hellogѸ˥֥     ChangeLog ǿ     ƥǿ     ڡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ڡ / page 6 (9)

adjective - hellogѸ˥֥

ǽ: 2026-07-15 01:27

2016-10-18 Tue

#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 [suffix][conversion][latin][participle][analogy][adjective][verb][-ate]

ñˤ -ate ĤΤ¿ϥƥ1ưβʬθ˸ -atus, -atum ͳ褷ѸǤϸͽۤƻ̾ȤƵǽƤФ꤫ưȤƤⵡǽƤ롥ʻ줴ȤˡĤ󤲤褦ʤˤϡʣʻͤƤΤ⤢뤳Ȥ˵Ť

̾졧 advocate, legate, centrifugate, duplicate, mandate, vulcanizate; alcoholate, ferrate, acetate, carbonate; episcopate, pontificate, professorate, rabbinate
ƻ졧 consummate, degenerate, inanimate, Italianate, temperate; branchiate, chordate, foliate
ư졧 activate, assassinate, camphorate, capacitate, chlorinate, concentrate, domesticate, evaporate, fractionate, hyphenate, locate, negotiate, orchestrate, pollinate, pontificate, substantiate, triangulate, ulcerate, vaccinate, venerate

-ate ϥƥβʬͳ褹Τ顤ѸǤƻȤơ뤤Ϥ̾ˡͳ̾ȤѤȤΤ򤷤䤹ѸǤ -ate 줬ưȤѤ㤬¿ष-ate ıñȤСޤư㤬פ⤫֤ΤǤϤʤʤ -ate ưȤʤΤ
ͳˤĤƤϡƻ줬ưʻž (conversion) 뤳ȤϱѸˤʤ-ate ƻ⤽η˾äƼͳưؤʻžΤȸƤ롥ΤǤ white, warm, busy, dry, empty, dirty ʤɤǷƻ줫ưؤʻžϸ뤷ե󥹼ѸǤ clear, humble, manifest ʤɤ㤬롥顤ƥͳ褹 -ate ƻ⤽ΤޤưȤѤƻ졤ˤβ̲˵ڤǡȤȤΥƥ1ưϤȤˤ -ate ȼưȤƱѸ˼ޤȤ夷ΤȤ (see #1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]))
嵭ϡBaugh and Cable (222) ǤѤƤꡤ˶ᤤΤȤʤäƤ롥OED -ate, suffix3 ǤƱܤƤ뤬κǸˡΤ褦ʥȤդդƤꡤ̣

(It is possible that the analogy of native verbs in -t, with the pa. pple. identical in form with the infinitive, as set, hit, put, cut, contributed also to the establishment of verbs like direct, separat(e, identical with their pa. pples.)


κǸθȴϢơ#1860. Ʊβʬ ([2014-05-31-1])#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1]) ȡ#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) ⻲Ȥ줿
ޤ-ate ̤¦̤#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#1880. -ee εȯŸ (1) ([2014-06-20-1]) ǰäƤΤǡɤ

Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.

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2016-08-06 Sat

#2658. the big table the table that is big δط [generative_grammar][syntax][adjective][semantics]

ѷʸˡʤɤǤϡƻ줬ˡ (attributive use) ȤѤƤ the big table Ȥϡˡ (predicative use) ȤѤƤ the table that is big Ȥ礫ŪΤȹͤƤԤδطϢ be Ĥäƻ̾˰ưȤ§Τ¿μ㤬Τ褦褦ˤפ뤬Ūˤɬ⤦ޤʤBolinger ͳ򤤤Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥
1ܤˡˡȤƤѤʤƻ줬¿롥㤨Сthe main reason ȤϸƤ *The reason is main. Ȥϸʤfond, runaway, total ۤƱηƻϤ󤢤 (see #643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ ([2011-01-30-1])#712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1])#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ ([2014-07-26-1])) ȿФˡThe man is asleep. Ф *the asleep man Ȥϸʤ褦ˡˡȤƤѤʤƻ⤢롥طꤹʤСʤ *The reason is main. ʸǤʤ顤the main reason ŬʤǤΤʤ⤦1ĤˤĤƤϡʤ The man is asleep. *the asleep man ؤޤʤΤʤФʤʤ
2ܤˡѷʸˡĹξäǤˤϤطꤹ뤳ȤǡषξФƤޤäƤȤȤThe jewels are stolen. the stolen jewels 󤲤褦The jewels are stolen. ϡ֤ФޤפȤ԰٤ɤߤȡ֤ФʤǤפȤɤߤꡤξŪǤ롥ꤵ the stolen jewels ɤߤʤξŪǤϤʤȤǡʳˤȹͤ the jewels stolen ɤߤϤꤨ԰٤ɤߤȤʤꡤξŪǤϤʤȡνȯãɤߤϡ줾֡ס?ס֡פȤʤꡤν֤ȤʤȡŪǤ롥
Bolinger Ͼ嵭2İʳˤ⡤Ȥʤͳۤˤ󤲤Ƥ뤬ε̤ƼĥƤΤϡˡ "reference modification" Ǥꡤˡ "referent modification" ǤȤȤThe lawyer is criminal. ֤۸ΤȺԤפˤơƻ criminal ϼλؼоݤǤ֤۸Ρפ򽤾Ƥ롥the criminal lawyer ַ۸Ρפˤơcriminal Ϥ۸ΤɤΤ褦۸ΤʤΤȤ̤򼨤Ƥ롥СWhat kind of lawyer? ȤƤ criminal (lawyer) ȤȤ
ɸ2ĤζСthe big table the table that is big ϡߤȤطˤȤϡ̣Ū˰ۤʤɽȤȤ館٤Ǥ롥ԤϤΥơ֥μɽȤƤΤФơԤϤΥơ֥̤Ƥ롥
ºݤˤϤۤñʵǤϤʤΤˡȽˡκͤǽפʥݥȤǤ롥

Bolinger, Dwight. "Adjectives in English: Attribution and Predication." Lingua 19 (1967): 1--34.

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2016-08-02 Tue

#2654. a six-foot man a ten-mile drive ˻ĤʻĤäƤʤ˸űѸʣ°ʷ [inflection][genitive][plural][case][adjective][oe][dative]

ѸˤϡɸΤ褦˿ñ̤ФʣƻȤʤɽ롥#1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight ([2014-02-26-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡŵŪˤñ̤̾ʣȤʤ㳰⤢뤬̤ˤ *a six-feet man *a ten-miles drive ȤʤʤʤʣˤʤʤΤ
¤ϡηŪˤʣ°ʤ̾ĤǤ롥äơ衤ʤʣäȤ˲ѲŪñƱ夤ƤޤäȤΤμǤ롥
űѸǤϡΤ褦ɽˤñ̤ɽ魯̾ʣ°ʤ˶ޤ줬̾򽤾Ƥfōt mīl ξˤϡΤޤޤñʤη֤ǤϤʤʣ°ʤη֤˶ޤ fōta, mīla ȤȤѸˤʣ°ʤɽ魯 -a /ə/ ؤȿʿ˸ˤϴ˾ṳ̈Ȥơ֤ȤƤϲ⺯פĤȤʤΩäΤʣ°ʤεǽӤӤˡΤΤϷȤƼѤ졤ߤ˻äƤ롥Ѹͽۤʣ *six-feet *ten-miles ˤʤäƤ餺츫Ե§ʸˡˤߤ뤬ϸűѸʸˡܤʤΤǤ롥
űѸ̾γʶޤη֤Τ褦ȤʤäƸѸ˻ĤäƤϡʤ㤨С#380. often <t> ǤϤʤ <n> ⤷ ([2010-05-12-1]) ǿ줿 whilom, seldom, often θΡ첻ɡפαˡĤƤʣͿʸ -um ѷΤ򸫤뤳ȤǤ롥ޤalive ʤɤˤϡűѸֻ on līfe ˵§Ūˤߤ줿ñͿʸ -e ʤȤֻĤäƤ롥ۤˤϡLady Chapel ladybird 1 lady ̵Τ褦ˤߤ뤬ĤƤñ°ʸ -e դƤ줬˿ʿüˡŪˤϺפĤƤʤǤ롥
ʾ塤Algeo and Pyles (105) 򻲹ͤˤƼɮ

Algeo, John, and Thomas Pyles. The Origins and Development of the English Language. 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-04-10-1]

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2016-04-30 Sat

#2560. űѸηƻ춯Ѳޤ̾̾κѥ [adjective][ilame][terminology][morphology][inflection][oe][germanic][paradigm][personal_pronoun][noun]

űѸηƻζѲѲζ̤ˤĤƤϡޥɤθħȤơ#182. ޥɤħ ([2009-10-26-1])#785. ޥ٤¬뤿10ܡ ([2011-06-21-1])#687. ޥɤηƻζѲȼѲ ([2011-03-15-1]) Ǽ夲ѸˤޤοˤĤƤ ilame γƵˤ
ѲȼѲζ̤ϸűѸǤ̾ˤߤ줿Ѳƻζޤ̾ΤȷŪˤ褽ʿԤƤȤäƤ褤㴳κۤ롥Ȥ˷ƻζѲޤǤϡб̾ζѲޤȰۤʤ꤫˸롥Ūˤϡΰ㤤Τսˤ̾ǤϤʤ;̾ (personal_pronoun) ζ޸Ǥ롥ĤޤꡤűѸηƻ춯Ѳޤϡ̾ޤ̾ޤ礷褦ʤΤȤʤäƤ롥ηаޤˤĤơHogg and Fulk (146) ˼򷹤褦

As in other Gmc languages, adjectives in OE have a double declension which is syntactically determined. When an adjective occurs attributively within a noun phrase which is made definite by the presence of a demonstrative, possessive pronoun or possessive noun, then it follows one set of declensional patterns, but when an adjective is in any other noun phrase or occurs predicatively, it follows a different set of patterns . . . . The set of patterns assumed by an adjective in a definite context broadly follows the set of inflexions for the n-stem nouns, whilst the set of patterns taken in other indefinite contexts broadly follows the set of inflexions for a- and ō-stem nouns. For this reason, when adjectives take the first set of inflexions they are traditionally called weak adjectives, and when they take the second set of inflexions they are traditionally called strong adjectives. Such practice, although practically universal, has less to recommend it than may seem to be the case, both historically and synchronically. Historically, . . . some adjectival inflexions derive from pronominal rather than nominal forms; synchronically, the adjectives underwent restructuring at an even swifter pace than the nouns, so that the terminology 'strong' or 'vocalic' versus 'weak' or 'consonantal' becomes misleading. For this reason the two declensions of the adjective are here called 'indefinite' and 'definite' . . . .


Ū˶ѲޤΤɤŪ̾ŪǤϤʤ̾ŪȤȡacc.sg.masc (-ne), dat.sg.masc.neut. (-um), gen.dat.sg.fem (-re), nom.acc.pl.masc. (-e), gen.pl. for all genders (-ra) Ǥ (Hogg and Fulk 150)
ѲѲȤ֤˴ŤޥӸؤŪʶʬѸϡűѸηƻˤĤƤϲȤͭѸʹߤˤϤۤȤ̵̣ȤʤäƤΤǤꡤ̻ŪˤϤӤ졦̣Ūʵǽܤ (definiteness) (definiteness) Ȥ̤Τۤ⤷ʤ

Hogg, Richard M. and R. D. Fulk. A Grammar of Old English. Vol. 2. Morphology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-07-16-1] [2020-04-12-1]

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2016-01-05 Tue

#2444. something good θ [word_order][adjective][syntax][grammaticalisation][stress][eurhythmy][sobokunagimon]

some-, any-, every-, no- ʤɤ -thing, -one, -body ΤĤʣ̾줬ƻ˽Ȥθ *good something ǤϤʤɸΤ褦 something good Ȥʤ롥Ƿƻ줬֤ΤϤʤѤʵǤϤ뤬ŪŬڤ뤳ȤϰƳ񤷤
Ѹˤ̤ơƻθ֤ϡ#1667. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (1) ([2013-11-19-1])#1668. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (2) ([2013-11-20-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡɬݤǤϤʤäºݡűѸ줫ѸФƶḽѸ˻ޤǡˤϻ礫ʤȤ櫓ѸʹߤɽˤĤƤϡե󥹸ƥθαƶ˵뤳ȤΤǤ¿OED something, n. (and adj.) and adv. θ 3a ˤСƻ֤νȤƼʸͿƤ롥

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Acts xxiii. 20 Thei ben to sekinge sum thing certeynere [L. aliquid certius].


sum thing certeynere 򡤥ƥ aliquid certius θޤƤľǤɾ뤳ȤԲǽǤϤʤˤŪǤʤ something good nothing wrong ʤɤФưŪ˸ܿˤŬѤ뤳Ȥ񤷤褦˻פ롥
ˡMED som-thing (phr. & n.) įƤߤ褦űѸꡤ -es °ʤȼΤ褦㤬ǧ롥

a1150 (OE) Vsp.D.Hom. (Vsp D.14) 68/35: Synd eac sume steorren leohtbeamede, færlice arisende, & rædlice gewitende, & heo symle sum þing neowes mid heora upspringe gebecnigeð.
c1175 (?OE) Bod.Hom. (Bod 343) 62/31: Cristes wundræ þe he wrohte on þisse life..ȝetacnoden þeah sum þing diȝelices.


neowes diȝelices ϵǽȤƤ̾°ʤ̾ȤϤäƤƻ줫Ū̾Ǥ롥Ǥϡե󥹸 quelque chose de nouveau Τ褦ʶˤƻθ֤۵롥 sum þing neowes Τ褦ʹ¤ something new ηȯŸ췿ǤäȤϹͤʤ
ҤȤĹθ٤ϡѥԹ (eurhythmy) Ǥ롥 sòme thíng Ȥˤ2Ǥ̾εǽŪˤʤäƤ椯ˤĤ졤ʤʸˡ (grammaticalisation) Ƥ椯ˤĤ졤ǽȤƤʣ̾ sómething ˤꡤsome thing δ֤̤θ줬ä䤬ʤʤꡤƷƻʤɤǽ褦ȻפСʣΤ֤ۤʤʤäǶѥθȡƻ֤ˤ *góod sómething ζȤʤꡤ֤ˤ sòmething góod ζ嶯Ȥʤ롥ѸαΧηϤ˾Ȥ餻Сȼ夬ؤƻ֤θΤۤ
̤ΤȤ(1) ե󥹸ƥ줫αƶ(2) sum þing neowes 췿ȤȯŸ(3) ѥ3ĤλθƤ

Referrer (Inside): [2019-05-22-1]

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2016-01-02 Sat

#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ [adverb][adjective][ilame][flat_adverb][inflection][final_e][syntax][chaucer]

Ѹˤơ-ly ʤΤñ flat_adverb ȷƻζ̤֡졦̣ΤˤƤ⡤ĤˤˤĤơ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1]) εʤɤǼ夲üŪˤСThe sun shines bright. Ȥʸˤơbright ʤΤηƻʤΤȤǤ롥
¤ϡѸɤݤˤƱ꤬롥ϡѸˤƻζ޸ -e ξüˤĤƸ椷ƤȡäǺޤܤƤ줬ǤϤʤƻǤ뤳ȤǧǽƸ -e ˤĤ櫓ŪˤϤƱȤʤäƸʬĤʤ̣δŪȽǤʤȤ롥ȡäФ路ˤ⤫餺㤯㤯֤ʻ줫פȤ٥ŽäƤꤹȤˤʤΤ
Chaucer ηƻޤ򸦵椷Ƥ Burnley ʸɤǡǺߤ1ͤΤΤǤʤȤΤꡤȤBurnley (172) ⡤ޤäƱͤäƤ롥

Chaucer's grammar requires that adverbs be marked either by -ly or final -e, so that in some contexts this latter type may be indistinguishable from adjectives. In my analysis I have taken both the following to be adverbs, but there is room for disagreement on this point, and these are not the only cases of their kind:

   That Phebus which that shoon so cleer and brighte (3.11)
   In motlee, and hye on hors he sat. (1.273)

This uncertain boundary between adverbs and adjectives is inevitably responsible for some uncertainty in statistics, but it must be accepted as a feature of the structure of Chaucer's language and not a weakness of analysis. In the following, for example, the form of the word hye suggests an adverbial, but the sense and syntax both imply an adjectival use:

   He pleyeth Herodes vpon a scaffold hye (1.3378)

It is probable, however, that this usage is actually adverbial. The adjectival form in the next example also seems to occur in a syntax which requires that it be understood adverbially:

   Yclothed was she fressh for to deuyse. (1.1050)


ʸǤŪʰ֤ŪͳʤᡤȽǤ뤿θʤ龯ʤʤ롥षξŪѤ뤳ȼΤܻؤƤΤǤϤʤȴꤿʤۤɤˤϡѸˤĤʤξʻ֤񤷤롥

Burnley, J. D. "Inflection in Chaucer's Adjectives." Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 83 (1982): 169--77.

Referrer (Inside): [2022-07-25-1]

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2015-12-28 Mon

#2436. ƻʣޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ [adjective][ilame][inflection][final_e][plural][number][category][agreement]

2֡#2434. ƻѲޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ ([2015-12-26-1]) ȡ#2435. eurhythmy 뤤 "buffer hypothesis" ŬѲǽ ([2015-12-27-1]) εǡInflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English (ilame) ˤĤƹͻ#2434εˤΤϡ¤ϷƻΡñפμѲޤȤ -e ΤȤǤäơƱ褦 -e ٤ޤǤ褯ݤƤƻΡʣפζޤˤĤƤϿƤʤä#532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1]) ˵󤲤ɽʬ褦ˡʣˤƤϡѲȶѲζ̤ʤ§ȤƤĶˤơñƻ -e äΤǤ롥#2435εǰä "eurhythmy" "buffer hypothesis" ϡƻѤĶκۤȤäʣξˤϾ嵭Τ褦ĶȤʤΤǡʤʣޤ -e 褯ݻ줿ΤˤĤƤϡ̤ȤưʤФʤʤ
ФơŪˤϡñʣ̤ (number) Ȥʸˡ (category) ѸθηϤˤƤ褯ݼ餵ƤǤ롤Ƥ̾̾ˤƤϡĸ줫űѸФƸѸ˻ޤǰӤƿζ̤ݤƤưΰ (concord) ˤƤ⡤ȤƤϾ˴ͿŪǤ³ƤƻǤϡŪ˶Ѹʹߡɸ򤷤ʤʤäȤϻ¤Ѹη㤷οʿȾüĬήΤʤӡѸޤʣ -e 褯ݤäƤȤȤϡѸθηϤˤƿȤƤ夷ƤȤ򼨤Τǡϰʲ Minkova (329) θƱդ롥

My analysis assumes that the status of the final -e as a grammatical marker is stable in the plural. Yet in maintaining the syntactically based strong-weak distinction in the singular, it is no longer independently viable. As a plural signal it is still salient, possibly because of the morphological stability of the category of number in all nouns, so that there is phrase-internal number concord within the adjectival NPs. Another argument supporting the survival of plural -e comes from the continuing number agreement between subject NPs and the predicate, in other words the singular-plural opposition continues to be realized across the system.


ǤϡʤѸǤϿȤʸˡƤޤǺĤȤʤƸߤǤĤäƤˤΤϸˤʸˡƤΰŪǤꡤˤȤ٤Ǥ롥ˤĤƤεϡ "Syntactic Agreement" ꤹ6.6 (141--44) ǿƤΤǻȤ줿

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.
Hotta, Ryuichi. The Development of the Nominal Plural Forms in Early Middle English. Hituzi Linguistics in English 10. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo, 2009.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-04-12-1]

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2015-12-27 Sun

#2435. eurhythmy 뤤 "buffer hypothesis" ŬѲǽ [ilame][adjective][eurhythmy]

ε#2434. ƻޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ ([2015-12-26-1]) ǡ̵ȶȤ֤빥Χ (eurhythmy) ݻ褦ȤϤƻ޸ξü٤餻ȤҲ𤷤Minkova ϡΤ褦 -e ˾֤Ȥߤʤ "the buffer hypothesis" (326) ȸƤǤ롥
βϡƻޤ -e ʳˤ⡤Ѹ˾͡ʸݤŬѲǽǤ롥㤨С#712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1]) #643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ ([2011-01-30-1]) Ǥ夲褦ˡˡβʬƻ learned, naked, wicked 䡤ƥѸ solid, squalid, timid, vivid ʤɤˤƺǽ᤬줺ˤΤ⡤buffer hypothesis
Minkova (326--28) Ǥϡ¾ŬѲǽ㤬Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥㤨СűѸνѲ̾ñ°ʤͳ褹 -e myn herte rote Τ褦ʹ¤ˤѸޤݤƤ¤ŦƤ롥ޤhad were ϡưȤѤˤϡ޸ȤñȤȯ뷹äΤФưȤѤˤϡ -e դ2ȤƸ뤳ȤäȤŦʤƤ롥Ʊͤˡη֤ˤĤơư want ³ˤ I want to go. Τ褦 to ȤʤΤФư should ³ˤ I should go. Τ褦˸ȤʤΤ⡤buffer hypothesis ͿΤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥ˡasleep, afloat, aswim, aghast, aglow, aslant ΤäѤˡѤ¿ƻˤơ1˶ʤΤ⡤ꥺबͿ
Ҥ٤褦ˡbuffer hypothesis θ̤ˤ̤ƤޤǾöŪǤ뤳Ȥդ䤹ϤȯŪϤǤϤʤ̲Ǿ˼夯ѤƤϤȤߤ٤

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." Papers from the 5th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6--9 April 1987. Ed. Sylvia Adamson, Vivien Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990. 313--36.

Referrer (Inside): [2017-05-23-1] [2015-12-28-1]

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2015-12-26 Sat

#2434. ƻѲޤ -e ѸޤǻĤäͳ [adjective][ilame][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][language_change][final_e][speed_of_change][schedule_of_language_change][language_change][metrical_phonology][eurhythmy][inflection]

ѸˤǤϡ̾졤ư졤ƻΤ褦ʼ礿ʻˤơ޸ -e ؿʿˤüƤäȤаޤ롥-e ξü®٤ (cf speed_of_change, schedule_of_language_change) ˤĤƤϡʻ֤Ǻä̾ưζ޸ˤƤϾüŪᤫäƻˤüϤä٤Chaucer ɽѸǤ⽽ʬݤƤ (Minkova 312) ϡʤƻѲޤ -e ٤ޤǾü񹳤ΤˤĤƹͤ
Minkova ηꤷƤСäñηƻμѲޤˤ -e ϡݻ䤹ΧưŤäȤȤǤ롥㤨Сthe goode man Τ褦ʡ괧ܷƻ̾פȤ칽¤ˤƤϡñƻ˶޸ -e դȤˤäơ嶯嶯ιΧ (eurhythmy) ݤ䤹Ĥޤꡤ֤ȱΧ׵᤬פˡŪ -e ŪפȤ줿Τȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥
դ٤2Ĥ롥1ĤϡűѸѸŪ׵ᤵƤ -e eurhythmy ݤĤ٤üȤ줿ȤΤǤꡤ-e eurhythmy 򤢤餿˳٤ŪˤʤĶ줿櫓ǤϤʤȤȤeurhythmy θ̤ϡѶŪȤöŪʸ̤ȤȤˤʤ롥
2ܤˡ-e ݻȤ eurhythmy θ̤Ĺ³15--16ʹߤˤϷ̤ȤƸüζϤĬή˶ʤäȤ¤롥λ¤ϡeurhythmy Ф뵿ǰ뤫⤷ʤeurhythmy θ̤켫ΤˤäϤ򶯤᤿᤿ꤷȤϡʬˤ뤳Ȥeurhythmy ϡŪ˱ѸȤηϤ˹夯ѤƤװǤǧƤ褤ηǺѤƤ¾νװȤδطˤŪ˵ǽƤȲ᤹٤Ǥ롥äơ15--16˷ƻޤ -e ṳ̈Ȥ "dysrhythmy" ȤƤ⡤ eurhythmy ưŤ¾νװκϤäΤȹͤФ褯λ˴ؤ eurhythmy ⼫ΤѤɬפϤʤMinkova (322--23) ϡƻ޸ -e ˤĤƼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

. . . the claim laid on rules of eurhythmy in English can be weakened and ultimately overruled by other factors such as the expansion of segmental phonological rules of final schwa deletion, a process which depends on and is augmented by the weak metrical position of the deletable syllable. The 15th century reversal of the strength of the eurhythmy rules relative to other rules is not surprising. Extremely powerful morphological analogy within the adjectives, analogy with the demorphologization of the -e in the other word classes, as well as sweeping changes in the syntactic structure of the language led to what may appear to be a tendency to 'dysrhythmy' in the prosodic organization of some adjectival phrases in Modern English. . . . The entire history of schwa is, indeed, the result of a complex interaction of factors, and this is only an instance of the varying force of application of these factors.


Ѹˤˤƻ޸ˤĤƤϡ#532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])#688. ѸηƻηϤοʿ ([2011-03-16-1]) ۤilame (= Inflectional Levelling of Adjectives in Middle English) γƵ򻲾ȡ
ʤ伫Ȥ⤳ˤĤʸ2ܤۤɽ񤤤Ƥޤ[1] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Levelling of Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus." Journal of the Institute of Cultural Science 73 (2012): 255--73. [2] Hotta, Ryuichi. "The Decreasing Relevance of Number, Case, and Definiteness to Adjectival Inflection in Early Middle English: A Diachronic and Dialectal Study with the LAEME Corpus."إ硼įơ٥硼20ǯǰʸԡˡǡ2014ǯ273--99ǡˡ

Minkova, Donka. "Adjectival Inflexion Relics and Speech Rhythm in Late Middle and Early Modern English." ''Papers from the 5th International

Referrer (Inside): [2015-12-28-1] [2015-12-27-1]

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2015-08-04 Tue

#2290. ƻޤĹ첻û [final_e][ilame][inflection][vowel][phonetics][pronunciation][spelling_pronunciation_gap][spelling][adjective][afrikaans][syntagma_marking]

<look>, <blood>, <dead>, <heaven>, ʤɤ첻ʬϡ2Ĥ첻֤뤬ȯȤƤϤ줾û첻Ǥ롥ϡѸˤͽ̤ۤ2äΤθ塤û1ȤʤäǤ롥<oo> ֻȯδطӤطʤˤĤƤϡ#547. <oo> ֻб3ȯ ([2010-10-26-1])#1353. 첻Ĺû ([2013-01-09-1])#1297. does, done 첻 ([2012-11-14-1])#1866. put but 첻 ([2014-06-06-1]) ǿ줿<ea> ˤĤƤϡ#1345. read -- read -- read γѡ ([2013-01-01-1]) Ǵñ˿줿ˤʤΤǡȤƼ夲
Ҥ̤ꡤ<ea> Ĺ첻ɽ路ǤѸˤƤλ3Ҳ֤ûäƤꡤdream / dreamt, leap / leapt, read / read, speed / sped Τ褦첻̤Ω (cf. #1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])) ޤñҲ֤ˤƤ⡤ѸޤǤˤĤñˤûƤ (ex. breath, dead, dread, heaven, blood, good, cloth) ΰۤʤûβˤĤƤϡ#2052. Ѹˤˤ첻μפʼŪŪѲ ([2014-12-09-1]) #2063. Ĺ첻Ф¶ˡ ([2014-12-20-1]) ǸȤǤꡤ˲Ūʴ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤä˽Ѹˤûϰθä˸¤ƤȤ𤬤ꡤޤǤ롥
Görlach (71) ϡεˡŪǤϤ뤬˷ŪʴǤ롥

Such short vowels reflecting ME long vowel quantities are most frequent where ME has /ɛː, oː/ before /d, t, θ, v, f/ in monosyllabic words, but even here they occur only in a minority of possible words. It is likely that the short vowel was introduced on the pattern of words in which the occurrence of a short or a long vowel was determined by the type of syllable the vowel appeared in (glad vs. glade). When these words became monosyllabic in all their forms, the conditioning factor was lost and the apparently free variation of short/long spread to cases like (dead). That such processes must have continued for some time is shown by words ending in -ood: early shortened forms (flood) are found side by side with later short forms (good) and those with the long vowel preserved (mood).


Ҳǽñ촴ηƻϡѸޤǡŪʾ˱ơƶ޸ e ݤĤȤä (cf. #532. Chaucer ηƻζޡ ([2010-10-11-1])) ޸ e ̵ͭϲṽ¤Ѳ촴첻Ĺûꤷ1Ĥηƻˤ뤳ĹûѰۤǥȤʤäơṽ¤¾δĶˤƤĹûѰۡʤƸûˤ褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤȤ Görlach glad vs. glade 󤲤ʤҤ٤ƤΤϡϡ˷ŪʵǽͭƤ޸ -e Ū˾üƤǡεǽ򼺤촴첻Ĺûΰ㤤ˤκפĤΤߤȤʤäƤäȤаޤǤ (cf. #295. black Blake ([2010-02-16-1])) Ϣơ#977. ƻζ޸ο syntagma marking ([2011-12-30-1]) ǿ줿եꥫ󥹸ˤƻ޸Ρʸˡפλ㤬פФ롥

Görlach, Manfred. Introduction to Early Modern English. Cambridge: CUP, 1991.

Referrer (Inside): [2018-11-16-1] [2015-08-07-1]

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2015-01-24 Sat

#2098. 2014ǯαѸήԸ [lexicology][ads][woy][netspeak][punctuation][adjective]

19American Dialect Society ˤ 2014ǯ The Word of the Year ȯɽ줿ץ쥹꡼ (PDF)
2014ǯޤ #blacklivesmatter Ǥ롥ߤ줿HASHTAG礫޼ޤǡ2009ǯμ޸ twitter2012ǯμ޸ hashtag ³twitter դΥåɾƤȤȤ

   The hashtag #blacklivesmatter took on special significance in 2014 after the deaths of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo. and Eric Garner in Staten Island, N.Y., and the failure of grand juries to indict police officers in both cases. It became a rallying cry and vehicle for expressing protest, fueled by social media.
   The word hashtag itself was the ADS Word of the Year in 2012. Now, two years later, hashtags were recognized with their own special category in the voting, which was also won by #blacklivesmatter.
   "While #blacklivesmatter may not fit the traditional definition of a word, it demonstrates how powerfully a hashtag can convey a succinct social message," Zimmer said. "Language scholars are paying attention to the innovative linguistic force of hashtags, and #blacklivesmatter was certainly a forceful example of this in 2014."


MOST LIKELY TO SUCCEED μ޸ salty ȥΥߥ͡ȸ basic Ϥ¸ηƻܤƤ褦salty "exceptionally bitter, angry, or upset" ΰ̣ǡbasic "plain, socially awkward, unattractive, uninteresting, ignorant, pathetic, uncool, etc." ΰ̣ǿѤƤȤ¯ŪʶŪɾỤ̄ (evaluative meaning) ȯŸƤȤǶ̤Ƥ롥ϢơɾỤ̄ȤŪȯŸˤĤơ#1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1193. ե󥹸˶줿Ѹθܡ ([2012-08-02-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿

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2014-11-19 Wed

#2032. ƻ -ive [etymology][suffix][french][loan_word][spelling][pronunciation][verners_law][consonant][stress][gsr][adjective]

ե󥹸ؽγ顤ʼե󥹸Ǥ actif, effectif ʤɸ -if ĸŪ˷ƻˤ¿ꡤǤϸФΤȤ -if 򼨤Ǥ -ive 򼨤θե󥹸줫ѤѸǤ -ive §Ǥ롥ʤѸϥե󥹸줫餳θǼѤΤ
餤С -ive ϥե󥹸б -ive ľܤȿǤΤǤϤʤѸϼȤѸ˥ե󥹸줫餢ޤǸФˤ -if ηǼѤΤǤꡤ˱ѸǤβѲˤ̵ [f] [v] ͭȯ˹碌 -<ive> Ȥֻ̲ȤȤǤ롥
ѸǤϤΥե󥹼ѸФֻͥ -<if> Ǥ롥Ǥͭ -<ive> 褷ƾʤʤġñˤäξԤδ֤ǤɤۤʤȻפ뤬Ūˤ -<if> ήǤȹͤ롥ˡ#1178. MED Spelling Search ([2012-07-18-1]) ǡ"if\b.*adj\." "ive\b.*adj\." ʤɤȸФ측򤫤ƤߤȡȤƤ -<if> äƤ롥Ѹ٤ι⤤ effective, positive, active, extensive, attractive, relative, massive, negative, alternative, conservative Ĵ٤ƤߤȡMED Ǥ -<if> ФȤƺǽ˵󤬤äƤ롥
Ǥ˸ѸˤϤֻɽ蘆ȯ [ɪf] ˤơҲ [f] [v] ͭĤĤäˤ϶֤꤬Ϳ롥ޤե󥹸ǤΤ˶ƤꡤѸǤƱͤ˶äȤѸǤ϶֤촴ذư뷹ä (cf. #200. Ȥΰ֤襤 --- ޥϤޥ󥹷Ϥ ([2009-11-13-1])#718. ѸζѥѸѼ ([2011-04-15-1])#861. Ѹθ춯ΰ֤˴ؤ3ס ([2011-09-05-1])#1473. Germanic Stress Rule ([2013-05-09-1])) ˶ʤʤȡ [f] Verner's Law ʤΰ̲ˤ˽ͭ [v] Ȥʤäverners_law ȻҲͭˤĤƤϡäˡ#104. hundred ͥˡ§ ([2009-08-09-1]) ȡ#858. Verner's Law ȻҲͭ ([2011-09-02-1]) 򻲾Ȥ줿
嵭βĶˤ [f] ޤ໤ͭΤϡ (378) ˤС14ȾNǤϤ᤯ˡפȤ롥褽Ʊˡ[s] > [z], [θ] > [ð] ͭⵯä (ex. is, was, has, washes; with)
˽Ҥ٤аޤǡե󥹼Ѹ -if ϸ˸¤ -ive ؤѲΤ㳰Ū -if ˤȤɤޤäΤ롥bailiff ʼ, caitiff ܶԡ, mastiff ʥޥա, plaintiff ʸˤʤɤϡŤ [f] [v] δ֤ɤ򼨤ƤǽŪ [f] βɸಽǤ롥
ʾJespersen (200--01) 󤷤Ƥ餪

The F ending -if was in ME -if, but is in Mod -ive: active, captive, etc. Caxton still has pensyf, etc. The sound-change was here aided by the F fem. in -ive and by the Latin form, but these could not prevail after a strong vowel: brief. The law-term plaintiff has kept /f/, while the ordinary adj. has become plaintive. The earlier forms in -ive of bailiff, caitif, and mastiff, have now disappeared.


Ƭμ˲СѸ -ive ľܥե󥹸Ρʤ뤤ϥƥͳ褹˽ -ive ڤꤿΤǤϤʤե󥹸줫Ѥ -if λҲѸβѲˤͭΤɽ魯αѸüԤե󥹸ν -ive ˤٸƤȤαƶʬϤ뤫⤷ʤޤǤδͿϴŪȤߤʤƤΤ

סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.

Referrer (Inside): [2024-05-22-1]

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2014-09-28 Sun

#1980. Ѳ [subjectification][grammaticalisation][semantic_change][unidirectionality][adjective][intensifier][terminology][discourse_marker]

(pragmatics) ʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) θǤϡѲ (subjectification) ȤȤФˤ롥ǤСֻؼŪ̿Ụ̄ƥŪɽŪ뤤ϡпŪ (interpersonal) ؤΰ̣Ѳסʽp. 11ˤǤ롥̿ΰ̣üԤμŪ٤˽Ť򤪤̣ؤѲǤꡤʸˡˤŵŪˤߤǤȤ롥޼ŪˤС"propositional > textual > expressive/interpersonal" Ȥ
(11--13) ˽äƱѸˤ󤲤ȡư̤ΰջ֡ɽ魯 be going to ȯãˡư must, may ʤɤε̳Ūˡ (deontic) ǧŪˡ (epistemic) ؤȯãɸȯãĴȯãʤɤ롥Ūˡư promise ηФѲߤƤߤ褦Ѹ˥ե󥹸줫Ѥ줿 ư promise ϡͭμȤꡤ«Ȥȯ԰٤ԤȤ̣16ˤ̾Ū򽾤ơͽ𤹤롤ͽפΰ̵̣μƤ褦ˤʤ롥18ˤϡʸȤäŪ夲ˡȯãջŪǧŪʰ̣˻롥̡The conflict may promise to escalate into war. Τ褦ʸǽˤʤäư promise ФƤѲΥץϡ"full thematic predicates > raising predicates > quasi-modals > modal operator" ȿ޼Ǥ
⤦1ġƻ lovely μѲˤĤƤ⿨Ƥ褳ηƻϿʹ֤°̣18Τɽ魯褦ˤʤꡤDzͤɽ魯褦ˤʤä19溢϶ո (intensifier) ȤƤѤ褦ˤʤꡤĤˤϤˡ餷פۤɤ̣ȿ (response particle) ȤƤˡȯã޼ "descriptive adjective > affective adjective > intensifier/pragmatic particle" ȤäȤϢơƻ줬ɾŪʰ̣ˤĤƤϡ#1099. Ҥηƻɾηƻ ([2012-04-30-1])#1100. Farsi ηƻʬ̻Ūʰ̣礤 ([2012-05-01-1])#1400. relational adjective qualitative adjective ؤΰ̣Ѳθưϡ ([2013-02-25-1]) Ǽ夲ΤǡȤ줿ոȯãˤĤƤϡ#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ۤˤ⡤Traugott (126--27) ˤСafter all, in fact, however ʤɤɸȤƤȯãeven μٻȤƤȯãonly ξȤƤȯãʤɤ󤲤뤷ܸ줫ȤơʸƬΡ֤ǤפɸȤƤȯã䡤ʸΡ֤櫓פμŪ٤ޤͳˡȯãʤɤŦ롥
μΰ̣ѲȤˤʤȡɬȿ餷ΤŦ롥ºݤˡȿѲ (de-subjectification) ܤ⤢롥㤨Сcriminal law criminal ϵҴŪǵŪʰ̣äƤ뤬ŪˤϤηƻǤ a criminal tyrant ˤ褦ʼŪɾŪʰ̣ԤƤȤޤѸǤŪ˼ư֤ȯãƤư֤ŵŪưʤȿŪɽȤ롥

¼䡡ʸˡȥǥಽ١ҤĤ˼2014ǯ
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. "From Subjectification to Intersubjectification." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 124--39.

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2014-07-28 Mon

#1918. sharp flat [adjective][adverb][antonymy][synaesthesia][semantic_change]

sharp flat ʹСڤˤȾ⤤ŵʢˤȾ㤤ѵʢˤפ⤫֡ڤǤϸߤȿոȤ⤤ط⤷Ȥ˱ѸǤϡ֤äꡤΤˡפȤ̣ͭƤ롥ܸǤ flat ϡ10åեåȤפʤɤȤ򤹤뤬ѸǤ sharp ֤äꡤΤˡפ̣ȤѤ롥ʲˡξ򤳤ΰ̣ǤȤѤʸ󤲤褦

We're meeting at one thirty sharp.
Please be here at seven o'clock sharp.
She planned to unlock the store at 8.00 sharp this morning.
He ran 100 yards in 10 seconds flat!
You're sitting behind an engine that'll move you from 0 to 60mph in six seconds flat.
I fell asleep in five seconds flat!

sharp ϻɽ魯Τˡflat ϻַ¬ѤȤ㤤Ϥ뤬֤äꡤΤˡפȤ̣ΰפ϶̣ϤɤΤ褦ͳˤΤ
sharp ϡֱԤפθ顤֡ʻ֤ˡ˸ʤʡפͳơ֤äꡤΤˡפؤỌ̇̄Ѳpunctual ʻָΡˤθ촴ƥ punctumʤԤڤ point Ǥ뤳ȤӤ줿
flat ϸʿפ餯̤ˤ֤꤭פͳơ֤äꡤΤˡפؤỌ̇̄ѲΤǤϤʤȹͤ롤顤äѤ¬Ѥͳ狼롥
Ĥޤꡤ֤äꡤΤˡפθγ˴ؤƤϡsharp flat δ֤ˤľܤˤܤˤطʤȹͤƤ褤줾ȼΥ롼ȤФơޤ޻褦ʸȯãȹͤ롥
ѸȤƤξΩϡޤ̤äǤ롥sharp ϡιù⤵αԤȤƤȤ館 (synaesthesia) λʪǤꡤ֡ʥˤĤơȾ⤤פθޤ줿Ф flat ϡShakespeare The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1. 2. 90) ˤƽФ֤ĤפθѤ줿 sharp ("No, madam, 'tis too sharp.") ؤŪȤơʿޤʡĤޤʤפ̣ȿոȤ flat ("Nay, you are too flat.") Ѥ줿Ȥͳ褹롥γݤ礤ȿմطεҤȤƤѤ졤Ⱦ⤤פsharp ȤǡȾ㤤פ flat ޤ줿Τ褦˴ŪǤϤ뤬flat ΤۤⶦФʤ̤ȤƤοȤȤˤʤ̤θ򤹤С"correlative analogy" (Stern 218--20) ˤȿոηȤ롥

Stern, Gustaf. Meaning and Change of Meaning. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1931.

Referrer (Inside): [2020-07-07-1]

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2014-07-26 Sat

#1916. ˡȽˡǰۤʤ֤ķƻ [adjective][syllable][pronunciation][prosody][participle][euphony][numeral][personal_pronoun]

#643. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ ([2011-01-30-1]), #712. ΩȤȯ -ed IJʬƻ (2) ([2011-04-09-1]), #752. ¾ưȼưüʲʬƻ ([2011-05-19-1]) ǴϢ˿줿Ѹˤϲʬˡ˱2Ĥΰۤʤ֤򼨤 drunk / drunken, bent / bended, proved / proven, beloved / belovèd Τ褦ʥڥ롥ûԤϽŪˡ1ʬĹԤϸŪѤ뷹롥εǤϡꥺȴϢŤơλȤʬˤĤ
嵭ΥڥϤưβʬƻưͳǤϤʤƻˤ⡤2Ĥΰ۷֤㤬Ѹ˸줿ξԤɤٴϢ뤫Ϥ狼ʤȤʬȤƤΤǾҲ𤷤two / twain, my / mine, thy / thine, old / olden γƥڥˤơԤη֤ϸ /n/ ޤʬĹȤ־ħ뤬ˡȤƤԤԤ٤Ƥ֤ʤ롥ڡ켣 (462) 򻲾Ȥơ줾ħޤȤ褦

(1) two / twain
twain ϸűѸ tweġen ʡгʤη֤ͳ褷two бη֤ͳ褹롥twain two ȤȤѸ̤ƹѤ졤ѸäƤ⡤(i) ̾θֽȤơ(ii) ̾θƱʸȤơ(iii) ˡȤơѤƤtwain two ˲³ƤϤˡ򶹤ʤѸޤӤȤˤʤ롥

I have receivyd twaine your lettres. (1554 Cdl. Pole in Eng. Hist. Rev.)
lovers twain (MND. V. i. 151)
O Perdita, what have we twain forgot! (Wint. IV. iv. 673)
I must become a borrower of the night For a dark hour or twain. (Mac. III. i. 26--27)
Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. (Rom. III. v. 240)


twain ӱΤѤ䤹äȤϸޤǤʤ

(2) my / mine, thy / thine
줾űѸο;̾°ʷ mīn, þīn ̤롥ͭɽ魯ˡˤơƥڥԤη my, thy ǤϻҲ֤ /n/ æΤǡԤη mine, thine Ǥ첻 /n/ ݻ줿ΤǤ롥λȤʬϡ1318ޤ³ñȤѤˡǤϡmine, thine /n/ ֤ͭФ졤ߤ˻롥

(3) old / olden
olden 15Ⱦ˽Ф٤㤤۷֤äShakespeare Ǥ1٤Τ "Blood hath been shed ere now, i' the olden time," (Mac. III. iv. 75) ȤƸ졤餯 the olden time ȤɽޤäΤȻפ롥Scott ˤ olden times Ȥ㤬롥19㳰Ū˽ˡѸǤϸ§ȤƤäѤ嵭θѤ롥

ΥڥǤĹ֤ˤ /n/ ˲äƤ뤬ºݤ˲䤹ʤäƥꥺ˴ͿȹͤˤΤ (3) ΤߤǤ롥(3) Ǥ2 olden ˡȤƤλѤ˸¤Ƥꡤ ##643,712 Ǽꥺˤ˹פ롥(1), (2) ǤϡɲäʤΤ /n/ դĹ֤Τۤषˡ򼺤äƤΤ(3) 椷оŪǤ롥

ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ

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2014-07-14 Mon

#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 [negative][adjective][adverb][etymology]

no ϡHave you ever been to Kyoto? Ф No, I haven't. Τ褦ˤơñȤȤѤ롥ʳ¿ˤꡤno ŵŪˤϷƻȤǧƤ롥ʸηƻȤơI have no money on me., He is no fool., Let there be no talking in class. Τ褦ѤۤηƻȤ No news is good news., The owl can see with no light., No homework, no TV., No objection. Τ褦ˤѤ롥
no ճˤ no ˡ¸ߤ롥ӵҷƻ֤㡤ޤ whether or no ʤɤȤ㤬Ǥ롥Ĥʸ󤲤褦

The sick man is no better.
You're no longer young.
I can walk no further.
There were no more than two books on the desk.
Their way of life is no different from ours.
I am no good at tennis.
I don't know whether it's true or no.
Rain or no, I have to leave tomorrow.


ӵȤι¤ȤƤ no + the + less 1ˤʤä natheless /ˈneɪθləs, ˈnæθləs/ (cf. nonetheless, nevertheless) ƱǤ롥Ǹ2Ĥʸ . . . or no ϡɸѸǤϳʼĥäǡ̾ . . . or not Ѥ롥ۤ We had no little rain. ʱʤɤǤϤʤäˤˤ no ⡤ƻ little ꤹȲǤ
嵭ηƻ no no ϡˡۤʤ졤Ǥ̾ƱùܤΤȤ˵ҤƤ롥츻ŪˤξԤ϶̤롥ƻ no ϡűѸη֤ǤС ne (not) ȿ ān (one, a(n)) 碌ʣǤ롥괧 a(n) ͭƻ my/mine ʿŪʲȯãˤꡤ³Ƭ첻 h ξˤ -n ݻ줿Ҳξˤ -n æ촴첻ϸűѸ ā Ѹ ō ؤȯãΤɸŪʷ֤ȿǤƤ롥츻ŪˤϿǤ뤫顤η no ϴŪ˷ƻǤ롥
Ѹ no ϡűѸθȤƤϡ ne (not) ā (ever, always, aye) ʣǤꡤ̣ȵǽˤƤ never ȤۤƱǤ롥ŪˤϷƻ no ȹή˵ǽŪ none ⴬ǻͻ͵ӤȯŸƤ
ήΤʤǡȤƤ none űѸ줫ȯŸȤӵȹ¤ʤ nanmore, non lengere, none the lessHe went to college but is none the better for it.ؤعԤäˤΩʤäˤʤɤˡƤ

ʸ嵭2022/10/02(Sun) 2021/06/18 Voicy ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)ˤơ#17. ƻ no ̸츻פȤƼ夲ޤʲɤ


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2014-05-31 Sat

#1860. Ʊβʬ [conversion][adjective][participle][verb]

Ѹˤ affect, attract, celebrate, dedicate, indicate, relate ʤɥޥ󥹷Ϥư줬¿¸ߤ롥촴 /t/ ĤθϥƥβʬŵŪʸ -ātusˤͳ褹뤬Ѹؼޤݤˤ /t/ ޤ᤿Τư촴Ȳᤵ줿طʤˤϡƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) ѸˤƹŪǤäȤͿƤȸ롥ηаޤˤĤƤϡ#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) #1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) εǴñ˿줿̤Ǥ롥
ơΤ褦ʸ췲ΰˤϡѸˤƸˡǤϤ뤬Τޤ޲ʬȤѤΤ롥㤨Сcreate, dedicate, frustrate ϡΤޤޤη֤ǡ§Ūʲʬ created, dedicated, frustrated ƱβʬȤѤ뤳Ȥ롥ˡȤƤϸŪѸѸǤϡưˤƸƱβʬ§Ū -ed ¤ǹԤƤڡ켣 (206--08) ϡѸˤ -ed ȥ٤򼨤 Reuter (45, 89) ˤʲΥǡǺܤʤ顤촴 /t/ ǽưˤĤƤϤषΤۤޤ줿ȤŦƤ롥

 /t/ ǽ/t/ ǽʤ
{-ed}{-ø}{-ed}{-ø}
13--14Chaucer5558199
Wyclif172630
Trevisa156221
Gower32929
15Lydgate1311671
Tr. Palladius57037
Tr. HigdenˤۤȤ٤0
Tr. Delm14440
Capgrave95420
Ripley04800
Henryson34800
Monk of Evesh52910
Bk. St. Albans11110
Caxton165118٤0


Ѹˤ /t/ ǽ를βʬ줬ޤ줿ͳȤơڡ켣 (207) ϡֱѸμưǡ촴 /t/ ʤ /d/ˤǽꡤˤ첻ĤΤϡME˲ʬƱˤʤäȤαƶˤΤǤפȽҤ٤Ƥ롥Ϣơ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1]) ȡ#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) ε⻲Ȥ줿
Ѹǥޤ줿Ҥηϡ15ˤĬ򼨤ƤκޤǤˤϡ/t/ ǽˤĤƤ⵬§Ū -ed ŪˤʤäƤꡤϿꤨƤθ⥼οϤäǤϤ뤬¤˿ʹԤ18ˤϤۤȤɤưˤѤ˵ߤޤǻ¸ΥˤĤƤ⡤ʬΰ۷ȤϽʷƻȤưռƤ롥¸ȤƤϾҤ3Τۤconfiscate, consecrate, distract, elect, infatuate, sophisticate ʤɤޤޤ롥

ͺ켣 رѸIIIA١Ѹ10罤۽Ź1984ǯ
Reuter, O. On the Development of English Verbs from Latin and French Past Participles. Commentationes Humanarum Literarum, VI. 6. Helsingfors: Centraltryckeriet, 1934.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-10-18-1]

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2014-02-26 Wed

#1766. a three-hour(s)-and-a-half flight [compound][adjective][plural][number][numeral][hyphen]

ɸΤ褦ʿñ̤ޤʣƻˤƤϡñ̤ɽ魯̾ʣʤΤ§Ȥ롥a four-power agreement, a five-foot-deep river, a ten-dollar bill, a twelve-year-old boy ʤɤǡǤ롥
Ȥʣ⻶졤a three-hours-and-a-half flight ⤢뤷a four years course ⤢롥Quirk et al. (Section 17.108) ˤСƱɽȤưʲ4̤꤬ǽǤ롥

. . . in quantitative expressions of the following type there is possible variation . . .:
a ten day absence[singular]
a ten-day absence[hyphen + singular]
a ten days absence[plural]
a ten days' absence[genitive plural]


Ʊͤˡ4ǯפˤĤƤ⡤"a four year course", "a four-year course", "a four years course", "a four years' course" Τ⤢뤳Ȥˤʤ롥Ѱ۷ˤƤΤȤʬδबꤦΤȤϡ̻ŪŪ˶̣ʳǤ̤ĴǤ롥
ȴϢȤդƤΤϡϤꥤꥹѸˤơ̾θƻˡǤϡ̾줬ʣȤƤٸòƤˡʣη֤ΤޤޤǼ¸뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ¤㤨СQuirk et al. (Section 17.109) ˤȡꥹѸΤ褦㤬ߤȤparks department, courses committee, examinations board, the heavy chemicals industry, Scotland Yard's Obscene Publications Squad, Chesterfield Hospitals management Committee, the British Museum Prints and Drawings Gallery, an Arts degree, soft drinks manufacturer, entertainments guide, appliances manufacturer, the Watergate tapes affair.

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-08-02-1]

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2013-11-21 Thu

#1669. longest lengest ֤ΤϤĤ [hc][corpus][adjective][comparison][i-mutation][analogy]

#1649. longer leng(er) ֤ΤϤĤ ([2013-11-01-1]) ǡŪ i-mutation ӵ leng(er) longer ִ줿Τ򥳡ѥˤäĴϡƱФꤵǾˤĤƱͤĴܤ̤𤹤롥Ū i-mutation κǾ lengest ϡѸˤΤɤʳ longest ִ줿Τ
Helsinki Corpus ǡ촴첻ΥꥨǰƬ֤Ĥġξ򸡺̤̻ŪȰʲΤ褦ˤʤ롥


LONGESTLENGEST
O100
O202
O3013
O403
M101
M200
M301
M401
E130
E240
E320


ӵ㤬äȾʤϤϤäꤷƤ롥ӵξƱͤˡE1 (1500--1570) žȤʤäƤ롥󡤤ξΤߤǷޤȤϤǤʤ㤨Сlōng (adj. (1)) 򻲾ȤСѸ15 Higden's Polychronicon ˤơ"In Armeny..Ytaly and other regiones..the longeste day other ny3hte is but oonly of xv houres equinoccialle." Ȥ longest Τʸڤ롥Ǥ⡤ӵΥ̻ŪʬۤƤȤȤϡη̤ɾǡפȤʤ
Ʊ͡Ѹ (1418--1680) 45줫ʤʥѥΥץ CEECS (The Corpus of Early English Correspondence Ǥ⸡Ƥߤ2˶ʬ줿ѥ1ʬ (1418--1638) longest 1ҥåȤΤߤäΤạ̇̄븫ФȤϤǤä

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2013-11-20 Wed

#1668. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (2) [adjective][syntax][french][latin][word_order][implicational_scale]

ε#1667. ե󥹸αƶˤƻθֽ (1) ([2013-11-19-1]) ³ԡѸˤˤơƻθֽϸűѸ줫鸫줿ֽѸǤϷ褷ƵǤϤʤäѸδֽ֤ͥȤʤä (Rissanen 209) Fischer (214) ˤȡLightfoot (205--09) ϡŪаޤƧޤ Greenberg ήθ෿˴Ťްռ (implicational scale) δ顤ƻ (Noun-Adjective) θοϡSOV (Subject-Object-Verb) θοϢưƤĤޤꡤSVO 夷ĤĤäѸǤƱ˷ƻ֤ȯãƤΤȤΤǤ롥SVOθȯãˤĤƤϡ#132. űѸ줫Ѹؤθȯã ([2009-09-06-1]) 򻲾ȡ
ѸηƻθεҸߤ¤ꡤLightfoot ٤¤Ϥʤ㤨СSir Gawain and the Green Knight Ǥϡ8䤬ƻ֤Ǥꡤ֤򼨤Ĥ2Τ2/3㤬ΧˤȤޤͽۤȤꡤʸ걤ʸΤۤŪ¿ֽ򼨤ˡֽηƻϡե󥹸 "learned adjectives" (Fischer 214) Ǥ뤳Ȥ¿ä (ex. oure othere goodes temporels, the service dyvyne) Ĥޤꡤ̾Ȥ碌ơɽ¿ϥե󥹸δɽäȹͤΤΤ褦Ǥ롥
Ѹˤ뤳ηϡѸˤ³Rissanen (208) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

The order of the elements of the noun phrase is freer in the sixteenth century than in late Modern English. The adjective is placed after the nominal head more readily than today . . . . This is probably largely due to French or Latin influence: most noun + adjective combinations contain a borrowed adjective and the whole expression is often a term going back to French or Latin.


λȤƤϡa tonge vulgare and barbarous, the next heire male, life eternall ʤɤ󤲤Ƥ롥Ѹδ֤ˤθ礬षƤȤ礭ήϤĤθ (Rissanen 209 򻲾ȡˤǻŦƤ뤬ƥȥפġ̤˾ܺ٤ĴƤ椯ɬפ뤫⤷ʤεǤ⿨줿褦ˡե󥹸줬θͿƶϡ¤줿ϰϤˤƤǤϤ뤬ѸǤŪǤ롥ƻ֤ϡѸ˾塤̣ơޤȤʤΤǤϤʤ

Fischer, Olga. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 207--408.
Rissanen, Matti. "Syntax." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 3. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 187--331.
Lightfoot, D. W. Principles of Diachronic Syntax. Cambridge: CUP, 1979.

Referrer (Inside): [2016-01-05-1]

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