#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1]) ǡƻ졦ˤߤ (comparison) Ȥ (category) ˤĤƹ̤ͤ˱ѸӤˤƤϡ3Ĥε (grade) ̤롥 (positive degree)ӵ (comparative degree)Ǿ (superlative degree) Ǥ롥DZѸѸ˴ؤ comparative superlative Ϥ褯ʬΤpositive ȤΤޥˤɤ positive ȤΤ
OED positive, adj. and n. ƤߤȡʸˡѸȤƤΰ̣ϡ12˵Ƥ롥
12. Grammar. Designating the primary degree of an adjective or adverb, which expresses simple quality without qualification; not comparative or superlative. . . .
positive negative ȿФȤ櫓ǤϤʤä˲⽤侮ٹܤƤʤƻ졦줽ΤΤΤ absolute Ū, intrinsic ܼŪ, independent ΩŪˤȤäƤ褤ۤɤΰ̣ŪŪʵǤ comparative superlative ФơӤʤŪʵ positive Ȥ櫓̣ǡŪƤѸ졦ǰȤ롥
ʸˡѸȤƤν1434ǯȤʤäƤ롥Ѹ˻ŪʸĤ
c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in Speculum (1934) 9 79 Þe positif degre..be-tokenyth qualite or quantite with outyn makyng more or lesse & settyth þe grownd of alle oþere degreis of Comparison.
1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Positive Degree of Comparison in Grammar, is that which signifies the Thing simply and absolutely, without comparing it with others; it belongs only to Adjectives.
1930 Frederick (Maryland) Post 15 Jan. 4/2 The Positive degree is used when no comparison is made with any other noun or pronoun, except as to their class; it is expressed by the simple unchanged form of the adjective; it expresses a certain idea to an ordinary extent.
嵭ͤȡܸΡָפȤ褷ưʤ
ѸŵŪʷƻ졦ˤϡ顦ӵ顦Ǿζ̤롥ܸΡӡפֵפȤѸˤϡѸ "comparison", "degree", "gradation" ʤɤб뤬⤽⤳ϸŪˤɤΤ褦 (category) ʤΤBussmann Ѹ켭ŵꡤޤ "degree" ιܤߤƤߤ褦
degree (also comparison, gradation)
All constructions which express a comparison properly fall under the category of degree; it generally refers to a morphological category of adjectives and adverbs that indicates a comparative degree or comparison to some quantity. There are three levels of degree: (a) positive, or basic level of degree: The hamburgers tasted good; 'b) comparative, which marks an inequality of two states of affairs relative to a certain characteristic: The steaks were better than the hamburgers; (c) superlative, which marks the highest degree of some quantity: The potato salad was the best of all; (d) cf. elative (absolute superlative), which marks a very high degree of some property without comparison to some other state of affairs: The performance was most impressive . . . .
Degree is not grammaticalized in all languages through the use of systematic morphological changes; where such formal means are not present, lexical paraphrases are used to mark gradation. In modern Indo-European languages, degree is expressed either (a) synthetically by means of suffixation (new : newer : (the) newest); (b) analytically by means of particles (anxious : more/most anxious); or (c) through suppletion . . . , i.e. the use of different word stems: good : better : (the) best.
Ʊͤ "gradation" ȤܤƤߤ褦
gradation
Semantic category which indicates various degrees (i.e. gradation) of a property or state of affairs. The most important means of gradation are the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and some (deadjectival) adverbs. In addition, varying degrees of some property can also be expressed lexically, e.g. especially/really quick, quick as lightning, quicker and quicker.
ˤ褦 "degree" "gradation" ְ̣ƤǤ뤳ȤϤ狼롥ѸΤߤʤ餺ܸǤ֤ɤס֤äɤסֺǤɤסֺɡפʤɤɽ͡ѰդƤꡤӡפֵפ뵡ǽ̤Ƥ뤫̸ŪˤϤ줬˷֡ŪʡʸˡƤǤ⤢ȤȤˤϤʤʤäƤޤСޤްǤʸˡʡʸˡޤˤƤΤʸˡƤȤǧƤ뤬ܸǤäʸˡƤȤꤵƤʤȤΤȤǤ롥
ġʸˡƤϡ̸ŪŪ褯ߤΤ⤢СǤʤΤ⤢롥ʸˡƤȤϡ̣Ǹ̸ˤեȤ٤ΤǤ롥θˤĤƤϡ#2853. ˤȿʹ֤ʬե ([2017-02-17-1]) Ϥ fetishism γƵȤ줿
Bussmann, Hadumod. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. and ed. Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kazzizi. London: Routledge, 1996.
set, put, cut त̵ѲѤưˤĤơ#1854. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. ([2014-05-25-1])#1858. ̵ѲѤư set -- set -- set, etc. (2) ([2014-05-29-1]) εǼ夲ƤǤϡưοѸβˤ˾Ȥ餻СϤΤͿ뤳Ȥߤ
촴 t d ñǤ롤ȤΤưζ̹ŪˤϡξƤ¤ˤơۤưƱ̵ͤѲѤƤȤäȤСfast, fret, lift, start, waft ʤɤǤ롥Jespersen (36) Ƹ褦
4.42. The influence of analogy has increased the number of invariable verbs. Especially verbs ending in -t tend in this direction. The tendency perhaps culminated in early ModE, when several words now regular had unchanged forms, sometimes side by side with forms in -ed:
fast. Sh Cymb IV. 2.347 I fast and pray'd for their intelligense. || fret. More U 75 fret prt. || lift (from ON). AV John 8.7 hee lift vp himselfe | ib 8.10 when Iesus had lift vp himselfe (in AV also regular forms) | Mi PL 1. 193 With Head up-lift above the wave | Bunyan P 19 lift ptc. || start. AV Tobit 2.4 I start [prt] vp. || waft. Sh Merch. V. 1.11 Stood Dido .. and waft her Loue To come again to Carthage | John II. 1.73 a brauer choice of dauntlesse spirits Then now the English bottomes haue waft o're.
Jespersen Τ褦ˡŪˡ뤤ϲѲˤäǤ륿פ̵ѲưȤϡޤ set ʤɴ¸Ū̵Ѳư˿ȯ줿 (analogy) η̤Ȥ̵ѲưȤߤ٤Ǥ2Ū̵ѲưȸƤǤ褤⤷ʤϸޤǤˤɸѸ줫ϾäȤϤʤ櫓ǤϤʤȤΤϡ餬ΥǥȤʤäơʤƤǽ⤢뤫Ĥޤꡤ촴 -t ǽ뤬θΤ褦ñǤʤХޥͳǤʤΤˤ顤Ʊݤĥܤ뤫ǰƬ֤ƤΤϡεǤꤢ -ate ưʤɤǤʡ#3764. ư -ate εȯã ([2019-08-17-1]) ȡˡ
Ʊ Jespersen (36--37) ꡤλݤ˴ؤսѤ褦
4.43. It was thus not at all unusual in earlier English for a ptc in -t to be = the inf. The analogy of these cases was extended even to a series of words of Romantic origin, namely such as go back to Latin passive participle, e. g. complete, content, select, and separate. These words were originally adopted as participles but later came to be used also as infinitives; in older English they were frequently used in both functions (as well as in the preterit), often with an alternative ptc. in -ed; . . . A contributory cause of their use as verbal stems may have been such Latin agent-nouns as corruptor and editor; as -or is identical in sound with -er in agent-nouns, the infinitives corrupt and edit may have been arrived at merely through subtraction of the ending -or . . . . Finally, the fact that we have very often an adj = a vb, e. g. dry, empty, etc . . ., may also have contributed to the creation of infs out of these old ptcs (adjectives).
ѤθȾǡΥǥ뤬ۤˤ2Ĥ˿ƤΤפǤ롥corruptor, editor פε (back_formation) dry, empty פư졦ƻѤñ¸ߤǤ롥#1748. -er or -or ([2014-02-08-1])#438. ƻӵ餫ưؤž ([2010-07-09-1]) ⻲ȡ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part VI. Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1942.
ε#3763. ƻ -ate εȯã ([2019-08-16-1]) ˰³ -ate ꡥư -ate ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) Ǽ夲ϤεȯãˤĤơOED -ate, suffix1 Ȥʤ顤⤦ܺ٤˹ͤƤߤ褦
Ҥ٤褦ˡ-ate ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤뤫顤ưθȤϡʲʬ˷ƻθȤ٤ΤǤ롥ư -ate εȤƤΤϡ-ate ˴ؤƷƻ줫ưؤʻž (conversion) äȤȤǤ롥ƻ줫ưؤʻž¿θǧ졤ºݤ˸űѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤˤȤޤʤȤСűѸǤ hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan 졤줾Ԥư϶ѸˤƶԤȷŪͻ礷Ȥаޤ롥
ƥǤƱͤˡƻ줫ưؤʻžӤäȤСsiccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre ʤɤ줿˥եǤǡsec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser ʤɤ줿Ѹϥƥե줫餳θѤηƻưϤοˤ15ޤǤͻ礷
ήΤʤǡ16ˤϥƥβʬƻΤޤưȤѤ륿פʻžŪˤߤ褦ˤʤädirect, separate, aggravate ʤɤ㤬롥ѸǤΤ褦㤬Ƥȡƥ -ātus ŪˤϲʬбƤϤŪˤϤФбѸưθˤҤŤ褦ˤʤäĤޤꡤʬƻŪʵǽβߤʤˡ-ate ľܤưθȷӤĤ褦ˤʤäΤǤ롥
ηդޤȡƥʤեˤư촴ڤƤơ -ate ĤСѸ¦ǿưñƳǤȤ1θˡȯã16ˤ fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate ޤɴ -ate ư줬߽Ф줿
äˡΩƤޤСºݤ˥ƥʤեˤ¸ߤɤ鷺֥ƥʤեŪǡפǤСäƤ -ate դ뤳ȤˤꡤȤ⤿䤹ưǤ褦ˤʤä櫓ˤ nobilitate, felicitate, capacitate, differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate ʤ¿ -ate ư줬ḽ߽Ф줿
ΤȤ -ate ȯãϡȤ̤ȤƤ -ate ư췲Ȥδ֤Ρ䤨֤ʤѤȵ§ĥˤȤߤ뤳ȤǤ롥
ѸŵŪư1ĤȹͤƤ -ate ϡ¤ϤĤηƻˤߤ롥aspirate, desolate, moderate, prostrate, sedate, separate ưȤƤˡ⤢뤬ƻǤ⤢롥 innate, oblate, ornate, temperate ʤɤϾ˷ƻǤ롥ƻȤƤ -ate εȯãɤäƤߤ褦
ϥƥ1ưβʬܼ -ātus, -ātum, -āta ̤롥եϤˤߤܼ -us, -um, -a æѸƥݤˤæδޤƥեΤ̤ȤơѸ1400ǯ餤顤ƥ -atus ʤɤ -at ʤΤԤ첻ĹȤ e ź -ate) ȤƼཬƤä
嵭Τ褦 -ate εưβʬǤ뤫顤ѸǤʸ̤ưβʬΤۤƻȤƤⵡǽƤȤ̵ʤǤ -ate ưθʬϤ˵ڤǡŪʲʬϡ¿˵§Ū˺줿 -ated Ȥ֤˼ä졤ʬʷƻˤȤƤ -ate ¿ѤȤʤäƤޤäƻȤƼŪ˻ĤäΤ⤢äƬ˵ -ate ƻϡΤ褦ʷаޤǡĤäפΤǤ롥
ʾή⤷սOED -ate, suffix2
Forming participial adjectives from Latin past participles in -ātus, -āta, -ātum, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content-us, convict-us, direct-us, remiss-us, or with phonetic final -e, e.g. complēt-us, finīt-us, revolūt-us, spars-us. The analogy for this was set by the survival of some Latin past participles in Old French, as confus:--confūsus, content:--contentus, divers:--diversus. This analogy was widely followed in later French, in introducing new words from Latin; and both classes of French words, i.e. the popular survivals and the later accessions, being adopted in English, provided English in its turn with analogies for adapting similar words directly from Latin, by dropping the termination. This began about 1400, and as in -ate suffix1 (with which this suffix is phonetically identical), Latin -ātus gave -at, subsequently -ate, e.g. desolātus, desolat, desolate, separātus, separat, separate. Many of these participial adjectives soon gave rise to causative verbs, identical with them in form (see -ate suffix3), to which, for some time, they did duty as past participles, as 'the land was desolat(e by war;' but, at length, regular past participles were formed with the native suffix -ed, upon the general use of which these earlier participial adjectives generally lost their participial force, and either became obsolete or remained as simple adjectives, as in 'the desolate land,' 'a compact mass.' (But cf. situate adj. = situated adj.) So aspirate, moderate, prostrate, separate; and (where a verb has not been formed), innate, oblate, ornate, sedate, temperate, etc. As the French representation of Latin -atus is -é, English words in -ate have also been formed directly after French words in --é, e.g. affectionné, affectionate.
Ĥޤꡤ-ate ϡߤФषƻˤդ路Ȥ٤Ǥꡤưˤդ路ؤѲΤϡѸʹߤοȤȤˤʤ롥ʤ -ate ŵŪưȤʤäΤȤäƤϡʣŪ𤬤롥ˤĤƤϡ#2731. -ate ưϤɤΤ褦 ([2016-10-18-1]) ȡʤޤεǤⰷͽˡ
-ate ˤĤƤϡ֤ȯʤɤδ#1242. -ate ưζܹԡ ([2012-09-20-1])#3685. -ate ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-30-1])#3686. -ate -ment ư̾졦ƻȯΰ㤤 ([2019-05-31-1])#1383. ƥñѸ첽ֵ§ ([2013-02-08-1]) Ϥᡤ-ate εǼ夲ƤΤǡ⻲Ȥ줿
614ˡرѸ춵١罤۽Źˤ7ȯ䤵ޤѸϢֱܵѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4ܤȤ֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤפǺܤƤޤ

ƻ졦ɽˤĤƤϡܥ֥Ǥ (comparison) γƵǰäƤޤʲˡϢܵˤȤ櫓Ϣο֥ΥĥäƤޤΤǡ碌ɤǤС-er more ˴ؤʬˤĤޤȻפޤ
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
δ졡ֱѸƳΰФ䤹ѸˤΥĥܡ4ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤסرѸ춵2019ǯ7桤罤۽Ź2019ǯ61462--63ǡ
Ѹ ago ϡŵŪ˴֤ɽ魯ɽθˤơ?ˡפɽ魯a moment ago, a little while ago, some time ago, many years ago, long ago ʤɤѤ롥
ago ϸ츻Ūˤϡư go Ƭ a- դư ago ʡԻղ롤в᤹ˤβʬ agone ҲäΤǤ롥פˡmany years ago Ȥ many years (are) (a)gone ΤȤǤꡤbe Ȥưβʬ agone ʸ agoˤȤ߹蘆äơֲǯ⤬вᤷȤפȴλäƤΤȹͤФ褤
OED ago, v. 3ˤϡ"intransitive. Of time: to pass, elapse. Chiefly (now only) in past participle, originally and usually with to be." ȤꡤϽűѸȤᤤʳʸڤƤ롥2ĵƤ
eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) Introd. Þy geare þe wæs agan fram Cristes acennesse cccc wintra & xciiii uuintra.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xvi. 1 Sæternes dæg wæs agan [L. transisset].
Τ褦 be λʸȯãɽȤ³뤦 be άǡ?ˡפ̣Ȥƺʬ (reanalysis) 졤ˤĤʤˡȯãƤΤȻפ롥̤θСΩʬ칽ʸ many years (being) ago(ne) ȤȯãƤȤȤ館Ƥ褤ˡνФϡOED ago, adj. and adv. ˤС14ȾΤȤǤ롥Ĥǽ褦
c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 1695 (MED) It was ago fif ȝer Þat he was last þer.
c1415 (c1395) Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale (Lansd.) (1872) l. 863 I speke of mony a .C. ȝere a-go.
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 158 (MED) It is not yet longe tyme agoo that suche custume was vsed.
MED Ǥ agōn v. 5, 6 㤬˭٤˵ƤΤǡ⻲ȡ
#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) Ǽ夲褦ˡѸǤϡƻӵˤƸǤĹ촴첻û륱äܤˤϡűѸ줪Ѹ "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ʤ벻Ѳ礫ʤ
"Pre-Cluster Shortening" ȤϡλҲǡĹ첻û첻ؤûǤ롥ŪˤϡֽŤפʤꤹΤ뤿ΰŪάȲᤵ롥ȤƤϡfeed, keep, meet, sleep ʤɤĹ촴첻ư˻ޤʬܼä fed, kept, met, slept û첻ΤƱǤ롥餿ƷƻˤĤƤС촴Ĺ첻ĸФơҲǻϤޤűѸӵ -ra ѸǤ -er ȯŸˤդӵη֤û첻褦ˤʤäΤȤˤƤ롥Lass (102) ˤС
Originally long-stemmed adjectives with gemination in the comparative and superlative showing Pre-Cluster Shortening: great 'great'/gretter, similarly reed 'red', whit 'white', hoot 'hot', late. (The old short-vowel comparative of late has been lexicalised as a separate form, later, with new analogical later/latest.)
Ĺ첻˻Ҳ³û첻 "Pre-Cluster Shortening" ϡդ줿Ѳ1ȹͤ졤ºݤ˱Ѹ첻ˤǤϰۤʤ˰ۤʤĶƤ롥Lass (71) ˤСűѸΤϰʲ̤gospel ˤĤƤϡ#2173. gospel d æ ([2015-04-09-1]) ȡˡ
About the seventh century . . . long vowels shortened before /CC/ if another consonant followed, either in the coda or the onset of the next syllable, as in bræ̆mblas 'branbles' < */bræːmblɑs/, gŏdspel 'gospel' < */goːdspel/. This removes one class of superheavy syllables.
θűѸβѲ3ҲϢ³֤ΤѸСǤ2ҲϢ³֤Ƥ롥夲Ƥƻ촴Ĺûθؤ˴ͿΤϡνѸΤΤǤ (Lass 72--73)
Long vowels shortened before sequences of only two consonants . . . , and --- variably--- certain ones like /st/ that were typically ambisyllabic . . . . So shortening in kĕpte 'kept' < cēpte (inf. cēpan), mĕtte met < mētte'' (inf. mētan), brēst 'breast' < breŏst 'breast' < brēost. Shortening failed in the same environment in priest < prēost; in words like this it may well be the reflex of an inflected form like prēostas (nom./acc.pl.) that has survived, i.e. one where the /st/ could be interpreted as onset of the second syllable; the same holds for beast, feast from French. This shortening accounts for the 'dissociation' between present and past vowels in a large class of weak verbs, like those mentioned earlier and dream/dreamt, leave/left, lose/lost, etc. (The modern forms are even more different from each other due to later changes in both long and short vowels that added qualitative dissociation to that in length: ME /keːpən/ ? /keptə/, now /kiːp/ ? /kɛpt/, etc.)
latter ʤ last) ϡνѸβѲˤϤ֤ȤޤĤäȤõ٤ΤǤ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. 2. Cambridge: CUP, 1992. 23--154.
#2583. Robert Lowth, Short Introduction to English Grammar ([2016-05-23-1]) #3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1]) ǾҲ𤷤褦ˡʸˡȤͼ Robert Lowth ˤ1762ǯʸˡˤ͡ʸˡζػ߾बߤ뤬Ϣ夲ƤƻӤˤĤƤ⡤2ӵ (double_comparative) ȡ̣Ū˲ʺǾؤΥФʤƤ롥Lowth (34--35) ϢսȴФ
[4] Double Comparatives and Superlatives are improper.
"The Duke of Milan, / And his more braver Daughter could controul thee." "After the most straitest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee." Shakespeare, Tempest. Acts xxvi. 5. So likewise Adjectives, that have in themselves a Superlative signification, admit not properly the Superlative form superadded: "Whosoever of you will be chiefest, shall be servant of all." Mark x. 44. "One of the first and chiefest instances of prudence." Atterbury, Serm. IV. "While the extremest parts of the earth were meditating a submission." Ibid. I. 4.
"But first and chiefest with thee bring
Him, that you soars on golden wing,
Guiding the fiery-wheeled throne,
The Cherub Contemplation." Milton, Il Penseroso.
"That on the sea's extremest border stood." Addison, Travels.
But poetry is in possession of these two improper Superlatives, and may be indulged in the use of them.
. . . .
[5] "Lesser, says Mr. Johnson, is a barbarous corruption of Less, formed by the vulgar from the habit of terminating comparisons in er."
"Attend to what a lesser Muse indites." Addison.
Worser sounds much more barbarous, only because it has not been so frequently used:
"Chang'd to a worser shape thou canst not be." Shakespeare, 1 Hen. VI.
"A dreadful quiet felt, and worser far / Than arms, a sullen interval of war." Dryden.
ƤΤ more braver, lesser, worser Τ褦2ӵ顤most straitest Τ褦2źǾ顤 chiefest, extremest Τ褦ˤȤȺǾ̣äƤƻ˺Ǿ鲽ǾǤ롥⡤̤ˤäƤΤ Shakespeare, Milton, Addison, Dryden ʤɤʪ·ɤ߱ʤά Lowth ξʤǤˡʤlesser ϸߤǤ̤ѤƤ뤳Ȥա
Shakespeare worser ѤˤĤƤϡ#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ȥ줿ޤDryden Ϥ worser λѤ椨 Lowth ˤäǺᤵƤ뤬#3220. ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]) ǿ줿褦ˡ¤ Dryden Ȥ2ӤƤΤǤ롥
Ѹˤ2ӤˤĤƤϡ#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1]) ȡ
Lowth, Robert. A Short Introduction to English Grammar. 1762. New ed. 1769. ʱѸʸݹ亮13Ʋ1968ǯ9--113ǡ
1755ǯ Johnson μνʸ "Grammar of the English Tongue" ꤹʸˡҤξϤ롥ǷƻӤˤĤƤ⥹ڡ䤫Ƥ뤬-er/-est Ӥ more/most ӤȤȤʬϡ§ȤΤä褦Johnson ʤλƤߤ褦
The Comparison of Adjectives.
The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding er, the superlative by adding est, to the positive; as, fair, fairer, fairest; lovely, lovelier, loveliest; sweet, sweeter, sweetest; low, lower, lowest; high, higher, highest.
Some words are irregularly compared; as good, better, best; bad, worse, worst; little, less, least; near, nearer, next; much, more, most; many (or moe), more for moer), most (for moest); late, latter, latest or last.
Some comparatives form a superlative by adding most, as nether, nethermost; outer, outmost; under, undermost; up, upper, uppermost; fore, former, foremost.
Many adjectives do not admit of comparison by terminations, and are only compared by more and most, as benevolent, more benevolent, most benevolent.
All adjectives may be compared by more and most, even when they have comparatives and superlatives regularly formed; as fair; fairer, or more fair; fairest, or most fair.
In adjectives that admit a regular comparison, the comparative more is oftener used than the superlative most, as more fair is oftener written for fairer, than most fair for fairest.
The comparison of adjectives is very uncertain; and being much regulated by commodiousness of utterance, or agreeableness of sound, is not easily reduced to rules.
Monosyllables are commonly compared.
Polysyllables, or words of more than two syllables, are seldom compared otherwise than by more and most, as deplorable, more deplorable, most deplorable.
Disyllables are seldom compared if they terminate in some, as fulsome, toilsome; in ful, as careful, spleenful, dreadful; in ing, as trifling, charming; in ous, as porous; in less, as careless, harmless; in ed, as wretched; in id, as candid; in al, as mortal; in ent, as recent, fervent; in ain, as certain; in ive, as missive; in dy, as woody; in fy, as puffy; in ky, as rocky, except lucky; in my, as roomy; in ny, as skinny; in py, as ropy, except happy; in ry, as hoary.
Johnson ϤΤ褦ǡʤε§˱ʤȤơMilton Ben Jonson μƤ롥
Ǥ˰ѤҤˤϡ̣¿ޤޤƤ롥ȤС֡Ѥɽ魯Ǥ most ȤղäȤΤϸ츻Ūˤ⤷ (ex. nethermost, outmost, undermost, uppermost, foremost) outer ˤĤƤϡ#3616. 촴첻ûפӵͳ褹 latter, last, utter ([2019-03-22-1]) ȡޤforemost ˤĤƤϡ#1307. most mest ([2012-11-24-1]) ȡ
äơӤƻˤĤ most ѤǾ more ѤӵΤۤ٤ȤΤⶽ̣ŦӵȺǾǤϤ⤽ⷹۤʤ뤫⤷ʤȤϡ٤ࡥ
Milton λˤϵ줿 virtuousest, famousest, pow'rfullest ʤɤ Johnson ʤλˤǤϵƤʤʤäƤȤ⸫ƨʤJohnson Ǥ˸ŪʴФäƤȤˤʤ뤫ȤʬκСJohnson λޤǤ˸ʬۤȤϤǤäƤȹͤƤ褵
Τ褦ʡֺפ1ˤĤơLass ŦƤ뤳Ȥ⼨ŪǤ롥Lass (157) ϡJohnson ǤϵƤƤʤ woody, puffy, rocky, roomy ʤɤζӤߤǤϵƤƤ¤ͤȡ鸽ޤǤ˶ӤŬϰϤ礷ƤǽȽҤ٤Ƥ롥⤷ʤСθóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ȤƤߤ뤳ȤǤ
18εʸˡɤľϡѸ줫鸽ѸˤƤθѲΡȯפ¥Ƥ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
Ѹˤɸ䤤ϡޤΤĤƤʤǤ롥ѸŪˤ⡤ȯã丽ˤĤñ˵Ҥ뤳Ȥޤʤ椬ʤƤ롥ӤȶӤζŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])#3614. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1]) ʤɤǾҲ𤷤ƤΤǡ
ϡɸѸˤӵ顦Ǿξפηˡʬۤ˴ؤơLass ˤ복 (156) äƤ
(i) Monosyllabic bases take suffixes: bigg-er, bigg-est, etc. Periphrasis is usually not available (**more big), though there are exceptions, e.g. when two adjectives are predicated of a single head (more dead than alive). Suffixed participles must take periphrasis (**smashed-er).
(ii) Disyllables preferentially take suffixes, though periphrasis is available for many (hairy, hairi-er/more hairy). Some suffix(oid)s however require periphrasis: e.g. -ish (**greenish-er), -est (**honest-er), -ous (**grievous-er), -id (**rigid-er), as well as -less, -ful, and some others. Participles cannot be suffixed (**hidden-er). This may be a function of the somewhat ambiguous status of the comparative and superlative endings, somewhere between inflections proper and derivational affixes. (The former are normally terminal in the word: care-less-ness-es.)
(iii) Trisyllabic and longer forms take periphrasis (**beautiful-er, **religiously-er); hence the comic effect of Alice's 'curiouser and curiouser'. But suffixation of longer forms is available for special stylistic purposes . . . .
Τ褦˴ΤβǾʬƤơ㳰ȯƤޤ(ii) ȤƵƤ褦ˡ-er/-est ϶ܼʤΤܼʤΤȤ䤤⡤Ū˽פǤ (cf. #456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])) ѸؤˤȤäƤѸˤˤȤäƤ⡤ӡӤʤΤǤ롥
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
ѸޤǤϡƻθ촴첻û -er դפӵˡäȤ great ӵ餬 gretter Ȥʤäꡤwhite whitter Ȥʤäꤹ褦촴첻Ĺݤ֤ʻ¸ƤΤǡ¿ηƻˤƤϡ䤬Ƥ餬ͥȤʤꡤ촴첻ûפӵ֤¸ߴƤä
ȤǤӤΤlate θ촴첻ûפӵǤ latter ȺǾ last Ūˤ late ӵ顦ǾȤϤߤʤƤ餺̤θùܤȼƤ뤬Ūˤ̩ܤ˴ؤäƤ롥ʤ첻Ĺݤä֤ϳơ later, latest ȤʤꡤߤɸŪ late ӵ顦ǾȤʤäƤ롥
Ʊͤˡout θ촴첻ûפӵ֤ߤ utter ϢʤäƤ롥ξ⡤utter out ȴϢƤȤŪʴФϤʤʤäƤꡤΩ̤θȤʤäƤ롥餳utterly Τ褦ˡʤդ뤳ȤǤ롥Ĺ첻ݤäפ outer ȤʤäϤǤϤ out ӵ֤ȤƤϰռ줺̤ηƻȤƼƤΤ⤷
latter later뤤 utter outer Τ褦ˡƱǽ̤Ѱ۷ˤʤäΤߤʬΩؤȯŸƤȤϾʤʤӤˤĤơ#55. through θ츻 ([2009-06-22-1])#86. one ȯ ([2009-07-22-1])#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) ȡ
ʾ塤Lass (156) ȤƼɮ
Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 56--186.
worser, more larger, more better, most worst, most unkindest ʤɤ2ӵ (double_comparative) 2źǾ餬ѤƤȤϡѸˤǤϤ褯ΤƤ롥#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡShakespeare ˤѤƤꡤѸ˾1ĤΥͥǤ롥
٤Ϲ⤤ΤΡºݤλ٤ȤƤϡȤϤʤ餷Kytö and Romaine (337) ˤ Helsinki Corpus Ѥ¾ŪĴˤȡ2ӵΤ1%ˤ2źǾǤ2%ˤȤɤޤȤޤ1640ǯˤϰڵʤȤ Helsinki Corpus ⤽ۤɵʥѥǤϤʤΤӳǧɬפɤϰʾ٤⤤ȤȤΤ褦
Adamson (552--53) ϡShakespeare Jonson 夲ʤ顤2ӵ顦ǾϡλǤ顤ʸṲ̄äưտŪѤतɽäΤǤϤʤȴäƤ롥
It's notable that such forms [= double comparatives and superlatives] can be found in consciously grandiloquent discourse, as with the double comparative of (16a), and that Ben Jonson explicitly claims the usage as an 'Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech', perorating, as if to prove his point, on the double superlative of (16b):
(16) a) The Kings of Mede and Lyconia
With a more larger list of sceptres (Shakespeare 1623/1606--7)
b) an Englishe Atticisme, or eloquent Phrase of speech, imitating the manner of the most ancientest, and finest Grecians, who, for more emphasis, and vehemencies sake used [so] to speake. (Jonson 1640)
θ塤ˡ17Ⱦ18ˤƤαѸɾȤ䵬ʸˡȤǺᤵ졤ܤ뤳ȤϤʤʤä (cf. #2999. ɸѸ줫꤬äͳ ([2017-07-13-1])#3036. Lowth ζؤˡˡ ([2017-08-19-1])#3220. ɻ˾αѸ쥢ǥߡɤ Dryden αѸ˾ɾ ([2018-02-19-1]))
Ȥϵդ줺˸ߤޤǻȤ³Ƥ lesser nearer ʤɤϡ¤Ūˤ2ӵȤ٤ΤǤ (cf. #209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]))
Kytö, Merja and Suzanne Romaine. "Competing Forms of Adjective Comparison in Modern English." To Explain the Present: Studies in the Changing English Language in Honour of Matti Rissanen. Mémoires de la Société Néophilologique de Helsinki. 52. Ed. Terttu Nevalainen and Leena Kahlas-Tarkka. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique, 329--52.
Adamson, Sylvia. "Literary Language." 1476--1776. Vol. 3 of The Cambridge History of the English Language. Ed. Roger Lass. Cambridge: CUP, 1999. 539--653.
(70) ϡåƥʤʻˤʤ顤̾ -- ƻ -- ưϢ³ܤƤ롥ζˤ˰꤬ꡤ¾ζˤ˰ưѲ1ĤϢ³ΤȤ
åƥΩĴפϡγФξѤоݤȡѲȤʤȤΩ˸ФȤǤ롥ĤޤꡤǤϻ֤ηвǰꤷоݤꡤ⤦ǤϤΰưѲβγФ롥ΩȤ˹ͤȡ̾ΥץȥפϡѲΤʤꤷäоݤǤ롥ؼԤˤϡƤسԤΤʪΤǤ뤳ȤܤȤʤ롥ФưΥץȥפϡ֤ѲȤäǤ롥ҤԤΤϡΩäѲߤȤ줿礬ǤꡤŵŪˤϹ٤η̤ȤƸ뤫Ǥ롥äǤεǽȤ餳С̾餷פǰоݤ³ˤ뤿ΰꤷطʤߤư餷פϻ֤ǤѲˤäƵ֤οʹԤɽϤ餭ġ
Τ褦˹ͤȡŪ˷ƻ줬̾餷ư餷δ֤ǡɤפ뤤ϼΩƥȤƤϸ¤줿С⤿ʤȤ¿Ȥϡƻ줬ˡȻפ롥ƻϽŪˡ㡧֤סˤȽŪˡ㡧֥֤סˤξäƤꡤԤоݤ̤ơ̾餷פ¦ˡԤϡʹ٤ǤϤʤˤĤƤνҤ̤ơư餷פ¦˶ŤǤ롥ƳǰŪ˥ץȥפ鳰줿Ȥˤϡ̾ư줫ˤäɽ뤳Ȥ¿ʤ롥
ƻ줬̾ư˶ޤ줿ŪƤǤ뤬椨ˡȤˡ̾餷פȤˡư餷פӤӤȤϤ롥ΰ㤤ŪˡȽŪˡ˸ƤΤǤϤʤȤƶԤޤŪˤäơƻȤƥϸÿʸˡŪˤƸ֤ΰۤʤ꤬㤷Τ⡤ŪʥƥȤ⼨٤㤨СܸǤϷƻΩƽҸˤʤư˶ᤤǤ϶Ūˤ̾˶ᤤȹͤˡ
Τ褦Ϣ³ƲȤʻȤ館ȡʻž (conversion) ˤޤḤ̂䤽¾ηˤ⿷ʸƤ뤫⤷ʤ
סǧθء١ؽDz2002ǯ
ޤοϱѸ˾Ѳ1Ĥư̾٤Сߤ˻ޤǶޤ¿¸Ƥ롥̾ζޡʤȸƤ٤ʤСˤˤʣȽͭʷۤɤʤưˤ3ñ -sʬ˷ -edʬ -ing ĤäƤۤԵ§ưǤϼȤ첻Ѱۤ˴ŤޤĤäƤ롥ޤŪäǤϤ뤬Τư̾ޤ褯ݤäƤȤ롥
ͳ1ĤȤơ̵ʤȤ櫓ޤôˤ첻μ岽üȤŪФơưΤۤ̾ƻ趯ϤͭƤȤ롥Wełna (415--16) üŪˤҤ٤Ƥ롥
Verbs proved more resistant because, unlike nouns and adjectives, their inflectional markers contained obstruent consonants, i.e. sounds not subject to vocalization, as in PRES SG 2P -st, 3P -eþ (-eth) or PAST -ed, while the nasal sonorants -m (> -n) and -n, frequently found in the nominal endings, vocalized and were ultimately dropped.
#291. ;̾ thou ξüưؤαƶ ([2010-02-12-1]) ǽҤ٤褦ˡѸˤϡ餯Ǥ趯ưǤä2;ñ -est ⡤ʷŪʲȤƤǤϤʤ˼ҲŪͳˤꡤб;̾ thou Ȥ˾äƤäˤꡤưޤΥꥨ褤ϼ岽ȤȤϻŦƤƤ褤
Wełna, Jerzy. "Middle English: Morphology." Chapter 27 of English Historical Linguistics: An International Handbook. 2 vols. Ed. Alexander Bergs and Laurel J. Brinton. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2012. 415--34.
(178--83) ǤϡA is as . . . as B. Ѹ춵̾ﶵƤ褦ʡA BפǤϤʤɸΤ褦ˡA Bפª٤Ƥ롥СA B Ʊ餤?פǤϤʤA B 餺?פ褤ȤȤˤʤ롥Τ褦˲ᤷۤ䤹ȤʸȵäƤΤǡβƧޤĤʤѤ롥
(1) Tom is as tall as Jim. ֥ȥؤι⤵ϥʤ
(2) Tom is not as tall as Jim. ֥ȥؤι⤵ϥʤϤʤʡؤ㤤ˡ
(3) Fred was as brave as any soldier. ֥եåɤϤɤʼΤˤ餺ͦä
(4) She works as hard as any. Ϥˤ餱̿Ư
(5) John works as hard as his brother.֥Ϸ餱̿Ư
(6) She is as wise as (she is) beautiful.θϡˤʤ
(7) Her skin is (as) white as snow.ȩˤʤ
(8) This car can run as fast as 100 miles an hour.֤μ֤Ф륹ԡɤϡ®100ޥʤ
(9) As soon as she sat down, she picked up the telephone.Ϲݤ䡤ôä
(10) He gave us food as well as clothes.ϻ䤿Τ줿Ф꤫ʪ⤯줿
(11) John has as much money as Fred; in fact he has more.֥λϥեåɤλʤºݤˤϤäȻäƤ롥
(12) Not only is John as tall as Bill, he's even taller.֥ؤϥӥʤȤǤϤʤ¤Ϥ⤤Τ
(13) John is as tall as, if not taller than, Bill.֥ϥӥ⤤ȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ӥ㤤櫓ǤϤʤ
ΤˡA Bפ˹ͤȡä (3) (4) as . . . as any ʤΤ褦ʰ̣ˤʤΤåǤ롥ޤ(11), (12), (13) Τ褦ˡָľפΩĤȤ⡤as . . . as (presupposition) ̩ʰ̣ǤΡA BפǤϤʤȤ狼롥
as . . . as ˴Ϣ뵭Ȥơ#693. as, so, also ([2011-03-21-1]) ⻲ȡ
塡رѸѤʵ36ϡ١ҡ2018ǯ
enough θ촴ϰĸ̤ꡤޥƱ줬ǧ롥ޥĸ *ȝanōȝaz Ƹθϡ genoeg, ɥĸ genug, ťΥɸ gnógrȸ ganōhsƸűѸ ġenōh, ġenōg ʤɤǤ롥
űѸˤϡ g Ĺ첻θ̵뤳Ȥ¿/x/ ȯ褦ˤʤäȹͤ롥θ塤16ޤǤ˿ /f/ ȤʤäΤߤ enough ɸȯϢʤȯǤ롥
ʸǤϤʤ˸ g Ͼ嵭ηϩɤʤäϽפǤ롥ȤΤϡƻȤƤθ줬ѤȤűѸѸˤƤϡʤ˱ղäɬפꡤ g ϤƤǤϤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫㤨СűѸˤơʣʡгʤǤ -e ղäơġenōge Ȥ֤äη֤ˤäƤϡλҲϸλȾ첻˾夲첻ܤʤɤβѲФơѸޤǤ˸ߤ /ɪˈnaʊ/ ˶ᤤȯˤʤäƤenow ֻϡȯȿǤΤǤ롥
Τ褦ˡenough enow ζ̤Ūˤñʣΰ㤤ȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤬ñ enowʣ enough Ѥ褦ξԤκϤǤѸ餢ä褦Ǥ롥enow ऱƤ enough ΰ̲ϡŪʶ̤ΤˤĤƤ Milton Τ褦ʽ⤤ΤΡ17ˤϳΩƤȤߤ (Jespersen 2.75)
Ȥ⤷Ȥ1755ǯ˽Ǥ줿 Johnson μǤϡenow enough ̤θФǵƤꡤ"The plural of enough. In a sufficient number." Ȥ롥ʸȤͿƤΤ Sydney, Milton, Dryden, Addison ʤɤΤŤʸǤꡤ enow enought Ū˶̤ƤڵȤ櫓ˤϤʤ
ߤμǤϡenow ϡԸդȤ졼٥Ž enough ѤȤƤ뤬嵭Τ褦ˡŪˤ enough ʣ˵ĤȤ¤ϲƤʤѸǤϤСenow Τ̲ۤŪ˻ѤƤ륱¿ȤոƤ
ʤߤˡenough/enow ʿŪȤơplough/plow 뤳ȤǤ롥ˤĤƤϡ#1195. <gh> = /f/ б ([2012-08-04-1]) ȡϢơblond/blonde ˸ˤֶޡפꤢ#504. Ѹ¸ߤͣζޤƻ ([2010-09-13-1]) ɤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 2. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: C. Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1922.
ɸȴϢϡ#1493. Ѹʤ̱ ([2013-05-29-1])#1927. ʩ ([2014-08-06-1])#2979. Chibanian ϥƥ졩 ([2017-06-23-1]) 䡤waseieigo γƵǼ夲Ƥ
Baugh and Cable (222) ǡ˱Ѹ줬ƥñݤ˻ܤŬ (adaptation) Ƥ뤬Τ褦1ʸä
. . . the Latin ending -us in adjectives was changed to -ous (conspicu-us > conspicuous) or was replaced by -al as in external (L. externus).
αñϡ̣ǤϼѤ줿Ȥ⤤뤬̣ǤϱѸ줬Ȥ⤤롥ֱפȸƤ֤Τդ路ǤϤʤ
OED ˤСconspicuous ϡƥ conspicuus ˴ŤѸ¦ǤϤƥͳηƻ -ous դȤˤäƿ˷Ǥ롥16ȾФ˽ФƤ롥
1545 T. Raynald tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde Hh vij These vaynes doo appeare more conspicuous and notable to the eyes.
¤ϤΡʼȤƥƥͳ¾θξ⤢ˤղäƼͳ˿ʷƻѥϥޥ˹줿Τǡե -eus դΤ14--15濴ȤƱѸˤ -ous η̤äƤĤޤꡤޤäʩȤ٤Τ졤줬ѸˤήǤȤ櫓Ȥơdangerous, orgulous, adventurous, courageous, grievous, hideous, joyous, riotous, melodious, pompous, rageous, advantageous, gelatinous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ޤѸǤե˽ǤΥѥѶŪѤ conspicuous Τ褦ʱ褦ˤʤäƤƱȤơguilous, noyous, beauteous, slumberous, timeous, tyrannous, blusterous, burdenous, murderous, poisonous, thunderous, adiaphorous, leguminous, delirious, felicitous, complicitous, glamorous, pulchritudinous, serendipitous ʤɤOED -ous, suffix ˡ
ɸΤ⤦1Ĥñ external conspicuous Ȥ褯ѥñϡƥ externus ˴ŤѸ¦ǥƥͳηƻ -al դȤˤäƷǤ롥Ф Shakespeare
a1616 Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. vii. 3 Her vertues graced with externall gifts.
a1616 Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 340 If they had swallow'd poyson, 'twould appeare By externall swelling.
ȿո internal Ʊͤλ𤫤Ȼפ䡤ϰΤȤ post-classical Latin Ȥ internalis ǧȤθΥƥȤƤλѤ "14th cent. in a British source" ȤȤʤΤǡϤϤפפ롥ѸǤνϡ15 Polychronicon
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 53 The begynnenge of the grete see is..at the pyllers of Hercules..; after that hit is diffusede in to sees internalle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. þe ynnere sees; L. maria interna].
֡פϷ褷ʤ
Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language. 6th ed. London: Routledge, 2013.
ε ([2017-11-15-1]) ǡܸˤĤ Greenberg θŵŪ˿줿Greenberg 30θоݤˡθӤη̡ܸ֡Τ褦ˡSOVθǤиֻIJǽ⤤פʤɤδް (typological implication) ¿ǧ뤳Ȥ餫ˤGreenberg (107--08) ΤޤȤɽʲ˵롥
| Language | VSO | Pr | NA | ND | N Num |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basque | III | - | x | x | - |
| Berber | I | x | x | x | - |
| Burmese | III | - | x1 | - | -2 |
| Burushaski | III | - | - | - | - |
| Chibcha | III | - | x | - | x |
| Finnish | II | - | - | - | - |
| Fulani | II | x | x | x | x |
| Greek | II | x | - | - | - |
| Guarani | I | - | x | - | 0 |
| Hebrew | I | x | x | x | - |
| Hindi | III | - | - | - | - |
| Italian | II | x | x3 | - | - |
| Kannada | III | - | - | - | - |
| Japanese | III | - | - | - | -2 |
| Loritja | III | - | x | x | x |
| Malay | II | x | x | x | -2 |
| Maori | I | x | x | - | - |
| Masai | I | x | x | - | x |
| Maya | II | x | - | - | -2 |
| Norwegian | II | x | - | - | - |
| Nubian | III | - | x | - | x |
| Quechua | III | - | - | - | - |
| Serbian | II | x | - | - | - |
| Songhai | II | - | x | x | x |
| Swahili | II | x | x | x | x |
| Thai | II | x | x | x | -2 |
| Turkish | III | - | - | - | - |
| Welsh | I | x | x3 | x | - |
| Yoruba | II | x | x | x | x |
| Zapotec | I | x | x | x | - |
1. Participle of adjective-verb, however, precedes and is probably as common as adjective following.
2. Numeral classifiers following numerals in each case. The construction numeral + classifier precedes in Burmese and Maya, follows in Japanese and Thai, and either precedes or follows in Malay.
3. In Welsh and Italian a small number of adjectives usually precede.
ΤȤơ5θΤ˼夫شط뤳ȤƼ뤳ȤǤ롥оݤȤʤä30ĤˤʤȤϤۤʤϰ褫θ줬Ƥꡤʤ˿ꤹ뤳ȤΤǤĴ̤ȤƼƤ롥
Ϣơ#2786. 칽¤Ͽ --- WALS Online ([2016-12-12-1]) ǾҲ𤷤 The World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS Online) ⻲ȡ
Greenberg, Joseph P. "Some Universals of Grammar with Particular Reference to the Order of Meaningful Elements." Chapter 5 of Universals of Language. Ed. Joseph P. Greenberg. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. P, 1966. 73--113.
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μĥϡְưפȤѲΥʥߥǤűѸ줫Ѹˤʲμ岽ü֡졤ֻäʤɡѸ˾ʤ̱ƶڤܤ礲ˤȡֱѸηϤɤ뤬פۤɤŪʥѥȤäݤǤ롤ȤȤ⤭ޤѸˤΥʥߥḁ̊ϤСȻפޤ
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