slightly more complex variants of the construction are found. One has a stranded preposition in the subordinate clause, as in (28a). The other has a passive infinitive (28b).
(28) aþei fond hit good and esy to dele wiþ also
'They found it good and easy to deal with as well.' (Curson(Trin-C)16557)
bthe excercise and vce [= 'use'] of suche ... visible signes [...] is good and profitable to be had at certein whilis [= 'times'] (Pecock,Represser,Ch.XX)
(28a) Ϥޤ˸ easy-to-please ʸǤ(28b) ʬ to be had Τ褦˼ư֤ȤʤäƤʬդɬפǤΰ㤤ϲʤΤǤ礦ˤĤơѸ˰ĤƶŪ˲⤷ޤ礦 He is easy to please. ˤơʸμ he ȤƸư please ̣Ūʴطϡ"he is pleased" 뤤 "someone pleases him" ȤȤˤʤޤԤȤСǽư֤ǤϤʤư֤βȤʤޤȤƸư켫Τϼư֤ɸӤӤƤʤˡȵǽ˿㤤ƤޤäƤޤ֤δߤȡ嵭 (28a) (28b) ΤۤŬäƤ褦˻פޤɤʤΤǤ礦
Fischer et al. (172) ǤϡΤ褦˵³ޤ
The development in (28b) is reminiscent of that in the modal passive . . . , and some degree of mutual influence seems likely. Curiously, however, passive marking eventually became obligatory in the modal passive, but not so in the easy-to-please construction, where formal passives never became systematic and sometimes even disappeared again, as shown by the now-ungrammatical example in (29a). Fischer (1991: 175ff) suggests that formally passive infinitives tend to occur with easy-type adjectives when the relation between adjective and infinitive rather than between adjective and subjective is stressed (cf. 29a). In such cases, an adverb rather than an adjective is also often found, as in (29b).
(29) a when once an act of dishonesty and shame has been deliberately committed, the will having been turned to evil, is difficult to be reclaimed (1839, COHA)
b Jack Rapley is not easily to be knocked off his feet (1819, Fischer ibid.)
From this, one might speculate that passive forms failed to fully establish themselves in this context because the meaning the construction conveys is not always purely passive. As (30) illustrates, the subject of many easy-to-please constructions combines both patient-like and agent-like qualities. While the subject undergoes the action, its intrinsic qualities also contribute to how that action unfolds. The construction could therefore be analysed as marking middle voice.
(30) more experienced opponents ... can sometimes be tricky to play against. (BNC)
easy-to-please ʸư֤Ȥʴط夬äƤ
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Fischer, Olga. "The Rise of the Passive Infinitive in English". Historical English Syntax. Ed. D. Kastovsky. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1991. 141--88.
ε#5633. ƻʸȤ to 줬³7ĤΥ --- Quirk et al. ([2024-09-28-1]) ǡַƻ + to פ͡ʥѥǧޤ7פؤζʬϤʤ٤ΤǤǤ Fischer et al. ˽绨Ƥ2פ˶ʬޤ礦ɸˤȤꡤeager-to-please ʸ easy-to-please ʸ2Ǥ (170--71)
In the so-called eager-to-please construction in (22a), the main clause subject functions also as agent-argument of the infinitive. In the easy-to-please construction, the main clause subject corresponds to the patient-argument of the infinitive. The easy-to-please construction is therefore somewhat reminiscent of the modal passive . . . expressing a passive-like meaning without passive marking.
(22) a [Eager-to-please construction]
Andropulos was a bit reluctant to go (BNC)
b [Easy-to-please construction]
He was lying in wait in the hallway, where he was impossible to overlook (BNC)
ιʸˤϸŤǤ˸űѸʸڤޤ (171)
Both the eager-to-please construction and the easy-to-please construction were already available in OE, as shown in (24) and (25), respectively. . . .
(24) ic eom gearo to gecyrrenne to munuclicere drohtnunge
I am ready to turn to monastic way-of-life (ÆCHom.I,35 484.251)
'I am ready to turn to a monastic way of life.'
(25) ðis me is hefi to donne
This to-me is heavy to do (Mart.5(Kotzor)Se.16,A.14)
'This is hard for me to do.'
⤷ΤϡԤ eager-to-please ʸϡűѸ줫ŪʸڤΤǤˡŪʰ̣ӤӤơưȯŸΤФƤƤ뤳ȤǤFischer et al. ³ưѤޤ (171)
The eager-to-please construction has been essentially stable throughout the history of the language. It is interesting to note, however, that some adjectives in the construction developed into modal markers. A straightforward example is bound, originally meaning 'under a binding obligation' but now typically used to mark epistemic necessity.
Ǥ be bound to 㤬ƤޤۤβսǤ be sure to be certain to ˤڤޤεƤȤ碌ợäƤС
Fischer, Olga, Hendrik De Smet, and Wim van der Wurff. A Brief History of English Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 2017.
Quirk et al. (1226--27; §16.75) ˡ"Adjective complementation by a to-infinitive clause" ꤹब롥
We distinguish seven kinds of construction in which an adjective is followed by a to-infinitive clause. They are exemplified in the following sentences, which are superficially alike:
(i) Bob is splendid to wait.
(ii) Bob is slow to react.
(iii) Bob is sorry to hear it.
(iv) Bob is hesitant to agree with you.
(v) Bob is hard to convince.
(vi) The food is ready to eat.
(vii) It is important to be accurate.
In Types (i--iv) the subject of the main clause (Bob) is also the subject of the infinitive clause. We can therefore always have a direct object in the infinitive clause if its verb is transitive. For example, if we replace intransitive wait by transitive build in (i), we can have: Bob is splendid to build this house.
For Types (v--vii), on the other hand, the subject of the infinitive is unspecified, although the context often makes clear which subject is intended. In these types it is possible to insert a subject preceded by for; eg in Type (vi): The food is ready (for the children) to eat.
ιʸɽŪˤϡַƻ + to פƱͤ줾˸ͭỤ̄Ūħ롥ĴǤϤ뤬餯Ūȯãηϩߤ礭ۤʤΤ¿
ܲ helwa ꥹʡʤ Discord αѸ˥ߥ˥ƥˤ֥̥ޤ롪ʸˡץͥˤơHe is sure to win the game. Τ褦ʹʸȤʤäƤ롥Ρsure + to פιʸϡQuirk et al. ˤ (iv) פ°Ȥɬ⤿䤹ʤ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1]) ǡƻ poor θˤĤƤ줿θϸťե povre ͳ褷 v äƤѸ¦ v üȤȤäб̾ poverty Ǥ v üƤʤϤʤȤ䤬줿
Ԥˤ̾ղäƤꡤȤ v θ벻Ķۤʤ뤿ξοۤʤΤȡܤ˹ͤƤŪˤĴ٤Ƥߤʤʬʤ
ǡȤ Jespersen äƤߤ v ˤĤơMEG1 2ĤΥĤ뤳ȤǤޤ §2.532. Ѥ롥
§2.532.A /v/ has disappeared in a great many instances, chiefly through assimilation with a following consonant: had ME hadde OE hæfde, lady ME ladi, earlier lafdi OE hlæfdige . head from the inflected forms of OE hēafod; at one time the infection was heved, (heavdes) heddes . lammas OE hlafmæsse . woman ME also wimman OE wifman . leman OE leofman . gi'n, formerly colloquial, now vulgar for given . se'nnight [ˈsenit] common till the beginning of the 19th c. for sevennight. Devonshire was colloquially pronounced without the v, whence the verb denshire 'improve land by paving off turf and burning'. Daventry according to J1701 was pronounced "Dantry" or "Daintry", and the town is still called [deintri] by natives. Cavendish is pronounced [ˈkɚndiʃ] or [ˈkɚvndiʃ]. hath OE hæfþ. eavesdropper (Sh. R3 V. 3.221) for eaves-. The v-less form of devil, mentioned for instance by J1701 (/del/ and sometimes /dil/), is chiefly due to the inflected forms, but is also found in the uninflected; it is probably found in Shakespeare's Macb. I. 3.107; G1621 mentions /diˑl/ as northern, where it is still found. marle for marvel is frequent in BJo. poor seems to be from the inflected forms of the adjective, cf. Ch. Ros. 6489 pover, but 6490 alle pore folk; in poverty the v has been kept . ure† F œuvre, whence inure, enure . manure earlier manour F manouvrer (manœuvre is a later loan). curfew, -fu OF couvrefeu . kerchief OF couvrechef . ginger, oldest form gingivere . Liverpool without v is found in J1701 and elsewhere, see Ekwall's edition of Jones §184. Cf. further 7.76.
Jespersen ϡƻˤ v üϡͳ褹ΤǤϤʤȤv ľ̤λҲ³ v æ첻³ݻ롤ȤͤΤ褦ˤ費Ķˤä v 뤫Ĥ뤫ޤȤΩäƤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
ͤޤǤˡv üˤĤƤϡ §7.76. ꡤطǽѤ褦
§7.76./v/ and /f/ are often lost in twelvemonth (Bacon twellmonth, S1780, E1787, W1791), twelvepence (S1780, E1787), twelfth (E1787, cf. Thackeray, Van. F. 22). Cf. also the formerly universal fi'pence, fippence (J1701, E1765, etc.), still sometimes [fipəns]. Halfpenny, halfpence, . . .
ˤĤƤϡ⤦ܤĴ٤ƤɬפꤽʲϢ hellog Ƥ
#1348. 13ʹߤ v ([2013-01-04-1])
#2276. 13ʹߤ v (2) ([2015-07-21-1])
#2200. ʤ *haves, *haved ǤϤʤ has, had ʤΤ ([2015-05-06-1])
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
μͭӥ Mond ˤơ䤤ޤ
be + ʬ()βʬϡưʤǤ, ȤƻʤǤThe door was opened by John. ֤ΥɥϥˤäƳ줿פϰ̣ŪˤưȻפޤJohn is interested in English. ֥ϱѸ˶̣פ, ưȤ꤫ϷƻȻפޤθݤϡŪˤɤǤ礦
䤤Фơβ Mond ƤޤܤϤɤǤФȻפޤȤƤץȥ (prototype) ǹͤΤ褤ȤǤ
ʬưͳǤϤޤǽȤƤϷƻ˴äƤޤ⤽ʬ˸¤餺ʬ⡤ˤư̾ʤɤ¾νư⡤ư̤ʻȤƳѤʸˡܤǤΤǡưȡξäƤΤԻĤʤȤǤϤʤषơ˶ᤤȤΤΤǤ
嵭 Mond βǤϡư줫ƻؤϢ³Τꤷ4ĤФȤݤʸޤκݤ˻Ȥ Quirk et al. §3.74--78) εҤǤϡ¤ϤäȾܤ8ĤۤɤꤵƤޤʲ8ĤʸѤMond ؤβȤȻפޤ(1)--(4) ưݤȾʬ(5)--(8) ƻݤȾʬǤ
(1) This violin was made by my father
(2) This conclusion is hardly justified by the results.
(3) Coal has been replaced by oil.
(4) This difficulty can be avoided in several ways.
(5) We are encouraged to go on with the project.
(6) Leonard was interested in linguistics.
(7) The building is already demolished.
(8) The modern world is getting ['becoming'] more highly industrialized and mechanized.
ȴϢơʲ hellog ⤴Ȥ
#1964. ץȥס ([2014-09-12-1])
#3533. ̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³Ʋ ([2018-12-29-1])
#4436. ƻΥץȥס ([2021-06-19-1])
#3307. ʸˡѸȤƤ participle ʬס ([2018-05-17-1])
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ ([2016-04-30-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡűѸηƻζޤˤ̣Ū˱ƼѲ (weak declension) ȶѲ (strong declension) ̤롥
줾ηŪʵϡεǽҤ٤̤ǡ̾μѲȶѲ˥ȥ졼Ȥб櫓ǤϤʤäƤ롥ƻμѲϡΤ̾μѲб롥n-stem ҲȤڤ̤ꡤ n ΩġFertig (38) ˤȡѲζϡȤȤϸ̲ǽ (= "individualizing function") ͭüȯȤ̲ơפɽ魯餳ޥɤǤ "definiteness" ȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤ
ƻζѲζϡɬ̾ζѲΤ˻ƤʤषŪˤ̾Τह롥ˤ̾Ūʶƻ˿ѲȤʤΤϤ褯ʬʤˤäƷƻ줬Ūˤ̾Ȱ褹ؤȯŸƤäȤϳΤ
Fertig (39--40) ꡤϢƤ
Originally, the function of this new distinction in Germanic involved definiteness (recall the original 'individualizing' function of the -en suffix in Indo-European): strong = indefinite, blinds guma 'a blind man'; weak = definite, blinda guma 'the blind man').
The other Germanic innovation which may not be entirely separable from the first one, is that many of the endings on the strong forms of adjectives do not correspond to strong noun forms, as they had in Indo-European. Instead, they correspond largely to pronominal forms . . . .
űѸ̾졤ƻ졤ưǤȤΡּѲפȡֶѲפϡ줾̣礤ۤʤ뤳Ȥ˲դ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
űѸˤ̾졤̾졤ƻʤɤμ» (substantive) γ (case) Ȥ (instrumental) ƻĤäƤѸޤǤˤܴۤ˾üƤޤűѸǤϤޤѤ롥
ʤδŪʵǽ3Ĥ롥(1) ʤˡɽ魯ˡ(2) ¾ȤƤˡ(3) ֤ɽ魯ˡǤ롥Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (47) ꡤʰѤ褦
Instrumental
88. The instrumental denotes means or manner: Gāius se cāsere, ōþre naman Iūlius 'the emperor Gaius, (called) Julius by another name'. It is used to form adverbs, as micle 'much, by far', þȳ 'therefore'.
It often expresses time when: ǣlċe ȝēare 'every year'; þȳ ilcan dæȝe 'on the same day'.
ʤϤǤ˸űѸޤǤ˿षƤƤˡűѸǤи٤Ϲ⤯ʤŪˤͿ (dative) ζ֤뤳Ȥ¿ĤäƤȤƤʤиòΤʤʤ褦˻פ롥ӸŪʴζʤοˤĤƤϡ#3994. űѸͿʷε ([2020-04-03-1]) Ȥ줿ۤ˶ʤȤƤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1]) ȡ#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) ⻲ȡ
Davis, Norman. Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1953.
heldio #1111. latitude longitudeɤäɤä --- ȥФΥޥۿlatitude ʰ١ˤ longitude ʷ١ˤζ̤դˤȡǤܸΡְ١פȡַ١פäƶ̤ˤȤʤɤˤǤϿΰŵˡꥹʡƤƤΤǡ𤷤ƤɬɤǤ롥
ξ˸ܤرѸ츻ŵʻ߷˧ͺԽ紴ˡҡ1997ǯˤˤȡ -tude θ츻ϼ̤ꡥ
-tude suf. ƥƻ졦ʬˤĤ֤ɽ魯̾¤롨 -i- ȼä -itude Ȥʤ롧gratittude, solitude. F -tude // L -tūdin-, -tūdō
ıñϡŪˤϥեͳǡ뤤ϥեŪʷ֤ȤƼޤƤ롥Ū褯ܤˤΤȤƤ altitude ʹ١ˡamplitude ʹˡaptitude Ŭˡattitude ١ˡcertitude ʳοˤʤɤ롥fortitude Զˡgratitude ʴաˡineptitude Ŭˡmagnitude 礭ˡmultitude ¿ˡservitude °ˡsolicitude ʵˡsolitude ʸȡˤʤɤ롥Ϣ첻ޤ -itude Ȥʤꡤθ2פ뤿ᡤñΤ⤤ĹʤꡤդʷϵȤˤʤ롥η줷ϡեΤȤϥƥΤȤäƤ褤
OED -tude SUFFIX ΰ̣ˡ⸫Ƥ
Occurring in many words derived from Latin either directly, as altitude, hebetude, latitude, longitude, magnitude, or through French, as amplitude, aptitude, attitude, consuetude, fortitude, habitude, plenitude, solitude, etc., or formed (in French or English) on Latin analogies, as debilitude, decrepitude, exactitude, or occasionally irregularly, as dispiritude, torpitude.
줾ΡʤäûӤơ-(i)tude δդ촶̣臘Τ⤪⤷⤷ʤ
#2032. ƻ -ive ([2014-11-19-1]) Ǽ夲ƻʤӤŪ̾ˤ (suffix) ˺ƤܤOED -ive (SUFFIX) "Meaning & use" äɤǤߤ褦
Forming adjectives (and nouns). Formerly also -if, -ife; < French -if, feminine -ive (= Italian, Spanish -ivo):--- Latin īv-us, a suffix added to the participial stem of verbs, as in act-īvus active, pass-īvus passive, nātīv-us of inborn kind; sometimes to the present stem, as cad-īvus falling, and to nouns as tempest-īvus seasonable. Few of these words came down in Old French, e.g. naïf, naïve:--- Latin nātīv-um; but the suffix is largely used in the modern Romanic languages, and in English, to adapt Latin words in -īvus, or form words on Latin analogies, with the sense 'having a tendency to, having the nature, character, or quality of, given to (some action)'. The meaning differs from that of participial adjectives in -ing, -ant, -ent, in implying a permanent or habitual quality or tendency: cf. acting adj., active adj., attracting adj., attractive adj., coherent adj., cohesive adj., consequent adj., consecutive adj. From their derivation, the great majority of these end in -sive and -tive, and of these about one half in -ative suffix, which tends consequently to become a living suffix, as in talk-ative, etc. A few are formed immediately on the verb stem, esp. where this ends in s (c) or t, thus easily passing muster among those formed on the participial stem; such are amusive, coercive, conducive, crescive, forcive, piercive, adaptive, adoptive, denotive, humective; a few are from nouns, as massive. In costive, the -ive is not a suffix.
Already in Latin many of these adjectives were used substantively; this precedent is freely followed in the modern languages and in English: e.g. adjective, captive, derivative, expletive, explosive, fugitive, indicative, incentive, invective, locomotive, missive, native, nominative, prerogative, sedative, subjunctive.
In some words the final consonant of Old French -if, from -īvus, was lost in Middle English, leaving in modern English -y suffix1: e.g. hasty, jolly, tardy.
Adverbs from adjectives in -ive are formed in -ively; abstract nouns in -iveness and -ivity suffix.
OED βɤƤȯȤƤϡ
(1) -ive ³Τϡƥưʬ촴Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿¾θ촴¾ʻ⤢롥
(2) ƥǺ줿 -ive Ǹťե˼Ѥ줿ΤϾʤޥѸˤ -ive ¿ϡĤƤ -ivus ƥñ췲ǥȤ¤Ǥǽ⤤
(3) ʬͳηƻܼȤϰۤʤꡤ-ive ϹŪŪʰ̣ɽ魯
(4) -sive, -tive η֤Ȥʤ뤳ȤŪ¿Ԥ˴Ť -ative Ϥ켫ΤܼȤƤ롥
(5) -ive ϷƻܼǤ˥ƥǤ̾ؤʻžλ㤬¿ä
(6) -ive λҲæͳηƻ -y ȹήñ⤢ä
嵭βθ塤-ive ʣ줬951Ƥ롥οǤοʤΤOED Ū˵Ƥ櫓ǤϤʤΤɹΰѤȤߤ٤-ive Ȥ뤿ˤϡޤϿʬʤ̤ǤϤʤ
Ѹηƻ졦ӵ顦ǾˤԵ§ʤΤĤ롥good -- better -- best bad -- worse --worst ʤɤ佼ˡ (suppletion) ΤΤƤ뤬ϸűѸˤ¸ߤषűѸǤϸ¿Ե§ӵ顦Ǿ餬äSweet's Anglo-Saxon Primer (19--20) ꡤդ٤Τ롥
Ρi-mutation ޤƻӵ顦Ǿ顡
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "old" | eald | ieldra | ieldest |
| "young" | ġeong | ġingra | ġingest |
| "long" | lang | lengra | lengest |
| "strong" | strang | strengra | strengest |
| "high" | hēah | hīerra | hīehst |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "good" | gōd | betera, betra | betst |
| sēlra | sēlest | ||
| "bad" | yfel | wiersa | wier(re)st |
| "great" | miċel | māra | mǣst |
| "little" | lȳtel | lǣssa | lǣst |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "formerly" | (ǣr) | ǣrra | ǣrest |
| "far" | (feorr) | fierra | fierrest |
| "before" | (fore) | forma, fyrmest, fyr(e)st | |
| "near" | (nēah) | nēarra | nīehst |
| "outside" | (ūte) | ūterra | ūt(e)mest |
| ȳterra | ȳt(e)mest |
| Meaning | Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
|---|---|---|---|
| "well" | wel | bet | bet(e)st |
| sēl | sēlest | ||
| "badly" | yfle | wiers | wier(re)st |
| "much" | micle | mā | mǣst |
| "little" | lȳt | lǣs | lǣst |
ؤäΤȤꡥ
Fertig (34) ˤȡɸ̤ꡤƻ졦κǾɸ -est ϡӵ -er ˤȯŸǤȤȤ餷
The superlative suffix -est, for example, is historically a combination of the ancestor of the -er comparative suffix (*-ôz-/*-iz- in proto-Germanic) followed by an originally separate *-to-.
ȤȤ *-ôz-/*-iz- *-to- ̡̡̤ä줬蘆뵡¿äΤǡ蘆ä̤η1ĤοȤ褦ˤʤäȤȤ
Ϥ礦ɸѸ -ist -ic ̡ȤߤʤƤ뤬蘆ä -istic 1ĤΩȤȤ館٤롥㤨 cannibalistic ˤơڤФ٤ -ist -ic 2ĤʬϤ⡤-istic 1ĤʬϤۤºŪȤΤϡ*cannibalist ȤñϤʤ
ȤСӵ -er -ist ˡǾ -est -istic ȤȤˤʤʬ䤹褦ʬˤ褦ʡ
Fertig, David. Analogy and Morphological Change. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2013.
#5348. the green-eyed monster ˤߤ̾ƻ첽 -ed ([2023-12-18-1]) εǡʻ (parasynthesis) ȤѸƳ
OED ˤ "Derivation from a compound; word-formation involving both compounding and derivation." Ȥ롥бƻ parasynthetic ȤȤˡꥷζ˴ؤܤΤʤ1862ǯ˽ФƤ롥OED ǤϷƻ parasynthetic ιܤΤۤ⤬ܤΤǡ餫⡤ʸѤ롥
Formed from a combination or compound of two or more elements; formed by a process of both compounding and derivation.
In English grammar applied to compounds one of whose elements includes an affix which relates in meaning to the whole compound; e.g. black-eyed 'having black eyes' where the suffix of the second element, -ed (denoting 'having'), applies to the whole, not merely to the second element. In French grammar applied to derived verbs formed by the addition of both a prefix and a suffix.
1862 It is said that synthesis does, and parasynthesis does not affect the accent; which is really tantamount to saying, that when the accent of a word is known..we shall be able to judge whether a Greek grammarian regarded that word as a synthetic or parasynthetic compound. (H. W. Chandler, Greek Accentuation Preface xii)
1884 That species of word-creation commonly designated as parasynthetic covers an extensive part of the Romance field. (A. M. Elliot in American Journal of Philology July 187)
1934 Twenty-three..of the compound words present..are parasynthetic formations such as 'black-haired', 'hard-hearted'. (Review of English Studies vol. 10 279)
1951 Such verbs are very commonly parasynthetic, taking one of the prefixes ad-, ex-, in-. (Language vol. 27 137)
1999 Though broad-based is two centuries old, zero-based took off around 1970 and missile lingo gave us land-based, sea-based and space-based. A discussion of this particular parasynthetic derivative is based-based. (New York Times (Nexis) 27 June vi. 16/2)
оݤȤʤ˱ parasynthetic/parasynthesis λؤۤʤȤ𤬤褦ǡǤդνѸǤ롥ѸǤ -ed Ϳ parasynthesis ŵȤƵ뤳Ȥ¿褦-ed parasynthesis ˸ꤷƹͻˤ衤ʥѥꤽǡŪˤϤ˺ʬɬפ
Ⱥ˰³green-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤߤ̾դ -ed ˤĤ (cf. [2023-12-18-1], [2023-12-19-1])
OED -ed, suffix2 ̣ˡβѤ
Appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. In modern English, and even in Middle English, the form affords no means of distinguishing between the genuine examples of this suffix and those participial adjectives in -ed, suffix1 which are ultimately < nouns through unrecorded verbs. Examples that have come down from Old English are ringed:--Old English hringede, hooked: --Old English hócede, etc. The suffix is now added without restriction to any noun from which it is desired to form an adjective with the sense 'possessing, provided with, characterized by' (something); e.g. in toothed, booted, wooded, moneyed, cultured, diseased, jaundiced, etc., and in parasynthetic derivatives, as dark-eyed, seven-hilled, leather-aproned, etc. In bigoted, crabbed, dogged, the suffix has a vaguer meaning. (Groundless objections have been made to the use of such words by writers unfamiliar with the history of the language: see quots.)
ܵȤƤϡ~ġ~ħդ줿դ̾Ȥꤢƻ첽ˤˡ⤢ȤΤȤ̾ -ed ղäˤĤƤϡ̾ղäƤΤ뤤̾줬äưʻž (conversion) ǡư˲ʬ -ed ղäƤΤȽȤʤȤˤƤ롥ʻžư줬Ωʸڤʤˤ⡤ޤʸڤƤʤȤ뤷뤤夽Τ褦˹ͤ뤳ȤϲǽȤΩ⤢뤫⤷ʤΤǤϤ롥
ΰѤκǸˡ̾ + -edλѤȿФ̡ˤĤƤθڤ뤬OED ľ˵ƤΤ϶ŪˤϼǤ롥
1779 There has of late arisen a practice of giving to adjectives derived from substantives, the termination of participles: such as the 'cultured' plain..but I was sorry to see in the lines of a scholar like Gray, the 'honied' spring. (S. Johnson, Gray in Works vol. IV. 302)
1832 I regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented..The formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse. (S. T. Coleridge, Table-talk (1836) 171)
Johnson Coleridge ޤ "writers unfamiliar with the history of the language" "Groundless objections" ȽҤ٤դꡤOED Ϥʤʤ긷
ε ([2023-12-18-1]) ³Ԥǡgreen-eyed Υפʻ (parasynthesis) ˤˤĤơ OED Ȥ -ed ΤΤ롥
OED ǤưβʬȤƤ -ed, suffix1 ȡΤ褦̾ˤĤȤƤ -ed, suffix2 ̸ФΩƤƤ롥Ԥθ츻Ѥ롥
Cognate with Old Saxon -ôdi (not represented elsewhere in Germanic, though Old Norse had adjectives similarly < nouns, with participial form and i-umlaut, as eygðr eyed, hynrdr horned); appended to nouns in order to form adjectives connoting the possession or the presence of the attribute or thing expressed by the noun. The function of the suffix is thus identical with that of the Latin past participial suffix -tus as used in caudātus tailed, aurītus eared, etc.; and it is possible that the Germanic base may originally have been related to that of -ed, suffix1, the suffix of past participles of verbs formed upon nouns.
εҤˤȡޥǤʶʬۤǤϤ뤬бꡤƱɳΥƥʤɤˤбǤȤȤˤʤ롥̤ķϤɤޤ̤Τ뤤ϳƸɡˤǤΩʿȯãʤΤ뤤ϰ¾ؤμѤͤΤʤɡ䤹褷ˤʤΤ褦
⤦1Ĺθ٤Ȥơ -ed ñ̾դ (ex. dogged) ʣ̾դ (ex. green-eyed) ȤηδƱΤȤߤƤ褤Τ뤤ϰۤʤΤª٤ʤΤŪˤŪˤ⡤Τ˶̣Ǥ롥
khelfʷѸ˥եDZĤƤ Discord ߥ˥ƥˤơɸ˷Ǥ the green-eyed monster ФܤʪˤΤ褦ʶˤ -ed ˤĤƵ䤬줿ưβʬ -ed Τ褦ˤߤ뤬̾ˤĤƤȤΤϤɤȤ⤷Dz狼ȤդƤΤǡ伫ȤĴٻϤƤȤǤ롥
Ϥ뤬ޤɽ˴Ϣƺǽ˲ƤѸҲ𤷤ʻ (parasynthesis) Ǥ롥ؿѸؼŵ٤ɤǤߤ褦
parasynthesis ̸͡ʻˡäơʹžȤ褦ˡĤ¤ˡ٤˹Ԥʤ뤳ȡ㤨Сextraterritorial extra-territorial Ȥ⡤(extra-territory)-al ȤʬϤǤʤʬϤ extra+territory+-al Ǥ롥Ʊͤ intramuscular intra+muscle+-ar Ǥ롥 baby-sitter (= one who sits with the baby) baby+sit+-er Ʊȹͤʻ (parasynthetic compound) ȤȤǤ롥ޤ blockhead ʤФˡpickpocket ʤˤ⡤⤷ -head, pick- žˤäơֿ͡פȤСʻȤȤǤ롥
嵭Ǥ green-eyed Υפ㼨Ƥʤʻ1ȤäƤ褤a double-edged sword ξϤη, a four-footed animal ʻͤĵӤưʪ, middle-aged spread ǯˤʤˤϻ礫ʤ
ʤ the green-eyed monster ϸ鷺Τ줿 Shakespeare Othello (3.3.166) ζǤ롥green-eyed the green-eyed monster ⤤ Shakespeare ߽ФɽǡʹߡּʡפεͲɽȤƹѤ褦ˤʤä
⤳ΥפʻˤĤƹͤƤ
ʸͺʴƽˡؿѸؼŵ١ҡ1982ǯ
ƻ졦ӵ顦Ǿκˤϡ -er/-est դŪˡ more/most ֤Ūˡ롥줾ֶӡפȡֶӡפȸƤǤˤĤƤϡhellogheldio¾Ǥ͡˾Ҳ𤷤Ƥ#4834. ӵ顦Ǿˡ ([2022-07-22-1]) ˴ϢޤȤƤΤǻȤ줿
ѸޥˤǤϡӤӤؤѲƤ²˰̤˴ѻ礫ʬϤء (synthesis_to_analysis) Ĭή˱äȤƸ뤳Ȥ¿ѲϡӹʸΩȤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) 1ȤȤ館롥
Heine and Kuteva ˤܿ˴ؤҲ𤷤Ѹ䤤ĤθˤŪ˶Ӥȯã1װȤơޥȤθܿطƤΤǤϤʤȤѸ줬եƥαƶΤȤ˶ӤȯãȤ⼫ΤϸŤ餢ꡤ嵭ΥǤƤ̤Ǥ롥Heine and Kuteva ϡѸΤߤʤ餺¾θˤƤܿθ̤ȤܿŪװäȤϸ鷺Ȥ "an accelerating factor" (96) ȹͤ뤳ȤϲǽǤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ѹޤ4Ĥλ㤬Ƥ (96)
a. Analytic forms were still rare in Northern English in the fifteenth century, while in Southern English, which was more strongly exposed to French influence, these forms had become current at least a century earlier . . . .
b. In German, the synthetic comparative construction is still well established, e.g. schön 'beautiful', schön-er ('beautiful-COMP') 'more beautiful'. But in the dialect of Luxembourg, which has a history of centuries of intense contact with French, instances of an analytic comparative can be found, e.g. mehr schön ('more beautiful', presumably on the model of French plus beau ('more beautiful') . . . .
c. The Dutch varieties spoken in Flanders, including Algemeen Nederlands, have been massively influenced by French, and this influence has also had the effect that the analytic pattern with the particle meer 'more' is used increasingly on the model of French plus, at the expense of the inherited synthetic construction using the comparative suffix -er . . . .
d. Molisean has a 500-years history of intense contact with the host language Italian, and one of the results of contact was that the speakers of Molisean have given up the conventional Slavic synthetic construction by replicating the analytic Italian construction, using veče on the model of Italian più 'more' as degree marker. Thus, while Standard Croatian uses the synthetic form lyepši 'more beautiful', Molisean has più lip ('more beautiful') instead . . . .
Τ褦ʥǤϡȯãȯãϡܿˤäɬ ("propel") 줿ȤϸʤΤΡ® ("accelerate") ȤϸΤǤϤʤȤΤ Heine and Kuteva θǤ롥
Heine, Bernd and Tania Kuteva. "Contact and Grammaticalization." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of Language Contact. Ed. Raymond Hickey. 2010. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. 86--107.
ε#5045. deafening silence ּĤ褦ۡס ([2023-02-18-1]) Ǽ夲ɽˤĤơBNCweb ˤʸФƤߤĤƤߤ褦
All that remained on the barren expanse was a deafening silence.
But the countryside! Absolute deafening silence. Not a tractor in sight. No buzzing saw mills, no electric milking machines humming away. Just horses and ploughs and, for want of a better word, peasants.
now there is almost a deafening silence, broken only by the odd apologetic cough as the minutes tick towards 8.30.
In the deafening silence inside the gallery she could hear her heart thumping madly against her ribs.
It was a relief when a couple of minutes later, amidst the deafening silence that had descended on the room, Mrs Aitken poked her head round the door. 'Dinner will be served whenever you're ready.'
Ƶˡ (oxymoron) ζɽ˴ؿʲĤơsilence Ȥ̾ϤۤˤɤΤ褦ʷƻǽ뤳Ȥ¿Τ䤤ͯƤ϶ (collocation) ˴ؤŪतεǡѼкѤäԤ BNCweb Ĵ٤Ƥߤ뤳Ȥˤ롥"_AJ* {silence/N}" ȸ Frequency breakdown εǽѤ50̤ޤǤ٥ФƤߤ
| No. | Lexical items | No. of occurrences |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | long silence | 145 |
| 2 | stunned silence | 53 |
| 3 | complete silence | 44 |
| 4 | total silence | 43 |
| 5 | tense silence | 37 |
| 6 | awkward silence | 31 |
| 7 | brief silence | 28 |
| 8 | short silence | 27 |
| 9 | sudden silence | 23 |
| 10 | absolute silence | 22 |
| 11 | deafening silence | 22 |
| 12 | embarrassed silence | 22 |
| 13 | uncomfortable silence | 22 |
| 14 | shocked silence | 16 |
| 15 | stony silence | 15 |
| 16 | dead silence | 14 |
| 17 | deep silence | 13 |
| 18 | Eerie silence | 13 |
| 19 | heavy silence | 13 |
| 20 | small silence | 12 |
| 21 | thoughtful silence | 12 |
| 22 | uneasy silence | 12 |
| 23 | utter silence | 12 |
| 24 | ensuing silence | 11 |
| 25 | sullen silence | 11 |
| 26 | momentary silence | 10 |
| 27 | fraught silence | 9 |
| 28 | ominous silence | 9 |
| 29 | terrible silence | 9 |
| 30 | brooding silence | 8 |
| 31 | companionable silence | 8 |
| 32 | sponsored silence | 8 |
| 33 | virtual silence | 8 |
| 34 | dignified silence | 7 |
| 35 | horrified silence | 7 |
| 36 | Hushed Silence | 7 |
| 37 | lengthy silence | 7 |
| 38 | long silences | 7 |
| 39 | longer silence | 7 |
| 40 | strained silence | 7 |
| 41 | uncanny silence | 7 |
| 42 | awful silence | 6 |
| 43 | cold silence | 6 |
| 44 | comparative silence | 6 |
| 45 | continuing silence | 6 |
| 46 | embarrassing silence | 6 |
| 47 | gloomy silence | 6 |
| 48 | great silence | 6 |
| 49 | strange silence | 6 |
| 50 | angry silence | 5 |
Powered by WinChalow1.0rc4 based on chalow