#3157. ʤ splendid Ʊ ([2017-12-18-1]) ӡ#4969. splendid ƱΥ饤 ([2022-12-04-1]) splendid ȤߤƤ֤θˤĤƤϸߤ˽ŤʤȤ¿Τ⤽ɤΤ褦ʸΤߺǤ̤ηƻǤ splendid ܤƸγȤǧƤ
ȯ䤵줿Фإ˥¼ŵ6ˤȡΤ褦3ĤθͿƤ롥
(1) ԤšФ餷ʬΤʤ (excellent, great) || a splendid idea Ф餷ͤ / a splendid achievement Ωɤʶ / We had a splendid time at the beach. ӡǤФ餷ᤴ
(2) ݤͿ (magnificent); ڤ || a splendid view į / a splendid jewel ڤС
(3) ԤšաδŪˡϤФ餷绿
splendid ϡε ([2022-12-04-1]) Ǥ줿褦ˡ츻ȤƤϥƥư splendēre "to be bright or shining" ͳ褹롥ηƻ splendidus 17˱Ѹ첽֤Ǽޤ줿ȤȤǤ롥ϡ뤤ƤפۤɤѸǤνиϤषŪʸֹڤʡʡפǤ롥ǤϡξˤʤäƤǧ롥ˡФơְʡסͭ̾ʡס֤줿ˤ褤פθ⼡ȸƤ롥19ȾγǤ in splendid isolation ָɤΩפɽ蘆Ƥ褦Ūʸˡ⡤17˳ǧ롥Τ褦ʸ̻ŪȯŸȶŪȤϡե (metaphor)ȥ˥ߡ (metonymy)ɲ (amelioration) (pejoration) ʤɤδǤͤޤǤ OED θʬƤ
1.[ | ѥڡ ]
a. Marked by much grandeur or display; sumptuous, grand, gorgeous.
b. Of persons: Maintaining, or living in, great style or grandeur.
2.
a. Resplendent, brilliant, extremely bright, in respect of light or colour. rare.
b. Magnificent in material respects; made or adorned in a grand or sumptuous manner.
c. Having or embodying some element of material grandeur or beauty.
d. In specific names of birds or insects.
3.
a. Imposing or impressive by greatness, grandeur, or some similar excellence.
b. Dignified, haughty, lordly.
4. Of persons: Illustrious, distinguished.
5. Excellent; very good or fine.
6. Used, by way of contrast, to qualify nouns having an opposite or different connotation. splendid isolation: used with reference to the political and commercial uniqueness or isolation of Great Britain; . . . .
Ĥߤγȡ֥鹽ʸפȯͤˤĤƵˤʤäΤȤϡĴ٤Ƥߤͤ͡⤷͡äƤ⤽֥鹽ʸפȤϡˤܤαѸ춵ʼѸȳˤͭ jargon ݤʳưϰ̤ΤʤȻפäƤΤƳΤϺƣϺ Practical English Grammar (1898--99) 餷ƣܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ٤ p. 112 ˼Τ褦ˤäʸ̮碌ưѤ롥
ĤŤƻˤƤ⡤Ȥߤ§Ƨ줿ǡ˴ޤޤɽΰ̣Ż뤵줿㤨Сפɽ certain some, any ΰ㤤Τۤ(a) few (a) little ˡˤ every, each, all, ever, always, since, ago, often, either, nearly, almost, still, same ʤɤˡ椵뤫Dz⤵줿ΤǤ롥
廊ơ㤨зƻ other ˡϢươ'one after the other' 'one after another' ʤɤɽҲ𤵤줿Ȥ˾ħ褦ˡġɽ˴Ϣ륤ǥ乽ʸ̤ηϲ뤳Ȥˤʤäη̡ΤˤȤäƤʤ߿ 'would rather A than B' 'no / not more /less than' Ϥᡤ'A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.', 'He saves what little money he earns.' Ȥä֤ʸƳ줿
ܤαʸˡˤ˻ȵ鹽ʸоǤ롥
ΤֹʸפȤäƤߤȡƤζ˶äŵ٤1ĤιʸȤܤ˸ΤǡƶϤ礭ΤֱѸεʸˡפȤǰ18ɤμڤʪ켫Τ绨ĤŪǤ롥ƣϺήΡ֥ǥפȤ֤ήȡߥΤ褦˺٤졤ġζŪʡֹʸפȤʤäƽФƤ롥ޤǶŪñ̤Ȥޤʤ¤ꡤѸȤʤؽԤˤȤäơֵʸˡפʤɤޤȤ˳ؤ֤ȤϤǤʤܿͳؽԤοäƺƣϺ꼰ΡֹʸפκǤͭ̾ʤΤ1ġ줬֥鹽ʸפʤΤǤϤʤ
ƣ 졡ܤΡֱʸˡפǤޤǡ١ҡ2022ǯ
#1904. ƻ no no ϰۤʤ츻 ([2014-07-14-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡ no εɤȸ "never" ˶ᤤ no Ȥ yes/no no ̤꤬褵εʸǼȤꡤ̤λȤ⤢롥
㤨 Their way of life is no different from ours. I am no good at tennis. Τ褦ʡηƻ줬ŪѤˡꤹ no Ѥ뤳Ȥ롥ϤƴŪǤꡤɤʽҷƻꤹݤˤ no Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤ
ŵŪȤƤ no ϡƻӵΤ¿no better, no longer, no more ʤɤ㤫顤Ǥϼ¼Ūʰ̣ȤƤ as good, as short, as little ƱȤʤפǤ롥
no Ȥ no one, no problem, no way Τ褦˷ƻȤѤ礬ꡤषƻӵȷӤĤȤƤ no ηǤˤĤƤϡƥϥäȤ⤢뤫⤷ʤǤʤääƵŤΤϡthe ȤƷƻʴŪʸ줬ϤƻӵȥåȤǡ֤ʬפΰ̣ŪѤ뤳ȤȤʿԴطǤ롥ܤϡ#811. the + ӵ + for/because ([2011-07-17-1])#812. The sooner the better ([2011-07-18-1]) Ȥ줿
ΤȤ˵ŤƤ줿ΤϡQuirk et al. (10.58) ΤûȤǤ롥
Except for a few fixed phrases (no good, no different), the adverb no modifies adjectives only when they are comparatives (by inflection or by periphrasis): no worse, no tastier, no better behaved, no more awkward, no less intelligent. (Compare the positive with the: He is the worse for it.)
no the ʿŪʤΤλϤꤽǤʤä
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
Ѹư (verb) ˴ؤ륫ƥ1Ĥ (finiteness) ȤΤ롥ư (finite form) ȤϡI go to school. She goes to school. He went to school. Τ褦ư go Ρޤäؤư (nonfinite form) ȤϡI'm going to school. Going to school is fun. She wants to go to school. He made me go to school. Τ褦ư go ΡޤäƤʤؤ
פȤѸ줬䤳㤨С(to) go ȤѤ뤳ȤΤʤηʤΤ顤餳פǤϤʤȻפ뤫⤷ʤ̾¤ȤˡפȸΤgoes went ư go ѲʤؤˤΤȤơˤפ餷ߤ뤬ष餳פʤΤǤ롥
ʬˤ finiteness פȤˤ롥finite θϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵ줿פǤꡤnonfinite ϡŪפȤΤ˸ꤵƤʤפǤ롥㤨 He () to school yesterday. ȤʸˤƳ̤ go Ŭڤʷ硤ʸˡỌ̇̄δ went ηˤΤդ路դ路Ȥϡʸ̮ˤäƤʳηϵʤȤǡΤ˸ꤵ줿ʤΤǤ롥
̤ιͤȤƤϡưˤϤޤ GO GOING Τ褦ŪǥŪʷꡤ줬ºݤʸ̮ˤƤ go, goes, went ʤɤζŪʷȤƸΤȤȤ館Ƥ褤üŪˤ finite ϡֶŪפǡinfinite ϡŪפȤȤ
Ūˤ⤦ǫˤСưȤϡư줬;Ρˡ˱1Ĥη˹ʤޤƤ뤫ݤȤΤȤǤ롥Crystal (224) Ѥ褦
The forms of the verb . . . , and the phrases they are part of, are usually classified into two broad types, based on the kind of contrast in meaning they express. The notion of finiteness is the traditional way of classifying the differences. This term suggests that verbs can be 'limited' in some way, and this is in fact what happens when different kinds of endings are used.
The finite forms are those which limit the verb to a particular number, tense, person, or mood. For example, when the -s form is used, the verb is limited to the third person singular of the present tense, as in goes and runs. If there is a series of verbs in the verb phrase, the finite verb is always the first, as in I was being asked.
The nonfinite forms do not limit the verb in this way. For example, when the -ing form is used, the verb can be referring to any number, tense, person, or mood:
I'm leaving (first person, singular, present)
They're leaving (third person, plural, present)
He was leaving (third person, singular, past)
We might be leaving tomorrow (first person, plural, future, tentative)
As these examples show, a nonfinite form of the verb stays the same in a clause, regardless of the grammatical variation taking place alongside it.
ʤѸˤϴˤꡦȤ̤뤷űѸˤϷƻˤꡦζ̤äΥƥդ줿٥ "finiteness" ǤϤʤ "definiteness" Ǥ롥γѸϸ䤹ΤդǤ롥
Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 3rd ed. CUP, 2018.
ε#4837. worth, (un)like, due, near ֻݤƻ ([2022-07-25-1]) ˰³worth ʻʬˤĤơHuddleston and Pullum (607) ˤȡޤ worth 㳰ŪʷƻǤȤεҤ롥
As an adjective, . . . worth is highly exceptional. Most importantly for present purposes, it licenses an NP complement, as in The paintings are [worth thousands of dollars]. In this respect, it is like a preposition, but overall the case for analysing it as an adjective is strong.
ǤϡHuddleston and Pullum ϲä worth ƻŪȷŤƤΤޤǽŪȤ2ŦƤ롥1ĤϡŵŪʷƻ餷 become ˤʤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡʬ칽ʸŪˡ˽ҸȤƵǽǤȤȤǤ롥줾ʲ2ĤʸˤäƼ롤ֻǤϤʤȤȤ
What might have been a $200 first edition suddenly became [worth perhaps 10 times that amount].
[Worth over a million dollars,] the jewels were kept under surveillance by a veritable army of security guards.
ѲӽȤߤȡworth Ϸƻ餷ʤIt was more worth the effort than I'd expected it to be. Τ褦ӵʸϲǽǤϤ뤬worth 켫Τΰ̣ˤĤӤƤΤɤˤĤƤϵ롥ƱͤˡIt was very much worth the effort. Τ褦 worth ĴƤ뤫Τ褦ʸϤ뤬ζĴ worth ٤ĴƤΤ롥
⤦1ġ̯ŪʬϤ롥worth ֻǤдط̾ź뤳ȤǤ뤬ƻǤͽۤ롥ơͽۤäƤΤ
This was far less than the amount [which she thought the land was now worth].
*This was far less than the amount [worth which she thought the land was now].
嵭ƤŪɾʤСworth ŵŪʷƻȤϤֻŪħĤΤΡǤɤ餫ȤзƻȤȤˤʤꤽʪޤäǤ뤳ȤϾΤĤġ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
khelfʷѸ˥եǡworth Ϸƻ줫ֻ줫Ȥ꤬줿ŪˤϸűѸηƻ졦̾ w(e)orþ ̤뤳ȤʬäƤ뤬Ѹ worth ŪʬϤʤСɤʬϤǽǤ롥
ޤֲͤפȤΤʸŪʰֲ̣͡פΰ̣б̾⤢뤳Ȥ顤ƻȤߤΤȤո롥˸§ȤŪˤֻ᤹Τ褦ʿȤΤºݤˡĤα¼ȤȡƻȼäƤΤ⤢СֻȤΤ⤢롥
̤˱ѸؤǤϡΤ褦ƤΤ prototype Υץ롥ŵŪʷƻ졤ŵŪֻ˴ѻŪħ餫ꥹȥåפƤθ졤ξǤ worth ˤĤơɤʻħ¿ͭ뤫ˤäơƻŪǤȤֻŪǤȤäȽǤΤǤ롥
ʬϼΤʤʤ⤷Τ̤ worth ᤹Ȥ㳰ŪħġְۼʡƻȤߤƤHuddleston and Pullum (546--47) ˤС褦ʰۼʷƻ֤Ȥ (un)like due 롥ʲʸǡѳ̤˳äʬ줾ȼäƻȤʬϤ롥
The book turned out to be [worth seventy dollars].
Jill is [very like her brother].
You are now [due $750]. / $750 is now [due you].
ˤΥꥹȤ near ä뤳ȤǤ
Ϣơ#947. Ѹֻ ([2011-11-30-1])#4436. ƻΥץȥס ([2021-06-19-1])#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ȡ
ʻʬѸȤƤϡƻζʬͭ̾ˤĤƤϡ#981. ȷƻζ ([2012-01-03-1])#995. The rose smells sweet. The rose smells sweetly. ([2012-01-17-1])#1354. ƻܿ ([2013-01-10-1])#2441. ȷƻζ (2) --- ѸǤ⺤ ([2016-01-02-1]) ʤɤȡ
Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
YouTube ְʼδѸظإͥ42ƤޤֱѸӵ顦ǾϤʤ¿ͤʤΤꤷơѸӵ顦ǾηˤˤĤƤäƤޤ
ѸޤǤܸȰۤʤꡤƻӵ (comparative degree) Ǿ (superlative degree) ȤäֵפʸˡƥޤӡǾγǰʸˡ (grammaticalisation) ƤΤǤΤѸǤӤ˴ؤˡ乽ʸ͡ȯãƤޤ
ܤƤ⡤㤨ӵ -er դΡmore ֤Ρbetter worse Τ褦佼ˡ (suppletion) ʤΤʤɡब˭٤Ǥ
Τ褦ˡֵפˤĤƤϱѸˡѸŪ¿Ȥ⤢ꡤhellog ¾Ǥ⤷ФдϢ˿ƤޤʲϤ˴ؿäؤΤᵭǤ깭ɤߤ comparison εɤ
hellog
#3835. ƻʤɤΡӡפֵפȤƤˤĤơ ([2019-10-27-1])
#3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])
#3844. ӵ4ˡ ([2019-11-05-1])
#4616. ƻθӵ̣ ([2021-12-16-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1])
#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more ([2021-06-25-1])
#4495. δñѸ in English٤Ϣ6֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more Ρס ([2021-08-17-1])
heldio & hellog-radio ʢ heldio ȡ
hellog-radio #46. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ
heldio #97. unhappyӵ -er ĤΤȿ§
ϥݥŪʵǿ̣ʤƤߤޤǤ̣Ѳ (semantic_change) δʤΤǡǤ夲뼡Ǥ
2ۤMondȤ䥵ȤˤơѸˤ˴ϢΤ˲ȤȤԤʤäƤޤǶμȤơζ̣䤤Ƥޤ
ʤˤȤդˤ
äȤۤɶ
³Ƥ롥ʡ
Ȥ2Ĥΰ̣ޤԤΰ̣ǼѤƤݤǤѸ¾θˤ⼺ĤḤ̂ñϤΤǤ礦
ϡޤ˸źθŪʰ̣ѲΥѥ˴ؤǤո (intensifier) ϡȤ줹ȶդ긺äƤΤʤΤǡ˶դɽ魯ɽ˵ΤǤʶոΥϡȤΤǤŵ1ĤŪʴפǤݤޤˤ줷Ȥۥ顼ѸϡɤƤĴˤʤ䤹ΤǤ͡ϡʤ10äۤɹͤʬȻפޤδ10³顤äȻޤ͡
嵭μơʴDzޤ
ȤƤȶǤ⤷Ŧ꤬Ȥޤ֤פ2Ĥΰ̣ȤΤϡ줾ߤ餫Ǥ͡㤨С֤ܤĤפȤСֶפΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ֤͡פȤС³줿פΰ̣Ȥ狼ޤ2Ĥΰ̣ä̤ʤСֶפϴμࡦ˴ؤ̣ǡ³줿פʪ١̤˴ؤ̣ȤȤˤʤޤŪˤԤԤƤΤǡ̤ؤΰ̣ѲȸäƤƤ褤Ȼפޤ
Ρּ̤ؤΰ̣ѲפȤΤϡʤŪʤ褦ǤȤ櫓ֶסˤס֤ҤɤפȤäŪʴγФɽ魯ƻ졦ϡФдμΤΤ⡤δ٤οӤܤ졤̤Ȥñʤ붯Ĵɽˤʤ겼ȤȤ褯ѥΤ褦Ǥ
ܸΡֶͥסˤס֤ҤɤפΤ褦㤫ʬ̤ꡤʸ̤Ūʼΰ̣Dz᤹ȡष̷⤹褦ɽ⤢ޤ͡Ǥ̤ΰ̣ˤʤ겼äƤȤȤȻפޤ
Ѹ줫㤬Ǥޤterrible/terribly θ촴 terror ֶݡפƱǤΡֶפΰ̣ǻȤ뤳ȤϾʤǤ (ex. a terrible weapon ֶ) ष٤η㤷ȤζĴȤ in a terrible hurry ˵ޤǡפΤ褦˻ȤȤΤۤ¿Ǥ̤ؤΰ̣Ѳ⤦1ĤǤ͡
ۤˤ amazingly, awfully, desperately, dreadfully, horribly, marvellously, sorelyʤɴ˵ϡĴˤʤ겼㤬¿褦Ǥ
äȤꡤθǤϡμŪʰ̣ϴˤʤäƤޤۤȤɤξ硤Ūʰ̣ǶĴȤѤ˻äΤȻפޤ
θǤ⡤¹ŪʸݤȤΤϡؤǤ꤬͡Ȥޤ
ϢơѸ˴ؤǤϤޤɮԤˤε
ԤϳؤӤδܤȻפޤ褯褯䤦ۤŪǤ⤦1֤ǿǯ٤ϤޤޤȤ櫓Τʤǡ䤦ˡפƤ
ո˴ؤƤϡʲε intensifier ⤴Ȥ
#992. ոȡָ³ˡ§ס ([2012-01-14-1])
#1220. Ѹˤ붯γ ([2012-08-29-1])
#1219. ոϤʤब˭٤ ([2012-08-28-1])
#2190. μޤäո ([2015-04-26-1])
#4236. intensifier ʬ ([2020-12-01-1])
ε#4652. any ֤ɤ?Ǥפɽ碌褦 either ϡ֤?Ǥפɽ碌 ([2022-01-21-1]) Ǥ⤹Ǥ˼夲ޤɸܲΥߤ濴Ȥ khelf (= Keio History of the English Language Forum) Сδ֤ǮоݤȤʤäƤǤ
either ϡ2ԤΤΤ줫֡פΰ̣ɽ魯ȤȻפޤ¤ϡξפΰ̣ɽ魯⤢ȤǤ contronym Ȥޤ
إѥ¼ŵ٤ either ꡤ줾б1ȸ2Ѥޤ礦
--- ʷˡñ̾ˤĤơ
(1) 2ġ2͡ϤΤˤɤ餫ʰˤΡɤΡĤǤ⡤ɤǤǤդ
Take either apple.äɤ餫Τʤ
You may invite either boy.äɤξǯԤƤ빽Ǥ
. . . .
(3) ɤΡĤ⡤ξ
There was a chair at either end of the long table.Ĺơ֥ξüˤ줾줤֤Ƥ
ʸˡ3ΰ̣Ǥä side, end, hand ʤФɽ魯̾Ѥ뤬Τ褦 bothʡʣ̾ˤ eachʡñ̾ˤѤ뤳Ȥ¿both ϡξפƱˤޤȤơeither, each ϡ Ĥ줾̤ª봶Ȥʤ
There were chairs at both ends of the long table.
There was a chair at each end of the long table.
either A or B Ȥ٤ɽޤ̤ˤ (1) either θªƤȻפޤŪˤߤжäȤ (3) ΤۤŤΤǤOED ˤС(3) ϸűѸ줫̤˸Ǥ(1) ѸˤʤäƤ褦䤯뿷Ǥ
ɤƤʤȤˤʤäƤޤäΤǤ礦褯֤ outher ȤȤ䤳ط˴٤äƤޤäȤ𤬤褦ǤϢơ#945. either 2Ĥȯ ([2011-11-28-1]) ⤴Ȥ
Any child can do that. Ȥʸϡ֤ɤʻҶǤ⤽줬Ǥפΰդɽ路ޤ֤ϰۤʤޤŪʰ̣ȤƤ All children can do that. Ȥ褽ƱǤ
ʿŪޤEither way will do. Ȥʸϡ֤ΤǤ⤦ޤԤޤפΰդɽ路ޤ֤ϰۤʤޤŪʰ̣ȤƤ Both ways will do . Ȥ褽ƱǤ
ä2Ĥ either both ѤʸڥƱѤȤΤϡʤʤζäǤϤʤǤ礦ȤΤϡ䤿 either (A or B) both (A and B) еɽǤȿޤƤǤ2Ĥʸ̮ˤäƤϤषɽȤ٤ΤˤʤΤǤ
either ϡ̤ˤ2ĤΤΡ֤줫סҰפ̣Ƥޤ¤ϡ֤ΡǤʤ褤ˡפȤϢϡ֡ξǤäƤʤ褤ˡפβޤؤȤǤСor ˤϡ¾Ū (exclusive disjunction) ȡ¾Ū (inclusive disjunction) ξ뤳ȤǤ礦
ȤȤǡ¿Υ˥奢ΰ㤤Ϥʤ⡤either both ǥѥե졼ǤƤޤΤǤ㤨Сȡ
Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on either side of me.
Unfortunately I was sitting at the table with smokers on both sides of me.
either vs both ΰ̣Ūĥطϡany vs all ζĥطȥѥǤԤ2ĤΤΤˤĤơԤ3İʾΤΤˤĤơȤ㤤Ǥ (cf. Quirk et al. 6.61ˡСԤϰ̣Ūξ뤤п (dual) äƤȤȤǤ
οƥνפʥСäξϡѸˤⲽŪʷǤϤޤ˺פĤƤޤboth, either, neither, other, whether ʤ -er ĤΤ¿Ǥ (cf. #3005. or θ츻 ([2017-07-19-1]))
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ѤʵϻĹ餯ʥäΤǤǶߤγ˻ŦƤ餦ꡤƹͤФǤfire -y դΤǤСΤޤ *firy Ǥ褵ʤΤǤʤ fiery ȤʤΤǤ礦expire expiry, mire miry, spire spiry, wire wiry ʤɤϤΤǤfire fiery Υפ¾㤬ʤ褦ʤΤǡޤޤԻĤǤ
Ū뤤ϥҥȤȤƤϡѸ fire 1ǤϤʤ2ǡfiery 2ǤϤʤ3ȯ줿ȤطΤǤϤʤˤǤޤ
ʽŪˤСѸ [fiːr], [ˈfiː ri] 첻 (gvs) ФƳơ [fəɪr], [ˈfəɪ ri] ѲޤĹ첻2첻ѲǡѲǤ줾첻ѲϤޤǤ
촴 r αƶǡľϤ겻Ȥۣ첻 [ə] 졤줬ΩγˤȤʤ褦ȯѸˤѰ۷Ȥ¸ߤ褦ʤΤǤפ fi-er, fi-e-ry Τ褦ʥץ饹1ΰ۷֤äȤȤǤ褦ʲĸˤĤơλݤƱ夫餢ޤJespersen ʡ11.11ˤεҤƤߤޤ礦
The glide before /r/ was even before that time [= 1588 or 1639] felt as a distinct vowel-sound [ə], especially after the new diphthongs that took the place of /iˑ, uˑ/. This is shown by the spelling in some cases after ow: shower < OE scūr bower < OE būr . cower < Scn kūra . lower by the side of lour < Scn lūra 'look gloomy'. tower < F tour; cf. on flower and flour 3.49. Thus also after i in brier, briar, frier, friar, ME brere, frere; fiery, fierie, fyeri (from the 16th c.) for earlier fyry, firy. The glide-vowel [ə] is also indicated by Hart's phonetic spellings 1569: [feiër/ fire (as /heiër/) higher) . /meier/ mire /oˑer/ oar . [piuër] pure . /diër/ dear . [hier/ here (hie r, which also occurs, many be a misprint).
פˡfire ηƻ˴ؤ¤ꡤȤȤȯ2Ǥꡤֻ2ˤߤͳ firy ⤢äɤ⡤ѸդˤȯϤ겻3Ȥʤꡤֻ⤽3ȯȿǤ fiery ʻѤ줿ȤȤΤ褦ǤơȤ̾ǤƱȤäƤȡ
ȤѸδ鿶֤äƤߤȡ̾ǤϤ겻ȿǤƤʤΤ褦 fire ֻɸȤƺѤ졤ƻǤϤ겻ȿǤΤ褦 fiery ֻɸȤƺѤƤޤä褦˸ޤɤ顤ѸˤǤŵŪʡʤȤ⡤դΡˡ֤ϤפǤⵯäƤޤäȤȤǤϤʤǤ礦
뤤ϡ̣Ρַ㤷פĤʤϢۤƻ fierce Ȥֻ (analogy) ⤢ä⤷ʤȵäƤޤǤ礦
ΰѤǤƤޤflower flour Ʊ츻ƱȯǤʤ⡤ۤʤֻʬȡ϶ᤤ褦˻פޤ#183. flower flour ([2009-10-27-1])#2440. flower flour (2) ([2016-01-01-1]) flower ʲ֡ˤ flour ʾʴˤƱ츻 (heldio) ⻲Ȥ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. London: Allen and Unwin, 1909.
ε#4649. Ļ̾ԲĻ̾ζ̤Ϥޤ줿Τ ([2022-01-18-1]) ȴϢơر̣äƤ줿ΤǡǹͤƤߤ
̾̾ԲĻ̾Ȥ괧 a(n) ʤƻǽˤ϶Ӥӡ괧ȼȤȤ롥С"Ours was a very happy marriage." "The book was a great success." Τ褦ʥǤ롥
ƻȼäƤ⸶§Ȥ괧ʤִǤ̾פ⤢롥ڤƤ줿إʸˡ (93) ȤƤߤȡθ줬ƤΤ good advice, remarkable progress, bitter weather ʤɤ괧ϼʤ
advice, applause, behavior, conduct, damage, fun, harm, homework, information, luck, music, news, nonsense, progress, weather, wisdom, work
դˤϹŪܤȤ褦Quirk et al. ʡ5.59ˤˤȡ괧줬դʸ3ĵƤ롥
Mavis had a good education.
My son suffers from a strange dislike of mathematics. <ironic>
She played the oboe with (a) remarkable sensitivity.
Τ褦ʥ괧줬դϤϤäꤷƤ餺ޤǼΤ褦ʾˤդ䤹ȤˤŦǤˤȤɤޤ롥
(i) the noun refers to a quality or other abstraction which is attributed to a person;
(ii) the noun is premodified and/or postmodified; and, generally speaking, the greater the amount of modification, the greater the acceptability of a/an.
ɸ꤬Ǥ뤳ȤʬäƤ
ʴ ۡʲˡ, ܳ, ⾾ʶˡŰʸˡ١ʸҡ2000ǯ
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman, 1985.
ε#4629. Shakespeare 2ӵ顦Ǿ ([2021-12-29-1]) ǡѸεʸˡǤϵƤʤ2ӵ顦Ǿ餬 Shakespeare ˤäƻȤƤ
Ȥϰۤʤ륿פǤ more, most ֤뱪ѤȤ Shakespeare Ǥ -er, -est դѤƤ䡤εդλѻ롥ˤϡǤӵǾˤʤʤŪפʰ̣ķƻ졦줬Shakespeare ǤϤθ¤ǤϤʤäȤ⤢롥 Shakespeare ˤ400ǯλ뤳ȤͤСΤ褦ʰ̣ŪѲäȤƤä٤ȤǤϤʤ
Shakespeare ȸθˡǰۤʤΤ Crystal and Crystal (88--90) 褦
[ ѸǤϱˡShakespeare Ǥ϶ˡ ]
| Modern comparative | Shakespearian comparative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------- |
| more honest | honester | Cor IV.v.50 |
| more horrid | horrider | Cym IV.ii.331 |
| more loath | loather | 2H6 III.ii.355 |
| more often | oftener | MM IV.ii.48 |
| more quickly | quicklier | AW I.i.122 |
| more perfect | perfecter | Cor II.i.76 |
| more wayward | waywarder | AY IV.i.150 |
| Modern superlative | Shakespearian superlative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| most ancient | ancient'st | WT Iv.i10 |
| most certain | certain'st | TNK V.iv.21 |
| most civil | civilest | 2H6 IV.vii.56 |
| most condemned | contemned'st | KL II.ii.141 |
| most covert | covert'st | R3 III.v.33 |
| most daring | daring'st | H8 II.iv.215 |
| most deformed | deformed'st | Sonn 113.10 |
| most easily | easil'est | Cym IV.ii.206 |
| most exact | exactest | Tim II.ii.161 |
| most extreme | extremest | KL V.iii.134 |
| most faithful | faithfull'st | TN V.i.112 |
| most foul-mouthed | foul mouthed'st | 2H4 II.iv.70 |
| most honest | honestest | AW III.v.73 |
| most loathsome | loathsomest | TC II.i.28 |
| most lying | lyingest | 2H6 II.i.124 |
| most maidenly | maidenliest | KL I.ii.131 |
| most pained | pained'st | Per IV.vi.161 |
| most perfect | perfectest | Mac I.v.2 |
| most ragged | ragged'st | 2H4 I.i.151 |
| most rascally | rascalliest | 1H4 I.ii.80 |
| most sovereign | sovereignest | 1H4 I.iii.56 |
| most unhopeful | unhopefullest | MA II.i.349 |
| most welcome | welcomest | 1H6 II.ii.56 |
| most wholesome | wholesom'st | MM IV.ii.70 |
| Modern comparative | Shakespearian comparative | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| greater | more great | 1H4 IV.i77 |
| longer | more long | Cor V.ii.63 |
| nearer | more near | AW I.iii.102 |
| Modern word | Shakespearian comparison | Example |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------- |
| chief | chiefest | 1H6 I.i.177 |
| due | duer | 2H4 III.ii.296 |
| just | justest | AC II.i.2 |
| less | lesser | R2 II.i.95 |
| like | liker | KJ II.i.126 |
| little | littlest [cf. smallest] | Ham III.ii.181 |
| rather | ratherest | LL IV.ii.18 |
| very | veriest | 1H4 II.ii.23 |
| worse | worser [cf. less bad] | Ham III.iv.158 |
ܥ֥ΰʲεǽƤShakespeare most unkindest cut of all (JC III.ii.184) Τ褦ʡεʸˡǤ˳ʤȤ2źǾʤ2ӵ (double_comparative)ˤѤȤϤ褯ΤƤ롥ºݤˤϡShakespeare Τ褦ɽȤ櫓Ѥ櫓ǤϤʤΤȤäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥
#195. Shakespeare ˴ؤ Web resources ([2009-11-08-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
ǤϡShakespeare ¾ΤɤΤ褦2ӵ顦ǾȤäΤCrystal and Crystal (88) ɽŪƤƤΤǡƸ
[ Double comparatives ]
more better (MND III.i.18)
more bigger-looked (TNK I.i.215)
more braver (Tem I.ii.440)
more corrupter (KL II.ii.100)
more fairer (E3 II.i.25)
more headier (KL II.iv.105)
more hotter (AW IV.v.38)
more kinder (Tim IV.i.36)
more mightier (MM V.i.235)
more nearer (Ham II.i.11)
more nimbler (E3 II.ii.178)
more proudlier (Cor IV.vii.8)
more rawer (Ham V.ii.122)
more richer (Ham III.ii.313)
more safer (Oth I.iii.223)
more softer (TC II.ii.11)
more sounder (AY III.ii.58)
more wider (Oth I.iii.107)
more worse (KL II.ii.146)
more worthier (AY III.iii.54)
less happier (R2 II.i.49)
[ Double superlatives ]
most boldest (JC III.i.121)
most bravest (Cym IV.ii.319)
most coldest (Cym II.iii.2)
most despiteful'st (TC IV.i.33)
most heaviest (TG IV.ii.136)
most poorest (KL II.iii.7)
most stillest (2H4 III.ii.184)
most unkindest (JC III.ii.184)
most worst (WT III.ii.177)
Τʤ more nearer λϤ⤷츻֤Сޤ3ӵ (triple comparative) Ǥ롥#209. near Ρ ([2009-11-22-1]) ֱѸθ츻ȤˤĤ饸 (heldio)near ϤȤӵäɤ
Crystal, David and Ben Crystal. Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary & Language Companion. London: Penguin, 2002.
ƻθ (positive degree) ӵ (comparative degree) ΰ̣Ūʴطϰ츫ȼΤ褦ˤߤ롥ʲ (1) (2) ٤Ƥߤ褦
(1) John is tall.
(2) John is taller than Peter.
ѤŪʸ (1) 顤ӵѤŪʸ (2) Ū줿Τ褦ˤߤ롥ϤñǤϤʤ(1) ϥʸʤؤι⤤Ȥްդ뤬(2) ǤϥϥԡĹȤͤȤ⤵ۤؤ⤯ʤˤȤ롥С(1) μϥŪĹǤΤФ(2) μϥŪĹǤ롥(2) (1) ñ줿ΤǤϤʤ
ˡƻ tall θΰ̣ܤƤߤ褦 (1) ϥŪĹȤƤȽҤ٤褯ͤƤߤȡ⵿路ȤΤϡؤ⤤פȤŪ˵ꤵΤǤϤʤޤŪ˵ꤵΤ(1) ̣Ƥ뤳ȤϡʿŪʿ͡ʤ뤤¿ο͡ˤؤ⤤Ȥ¤ǤꡤˤӤ˻ޤƤΤǤ롥Ʊͤˡ־ݤ礭ס֥ͥߤϾפ⡤줾üԤǤʹ֤ΥۤδȤƤ־ݤϡʿʹ֤礭ס֥ͥߤϡʿʹ֤˾פۤɤްդƤȹͤ롥
ȡtall δŪʰ̣ taller αŪʰ̣ŪȤȥ졼ȤʸϲʤФʤ餯ʤ롥षդ taller ΰ̣ץߥƥǤꡤtall ϤŪ줿̣ǤʤФʤʤʤޤ˵žȯۤ (Klein 2)
̣Ū taller Τۤ tall ŪǤȤϡľѤȿ롥Ѹޤ¿θǷŪ̵ɸʤΤӵǤϤʤΤۤǤꡤºݡָפȤѸ줬ΤȤƤ (cf. #3843. ʤƻ졦Ρָפ "positive degree" ȸƤФΤ ([2019-11-04-1])ˡ
츫Ʋ꤬ʤ tall taller ̣פΤۤäƤ뤳Ȥ˵Ť
Klein, Ewan. "A Semantics for Positive and Comparative Adjectives." Linguistics and Philosophy 4.1 (1980): 1--45.
رμȤǤ Bennett and Smithers Ǥ The Land of Cokaygne ɤǤ롥14μܤ˻ĤѸƥȤǡѥξʤѥǥʤǤ롥ѥʤΤǡȤ⤷̤ΤʪʪǤǤƤȤ꤬롥ǤƸäʤɤˤ⤪ۻҤβȤȤդꡤˤŤʤΤʤȤɤǤϴŤۻҤȤ櫓ǤϤʤǡ̤į¤ꡤΥѥȤIJͤȤɤ餫ȤȱΤ뿩ʪʤʪ̤ΩġߤϤߤˤϡΤۤĥޥߤȤƤɤ롥
57ܤ Fluren cakes beþ þe schingles alle ȸ롥ֲĤϤ٤ƾʴ cakes ǤפȤʸ2ŦʰʲرιôԤβˤäƤˡޤǤ cakes Ȥ뤬ŪʴŤ֥פȤϡۤɴŤʤ⤷ʤ̤Ρ֥ѥפ̣褦˻פ롥MED cāke n. ˤȡ1 "A flat cake or loaf; also, an unbaked cake or loaf" Ȥ롥ŤʤȤƤϤʤͤԤŤǤϤʤȤΤθΩƤǤ롥
Fluren ܤ뤬Ͼʴ̣ flour ηƻǤ롥ѸǤ *flouren ѸȤʤäƤꡤ̤ floury floured Ѥ롥Ѹˤ̤Ƥ⡤̾Ф -en 뤳ηƻϵΤ褦ǡMED Ǥ OED Ǥ⡤ΥƥȤΤβս꤬ͣȤʤäƤ롥MED flouren adj. ꡤʲ̤ꡥ
?c1335(a1300) Cokaygne (Hrl 913)57 : Fluren cakes beþ þe scingles alle.
-en ȤϤäϡ#1471. golden ߽ФѲ ([2013-05-07-1]) Dz⤷褦ˡǺɽ魯ƻ (suffix) -en Ǥ롥²ΤʤǤ˸ŤΤ褦ǡƥ -īnusꥷ -inosåȸ -īna ʤɤˤƱõƤ뤳ȤǤ롥ѸǤѸޤǤϤŪä褦Ѹʹߤ̾줬ΤޤƻŪѤ褦ˤʤȤꡤ-en ˤƻθϿषߤǤȤΤȤ earthen, golden, wheaten, wooden, woolen ʤɤ뤬 *flouren Ͼ嵭㤬ͣΤ褦ǡ⸽ޤĤäƤʤ
ʴΥѥβĤǤнʬˤǤϤ뤬ŤϤۤɴԤʤۤ褤ΤʤȻפĤġιԤʬ˾̣
Bennett, J. A. W. and G. V. Smithers, eds. Early Middle English Verse and Prose. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
NHK饸ֺ¡δñѸ in Englishפ9ΥƥȤȯȤʤޤϢܤƤֱѸΥܥʵפ6Ȥʤޤϡ֤ʤƻӵˤ -er more ΡפǤ

Ѥʵ֤ȤäƤ褤Ǥ͡ûƻʤ -erĹƻʤ more Ȥ褦˳ФƤ¿ȻפޤäûĹȤΤǤ§Ȥ1Ǥ -er3Ǥ more Ǥ褤Ȥơ2ϤɤʤΤʹȤʤʤǤ͡Ʊ2Ǥ early, happy -er Ǥafraid, famous more ޤϢܵǤϡդʣʻޤơʤ٤פŪƤߤޤɤɤ
֤ȤȤǡܥ֥Ǥ͡ʷǼ夲ƤޤϢܵŪƤޤޤޤɤ
#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1])
#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])
#4442. 2ηƻӵ -er more ([2021-06-25-1])
#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])
#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])
#403. ή˵դäƤӵˡ ([2010-06-04-1])
#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])
#3349. ѸˤƻӤζ vs ηװ ([2018-06-28-1])
#3619. Lowth Ф2ӵȲǾ ([2019-03-25-1])
#3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1])
#3615. Ѹ2ӵ顦ǾԸˤʤ ([2019-03-21-1])
#456. Ӥ -er, -est ϶ޤݤ ([2010-07-27-1])
ƻ졦 (comparison) ϡܥ֥Ǥ͡˰äƤѸǤΤ˷ΤĤƤʤӵ餬 -er ʶӡˤ more ʶӡˤȤŪطʤˤĤƤϡ#2346. more, most ѤӤȯã ([2015-09-29-1])#2347. Ӥȯãˤե졤ƥαƶˤĤơ ([2015-09-30-1])#3032. ӤȶӤζάˡ ([2017-08-15-1])#3617. -er/-est more/most --- ӵ顦Ǿκ ([2019-03-23-1])#3703.رѸ춵٤Ϣ4֤ʤӵκ -er more 2बΤס ([2019-06-17-1])#4234. ʤӵˤ -er ĤΤ more ĤΤȤΤǤ --- hellog 饸ǡ ([2020-11-29-1]) ʤɤǼ夲Ƥ
ûˤ -er ĤĹˤ more ֤ȤΤ§Ǥ롥û⤢Ĺ⤢2ˤĤƤϡɤ줬㤷Ƥ줤꼰ǤʤºݡʸˡäƤߤȡñ줴ȤˤɤӵηΤ̤ʤΤˤĤƵҤ̯˰ۤʤΤǤ롥ϡҤȤޤ LGSWE 7.7.2 Ȥơ2ηƻˤĤƹͤƤߤ
2ηƻ줬ӵηѤ뤫ϡβŪ礭¸뤳ȤΤƤ롥-y ǽΤˤĤƤϡ-er ̤Τ褦ȡ
angry, bloody, busy, crazy, dirty, easy, empty, funny, gloomy, happy, healthy, heavy, hungry, lengthy, lucky, nasty, pretty, ready, sexy, silly, tidy, tiny
-y ǽƻȤȤǤС餫ƬĤ3ˤʤäƤ⡤ӵ -er Ȥ뷹 (ex. unhappier) Ѹˤδϡ250ǯۤˤϾۤʤäƤ餷Ȥܤͤ (cf. #3618. Johnson ˤӵ顦Ǿκε§ ([2019-03-24-1]))
-ly ǽƻɤ줬㤷褦ǡ㤨 early ӵ earlier ̤likely ˤĤƤ more likely Τ̤ۤǤ롥ۤɤȤƤϡ
costly, deadly, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely, lowly, ugly
ʤɤ롥ƱɤΤȤơʲΤ褦˼岻ǽ2ηƻƤ
mellow, narrow, shallow, yellow; bitter, clever, slender, tender; able, cruel, feeble, gentle, humble, little, noble, simple, subtle; sever, sincere; secure, obscure
ξηɤƤȤȤϡ¾ؤȾ괹ʤǤȤȡĤޤѲκǤ뤳Ȥʳξڤ櫓ǤϤʤʤȤ˼롥ξζ硦ʻ¸Ϥ줳1000ǯۤ³Ƥ櫓ޤ˷ʤ
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education, 1999.
ɸ breath-taking man-made तʣƻؤ2ǤȤƸʬȤN + V-ing פȲʬȤN + V-ed פ2ब롥̾ʬˤʤäƤưȤ̣ŪطˤϤɤΤ褦ʤΤΤ (100--01) ȤơηˤĤ롥碌ơOED ǯդ
ΡN + V-ing
(1) N V ŪȤʤ
breath-taking (1840), man-eating (1607), fact-finding (1833), habit-forming (1899), time-consuming (1600), English-speaking (1798); self-defeating (1812), self-sacrificing (1654), self-respecting (1597)
(2) N ɽ̲ƤʤֻŪȤʤʰʲǤϴͿֻ䤦
ocean-going [across] (1854), fist-fighting [with] (1950), law-abiding [by] (1839)
ΡN + V-ed
(3) "V-ed by [at, in, with] N" ȥѥե졼ǤطʰʲǤϴͿֻ䤦
moth-eaten [by] (c1400), self-taught [by] (1586), man-made [by] (1845), home-made [at] (1547), country-bred [in] (1620), star-spangled [with] (1600)
įƤߤȡʣƻǤȤʤ̾ưʬˤŪطϡˤ¿ͤǤ뤳Ȥʬ롥СʣƻϡŪŸ줿ե졼٤ȡǴ֤ΰ̣طŪǤʤȤ⤤褦Τ褦¿ˤĤķȤƤΥѥȤƤ뤳Ȥʣƻ¸߰յʤΤȤϻפ
夲פʣƻŪȯ˴ؤƤϡ嵭νǯį¤ꡤѸΤΤۤȤɤǤ롥ᤤѸѤƤϤɤΤõƤߤʤä
ط١ҡ1988ǯ
ʻ (part of speech = pos) ȤΤϡǤ褯ΤƤʸˡ (category) 1ĤǤ롥ƤθѸʤʸˡѸʤϡʸˡƤˤĤ줿٥Ǥ롥졤ʡӡԡ˲ĻʤɤѸ줬ФƤ顤ʸˡƤˤĤƸäƤΤȹͤƤ褤
ѸηƻʤˤȤʻˤĤƹͤ硤 (comparison) ȤʸˡƤ1ĤȤʤ롥ܸʤɤǤϡӡפʸˡƤȤ̰봷Ϥʤʽ֤פˡ1ĤȤ٤²ˤƤϸηϤ˿ޤ줿ʸˡƤȤơ̻뤵뤳ȤˤʤäƤ롥ϤޤˤδФĤƤʤΤѸؤˤȤʸˡƤ̻ŪˤⶦŪˤ뤵ƤȤϳΤǤ롥
ϤޤäƷƻʤˤʸˡƤȤȤ줬ƻǤ뤫Ȥäơɬ⤳ƤͿ櫓ǤϤʤ˷ƻ餷ƻӤƤŬ礹뤬ۤɷƻ餷ʤƻӤȤƤʤդ˸Сƻ夲ȤӤƤŬ礹뤫ɤǡƻ餷ƻ줫Ǥʤƻ줫Ƚ롥ϡȤʤƻ˴ؤץȥ (prototype) Ǥ롥
Crystal (92) ƻΥץȥפˤĤʬ䤹ͿƤƤ롥
The movement from a central core of stable grammatical behaviour to a more irregular periphery has been called gradience. Adjectives display this phenomenon very clearly. Five main criteria are usually used to identify the central class of English adjectives:
(A) they occur after forms of to be, e.g. he's sad;
(B) they occur after articles and before nouns, e.g. the big car;
(C) they occur after very, e.g. very nice;
(D) they occur in the comparative or superlative form e.g. sadder/saddest, more/most impressive; and
(E) they occur before -ly to form adverbs, e.g. quickly.
We can now use these criteria to test how much like an adjective a word is. In the matrix below, candidate words are listed on the left, and the five criteria are along the top. If a word meets a criterion, it is given a +; sad, for example, is clearly an adjective (he's sad, the sad girl, very sad, sadder/saddest, sadly). If a word fails the criterion, it is given a - (as in the case of want, which is nothing like an adjective: *he's want, *the want girl, *very want, *wanter/wantest, *wantly).
A B C D E happy + + + + + old + + + + - top + + + - - two + + - - - asleep + - - - - want - - - - -
The pattern in the diagram is of course wholly artificial because it depends on the way in which the criteria are placed in sequence; but it does help to show the gradual nature of the changes as one moves away from the central class, represented by happy. Some adjectives, it seems, are more adjective-like than others.
ƻȤʸˡƤˤĤơäˤӤȤʸˡƤˤĤƤϡʲεȡ
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Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. 2nd ed. 2003. 3rd ed. 2019.
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