ɸƤˡϢεإĥäƤ
#251. IPAΥ㡼ȡ ([2010-01-03-1])
#669. ȯɽȱѸˡ ([2011-02-25-1])
#822. IPA άˡ ([2011-07-28-1])
#1376. ﴱοޡ ([2013-02-01-1])
#31. ѸλҲβǡ ([2009-05-29-1])
Ǥϡءʲ IPA 2005ǯ (PDF; 58KB) ٵήʡ#1672. ή ([2013-11-24-1]) ȡˤˤҲɽǡԤϤ줾첿ɽ路Ƥ

ޤĴ (place of articulation) ɽ路üο鱦üޤǡƻγƴﴱб롥βȤȤ館Ф褤
ԤĴͼ (manner of articulation) ɽ路夫鲼ء褽ƵФ˸٤ι⤤Τ¤Ǥ롥˸μ8Ĥ˶ʬƤ뤬ˤ¤ϰ롥ϡƣ (21) ˤޤߤаʬμ˱ѸĤĤġοޤƸ褦
θϲ (plosive)
ˡ
ɡ (nasal)
ĺĤΡդ뤨դ뤨 (trill)
ϤϤ (tap or flap)
Ū (fricative)
ࡡ
¦̡Ū (lateral fricative)
˷֤ĤΡ
Ūܶ (approximant)
ܡᡡ
¦̡Ūܶ (lateral approximant)
ȥԡ (entropy) Ȥɤ褯ʹ褦ˤʤäȤδϢǡγǰˤ뤳ȤϤޤʤܥ֥Ǥϡ#838. ηϤȥȥԡ ([2011-08-13-1]) ϤȤơ##838,1089,1090,1587,1693 γƵǤѸ˿ƤޤŪŬѤȤϤʤä
ȥԡȤϡηϤȤƤٹ礤ɸǤ롥ǡ˰ͤ˻ФäƤ뤫ɽ魯٤ȸƤ褤ؤαѤϡGries (112) Ƥ롥
A simple measure for categorical data is relative entropy Hrel. Hrel is 1 when the levels of the relevant categorical variable are all equally frequent, and it is 0 when all data points have the same variable level. For categorical variables with n levels, Hrel is computed as shown in formula (16), in which pi corresponds to the frequency in percent of the i-th level of the variable:
Gries ϡ300Ĥ̾ˤ봧ʬۤȤƤ롥̵164㡤괧33㡤괧103Ȥä硤Hrel = 0.8556091 ȤʤꡤʤԶѼʬۤȤˤʤ롥
ۤ˻Ф礬ˤʤ륱Ϥȹͤ뤳ȤǤ롥㤨Сܸνи٤ƥȡʤΥˤ˱ưͤݤ¬ȤȤǤ
ޤ˰۷ֻ֤ǧˡ줾Ѱ۷ (variants) ʬۤѰ줫ԶѰ줫¬뤳ȤʤɤǤ롥Τ褦ѰۤХȥԡƱΰۤʤƥȡʥˤδ֤ǤɤΤ餤ۤʤΤ뤤ŪʴؿϡۤʤΥƥȡʥˤδ֤ǤɤΤ餤ۤʤΤҴŪ˳Τ뤳ȤǤɸಽ¾βˤꡤѰۤ1Ĥηؼ̤Ƥ椯硤ȥԡ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ū˹ͤ뤿ˡ#1773. ich, everich, -lich ch ä ([2014-03-05-1]) Ǽ夲 ch æΥǡȤ褦ε Schlüter ˤ뽸̤ɽǤϡĶ (before V, before <h>, before C) ζ̤Ϥñ ME II--ME IV γƻ˸줿Ѱ۷ΥȡΤߤθ뤳Ȥˤ롥Ѱ۷γƻ Hrel ̤ɽ˼
| I | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ich | 853 | 589 | 7 | 0 |
| I | 33 | 503 | 1397 | 2612 |
| Hrel | 0.2295 | 0.9955 | 0.04531 | 0.0000 |
| EVERY | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) |
| everich | - | 12 | 10 | 9 |
| everiche | - | 12 | 3 | 0 |
| every | - | 5 | 112 | 152 |
| Hrel | - | 0.9406 | 0.3550 | 0.1962 |
| -LY | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) |
| -lich | 106 | 33 | 31 | 3 |
| -''liche' | 689 | 168 | 70 | 44 |
| -ly | 12 | 19 | 1088 | 1444 |
| Hrel | 0.4225 | 0.6390 | 0.3123 | 0.1342 |

#1198. ic I ([2012-08-07-1]) εǡűѸ줫ѸˤѤ줿1;ñ̾μ ich λҲüƶѸ I ؤȯŸаޤˤĤǤϡʲѲȤϡǽ˸붯ȼζ礬ؤäƤΤǤϤʤƤ
Ūװ̵Ȥ櫓ǤϤʤSchlüter ˤС³Ƭβ˼ˤäơĹ ich Ūû i Τ줫Ф䤹Ȥ¤Τˤ롥
Schlüter ϡHelsinki Corpus ѤѸǻ头ȤˡƸ³μ̤ˡich, everich, -lich 줾Ѱ۷ʬۤĴʲˡSchlüter (224, 227, 226) ˷ǺܤƤ롤ơʬɽ
| I | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | ||
| before V | ich | 169 | 100 | 121 | 95 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| I | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 135 | 97 | 253 | 100 | |
| before <h> | ich | 171 | 100 | 105 | 97 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| I | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 156 | 98 | 316 | 100 | |
| before C | ich | 513 | 94 | 363 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| I | 33 | 6 | 494 | 58 | 1106 | 100 | 2043 | 100 | |
| EVERY | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) | |||||
| tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | ||
| before V | everich | - | 6 | 86 | 7 | 64 | 9 | 39 | |
| everiche | - | 1 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| every | - | 0 | 0 | 4 | 36 | 14 | 61 | ||
| before <h> | everich | - | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20 | - | ||
| everiche | - | 1 | 100 | 1 | 20 | - | |||
| every | - | 0 | 0 | 3 | 60 | - | |||
| before C | everich | - | 6 | 29 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
| everiche | - | 10 | 48 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
| every | - | 5 | 24 | 105 | 96 | 138 | 100 | ||
| -LY | 1150--1250 (ME I) | 1250--1350 (ME II) | 1350--1420 (ME III) | 1420--1500 (ME IV) | |||||
| tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | tokens | % | ||
| before V | -lich | 23 | 12 | 8 | 12 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| -liche | 162 | 87 | 51 | 77 | 23 | 8 | 21 | 5 | |
| -ly | 1 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 251 | 88 | 421 | 95 | |
| before <h> | -lich | 13 | 18 | 7 | 21 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| -liche | 59 | 82 | 24 | 73 | 8 | 14 | 0 | 0 | |
| -ly | 0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 49 | 84 | 76 | 100 | |
| before C | -lich | 70 | 13 | 18 | 15 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| -liche | 468 | 85 | 93 | 77 | 39 | 5 | 23 | 2 | |
| -ly | 11 | 2 | 10 | 8 | 788 | 93 | 947 | 97 | |
. . . the affricate [ʧ] in final position has turned out to constitute another weak segment whose disappearance is codetermined by syllable structure constraints militating against the adjacency of two Cs or Vs across word boundaries. . . . [T]he three studies have shown that the demise of final [ʧ] proceeds at different speeds depending on the item concerned: it is given up fastest in the personal pronoun, not much later in the quantifier, and most hesitantly in the suffix. In other words, the phonetic erosion is overshadowed by lexical distinctions. Relics of the obsolescent long variants are typically found in high-frequency collocations like ich am or everichone, where the affricate is protected from erosion by the ideal phonotactic constellation it ensures.
Ϣơ#40. -ly ([2009-06-07-1]) ڤӡ#832. every each ([2011-08-07-1]) ⻲ȡ
Schlüter, Julia. "Weak Segments and Syllable Structure in ME." Phonological Weakness in English: From Old to Present-Day English. Ed. Donka Minkova. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 199--236.
#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragoge ([2011-05-06-1]) ǡź (paragoge) Ȥơ /n/ /s/ θ /t/ /d/ Τ¿Ȥơancient, tyrant, parchment; sound; against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst ʤɤʤȤ櫓 -st 췲ˤĤƤ ##508,509,510,739,1389,1393,1394,1399,1554,1555,1573,1574,1575 εȡˡ
s θ t źä䤹ĴŪʺϡ#1575. -st θźä˴ؤ Dobson ιͻ ([2013-08-19-1]) Dobson (437) Ҥ٤Ƥ褦ˡ"at the end of the articulation of [s] the tip of the tongue is raised slightly so as to close the narrow passage left for [s], and the stop [t] is thus produced" ȤȤθźäɤñˤ뤫ͽ¬Ǥʤn θ t, d źä⡤ĴƱǤȤƱδϲǽɤñˤƸźä¸ΤϡϤͽ¬ǽǤ롥
Ʊ #1575 εǤϡWright ѸĤƤȸڤºݤ Wright (295) äƤߤȡǤϸ t Ǥʤæ˵ƤͽۤȤꡤæΤۤˤ˴ѻ褦ꥹνǡ st t æƤ㤬 (ex. beas(t), betwix(t), fas(t), jois(t), las(t), nex(t)) ơk, p θǤ⥹åȥɤν t æ (ex. fak(t), strik(t), korek(t), temp(t), bankrup(t)) ˡf θæޥʤɤ drif(t), lif(t), wef(t) ʤɤ˸롥Ǹˡn θæϡ sergean(t), serpen(t), servan(t), warran(t) ʤɤθˤˤƤ롥
θ t ΤۤæۤɹϤǤϤʤΤΡǼΤ褦ʸ˴ѻ롥ʲɸಽֻǡsermon(t), sudden(t), vermin(t), scuf(t) (scruff), telegraph(t), ice(t), nice(t), hoarse(t), once(t), twice(t)æξƱͤ n, f, s θ֤¿Ȥ顤æϸߤɤ礦طȸƤ褤ʤɸäƤΤȤƤϡancient (< Fr. ancien), pheasant (O.Fr. faisan) 롥
d θźäˤĤƤ⡤Wright (306) äƤβϡl, n, r θ֤ǡȤ Yorkshire ˤƻȤ롥feel(d), idle(d), mile(d), school(d), soul(d), born(d), drown(d), gown(d), soon(d), swoon(d), wine(d), yon(d), scholar(d)
嵭θźäߤ¤ꡤĴŪʺӷǧ뤬ɤθˤƼ¸뤫ͽ¬뤳ȤϡϤԲǽΤ褦ġΥˤơ¾νװͿ̤ȤƸźä줿ȤȤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
Wright, Joseph. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: OUP, 1905. Repr. 1968.
#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1])#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1])#1614. Ѹ title Фƥե titre ǤΤϤʤ ([2013-09-27-1]) εǡ/l/ /r/ θؤƤܸüԤϡѸؽ塤ξμ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥ褯ΤäƤΤǡμ˴ؿ䤹ξƤ뤳ȤΤäƤ뤬ŪˤϤɤΤ褦˻ƤΤϡѸ /l/ /r/ Ӥΰ۲˴ؤ벻Ūʻ¤Ҳ𤷤ʲ罤۱Ѹػŵ (325--28) ξˤĤƤεҤ롥
Ѹ¦ /l/ ԤˤĤĴ뤬Ǥΰ֤˱2Ĥΰ۲̤롥첻 /j/ ǤŸ˸äƾ夲졤첻˻ clear l ȯ롥ٻߤȻҲǤϡ˸äƾ夲졤첻˻ dark l ȯ롥/l/ ϸ§Ȥͭ©ȼ /ph, kh/ ˸³ˤ̵롥ŪˤС/l/ 첻ŪǤꡤŪʤʻҲȤϰۤʤʥեޥȤ1եޥ (F1) 2եޥ (F2) clear l Ǥ첻ħŪΰ˸졤dark l Ǥϸ첻ħŪΰ˸롥
/r/ ϡĶơޤüԤѰ˱ơĤ۲Τ줫ȤƼ¸롥Ƭ첻³֡/d/ ʳͭ³֤ǤϡܶȤȯ롥/d/ ˸³ˤͭȤʤ롥©ȼ /ph, th, kh/ ˸³ˤ̵Ȥʤ롥첻֡뤤 /θ, ð/ /b, g/ θ֤ǡȤƲѤ롥ޤĴ⤤ϯɤʤɤưѤ뤳Ȥ⤢롥Ūˤϡ/r/ ¦ /l/ Ʊ͡첻ŪǤ롥/r/ /l/ βŪʺϡȤ F3 եޥȿܤ˸롥Fry, D. B. (The Physics of Speech. Cambridge: CUP, 1979) ˤl r Υڥȥפ罤۱Ѹػŵ (327) ƷǤ褦

줾 mallow marrow ȯڥȥդˤ̤Ǥ롥/l/ Ǥ F3 첻 F3 ȤۤƱΰ˸ΤФ/r/ Ǥ F3 ë롥 F3 οκۤϡ첻Ωݻ롥Ѹ /l/ /r/ ʹʬΤ˺ܸüԤϡʤξˤ F3 ưФƴ٤㤤ȤȤˤʤ
ϲ ͭӾ ɧ ˮɧԡˡ罤۱Ѹػŵ١罤۽Ź1983ǯ
912ˡѤʵץʡǼΤ褦ʼ#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) ơƱ [r] [l] θؤ˴ؤǤ롥
uca 2013-09-12 02:50:55
ΥȥԥåstellaȱstarδطˤĤƿƤޤ˵˴ȤޤϡʩtitreȱtitleδطǤˤϤɤаޤäΤǤ礦ƥǤtitulusʤΤǡѲϤޤǥեǤѲʤΤǤ礦йǤ
Ѹ title ФƥեϳΤ titre Ǥ롥츻ҤȤȡĸ *tel- (ground, floor, board) ̤롥θ캬βýŷ (reduplication) Ȥ˰ĸ *titel- ƷƤꡤ줬ʸڤƥ titulus (inscription, label) ȯŸȤ롥ʿ̤Ĥ˹ΡפۤɤθáʸˡʸɽפʤɤθǤ˥ƥȯãƤΥƥϡťե title ȤȯŸ줬ѸؼѤ줿Ф14νẢǤ롥űѸƱƥѤ titul ѤƤȤ顤Ѹ tītle ϡθűѸȯãΤȲ᤹ OED Τ褦Ω⤢롥ˤ衤ѸǤϰӤƸ츻Ū [l] ѤƤȤϳΤǤ롥
ȡե titre [r] ϡեˤʤФʤʤȤȤˤʤ롥Ѹեθ츻ŵʤɤˤĤäƤߤ¿ñ [l] > [r] ȵҤΤߤǡʾϤʤäͣ Klein ϡ"OF. title (in French dissimilated into titre)" ۲ (dissimilation) κѤη̤Ǥ뤳ȤŪ˽Ҥ٤Ƥ
Klein ʤ餺Ȥ⡤[r] [l] θؤȤСפĤϰ۲Ǥ롥#1597. star stella ([2013-09-10-1]) ǤȤꡤ۲ϡ̾ƱǶܤƤΤǤꡤΥ۲Ȥˤ롥㤨СեǤŵŪʰ۲ϡcouroir > couloir ϭ murtrir > multrir ʽĤˤΤ褦ʤΤǤ롥ƱζܤȤϤ鷺Ȥ⡤ĴŪưŤϡˤϤ롥[t] [l] ǤĴ֤ʷԡˤǤۤܰפƤΤǡĴ֤η֤äȤͤ뤫⤷ʤ[r] ȤơեȰۤʤĴ֤ [t] [l] ȤۤɰۤʤʤäϤǤꡤϤĴŪʰŪϤĤˤ۲ΤΤԵ§ñȯβtitle > titre ϡΤʤǤȤ櫓Ե§ñȯΥäȹͤʤ롥
㤬롥ƥ -tulus/-tulum θĸǡ[l] [r] ظؤ⤦1Ĥˡcapitulum > chapitle > chapitre 롥ŪˤϡեˤϱѸ -tle ϻ¾ʤΤǡƯƤΤŪ -tle ͽۤȤˡ-tre бƤȤȤ⤷ʤդ̻ŪʲӶŪʬۤϥեʻˡˤǤꡤǰʤ餳ʾˤɵǤʤ
ȤդäСѸ title 뤤ϥե titre ˤ [l] [r] ʬۤߤƤߤȤ⤷եǤϡ titulaire, titulariser Ǥϡƥ줫Ū [l] ݤäƤ롥Ѹ titular [l] Ǥ롥ѸαѸ titrate ũ, titration, titrable, titrant ϡե̾ titre äư titrer μѤǤꡤ[r] ɽ路Ƥ롥ޤѸ title Ʊ tittle ʾˤˤĤƤƤ22ŸǤꡤ־첻Ĺûκۤˤʤڥʸ ñ ȷε tilde ȸƤФ뤬ϥƥ titulus 2Ҳ3Ҳž (metathesis) ڥȤˤʤäƤ롥äơtitle, tittle, tilde ϡŪˤ̣Ūˤˤ䤫˷ӤĤ3ŸȤäƤ褤⤷ʤ
Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, Dealing with the Origin of Words and Their Sense Development, Thus Illustrating the History of Civilization and Culture. 2 vols. Amsterdam/London/New York: Elsevier, 1966--67. Unabridged, one-volume ed. 1971.
820դǡѤʵץʡˤƼΤ褦ʼΤǡͤƤߤ
piano 2013-08-20 09:25:05
Online Etymology DictionarystarĴ٤ޤȡƥ"stella" ȺǸλҲ"l"ˤʤäƤޤ"r""l"ȤҲѲϤФе뤳ȤʤΤǤ礦Ȥ줷Ǥ
[r] [l] ñǤθؤˤĤƤϡ#72. /r/ /l/ ϴְ㤨!? ([2009-07-09-1]) ǸȤꡤĤλ㤬ǧ롥۲ (dissimilation) ȸƤФ벻ŵǤ롥αѸ star ȥƥ stella Ȥбϡ[r] [l] ΰ۲Ȥ̵ط#90. taper paper ([2009-07-26-1]) #259. phonaesthesia ۲ ([2010-01-11-1]) Ǥ줿۲ [r] [l] ñǷ֤˵䤹Ĥޤꡤ۲ϸġñˤñȯΤǤȤϤưǤʤ櫓ǤϤʤstar 䤽ΰƱθߤƤߤȡäήη֤ϳǧʤΤǡޤޤθ˺Ѥ۲ȤߤʤΤˤ̵롥Ǥϡstar stella λҲбϡۤˤɤΤ褦Τ
ޤ츻Ʊη֤äȤߤƤߤ褦ĸǤ *ster- (star) ƷƤ롥Ťʳ *əster- ȯŸȤ졤ˤ Akkadian Ištal Venus ˤμѸȤޥĸȤƤ *sternōn Ʒ졤ޥǤ OE steorra, Du. ster, OHG sterno/sterro, G Stern, ON stjarna, Goth. staírnō ʤɤʸڤ롥λҲ r Ǥ롥ʤn Ĥ֤ϡѸǤ ON stjarna ˱ƶ stern Ȥ֤ȤǤޤʤǧ롥ޥϤǤ⡤Gk astḗr, Welsh seren, Skt stár, Hitt. haster-, Toch. A śreǹ (nom.pl.) ȸ¤ r 롥
ȤޥϤǤ Latin stella ޤᡤλҲ l бƤ뤫뤤æǤ롥Υƥϡ¯ƥ *stēla ͳơF étoile, It. stella, Rum. stea ʤɤؤȯã̯ͣϡr l ξޤ Sp. estrella ǡ Gk āstron Ѥ L astrum ȤκƤ롥
ɤΤȤѸ star 䤽¾ۤȤɤƱˤߤ r ŪʻҲʤΤǤäơƥ stella ˴ޤޤ l 㳰ŪȤȤˤʤ롥Ǥϡƥ㳰ŪʻҲ l ϤˤΤOED star, n.1 θ츻ˤСL stella ʸڤʤ *ster-la ȯŸΤǤϤʤȤβꤵ -la ˤĤ OED ͿƤʤSkeat θ츻ŵŦ̤ꡤؾ (diminutive) ȹͤƤ褤cf. ե soleil ۡˤ캬ܻؾθǤ뤳Ȥӡˡ la ľΰ֤ˤơ캬 r l Ʊʰ۲ǤϤʤˤ졤ll 褦ˤʤäΤǤϤʤPartridge θ츻ŵǤϡIE *ster- ΰ۷Ȥ *stel- ƷƤ뤳ȤȤդäƤ
ƥ stella ˴ŤѸؤμѸˤϡͭ̾ Stella Τۤconstellation, stellar, stellate ʤɤ롥ѹαˤäˤʤäӡ Stella Artois ȤƳʤ
Skeat, Walter William, ed. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1879--82. 2nd ed. 1883.
Skeat, Walter William, ed. A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910. 1st ed. 1882.
Partridge, Eric Honeywood. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. 4th ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. 1st ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Macmillan, 1958.
ܸΥ롼ĤˤĤƤͭϤ1Ĥˡȥͥ (Austronesian) ȥ륿 (Altaic) θ줬ͻ礷Ȥ⤬롥ȥͥ²βŪħȤƤϡ¿̤벻ǤʤȤΤꡤΤܸŪñʲηϤˤ̤롥
ܸβǤŪʤˤĤƤϡ#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1]) ӡ#1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1]) ǿ줿ǤϴϢƥϥ磻ˤ줿ϥ磻⥪ȥͥ²°ǡ8ĤλҲ /w, m, p, l, n, k, h, ʔ/ 5Ĥ첻 /a, i, u, e, o/ ̤ˤʤʥp. 95ˡȤˤϤäȲǤʤ줬ΤǤ롥
Ū˥ȥͥ²ܤƤѥץ⡤ηϤñǤ롥ΤʤǤ⡤ѥץ˥塼˥ Bougainville Province 4ͤۤɤüԤˤääƤȥ (Rotokas) ϡ6ĤλҲ /b, g, k, p, r, t/ 5Ĥ첻 /a, e, i, o, u/ η11ǡʤб11ʸˤ⤿ʤEthnologue ꡤϢϿޤˡ (106) ˤСǾβǿǤꡤȤ櫓ҲξʤˤĤƤ1985ǯΥ֥ͥå (199) ϿƤۤɤǤ롥
ҲˤĤƤС¿ؤΤϡ#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1]) Ǥ줿ӥոǤ롥80--85ĤλҲĤȤ첻κǾϡΥ֥ϥ2첻⤿ʤ첻Ǥκ¿ϥ٥ȥʥΥǡΤ˶̤Ǥ55첻ĤȤϹ
Ʊ֥ͥå (198--201) ǤϡˤĤƤζ̣פ¾ˤ⤤ȵƤꡤ츫βͤ롥ΤӤäפϡLanguage statistics & facts ⻲ͤˤʤ롥
Сʡɡƥޥ塼ޥꥢݥ ԡ ˼ ؿʸա١νӡ2005ǯ
Υꥹޥ ԡ ɰ졦 إ֥ͥå١̼ҡ1985ǯ
Χ (metrical phonology) ˤȡѸˤ Consonant Extrametricality (CE) ȤΧ§롥üŪˤСλҲϡαΧθ뤦ǴʤȤ뵬§Ǥ롥"[+cons] [+ex] / ] word" ȸ롥
Ҳ줺ˡǽ rhyme ʲ2⡼ʾȤʤʤĤޤʬ˾ˤϡ§ȤƤ˶֤롥Hogg and McCully (109--10)
| (a) | (b) | (c) |
| obey /obée/ | torment /tɔrmén | astonish /astɔ'nɪ |
| polite /polái | perhaps /perháp | decrepit /dikrépi |
| humane /hjuuméy | august /ɔɔgús | normal /nɔ'rma |
| petite /petíi | divert /daivér | consider /kɔnsíde |
. . . with regard to the disyllabic noun stress rule, only the nucleus of the second syllable is projected. The noun stress rule only 'sees' the syllable nucleus: if the nucleus branches (i.e. contains a long vowel or diphthong), stress is on the final syllable. Otherwise, stress is on the initial syllable.
ϡ̾ξˤϺǽκǽҲ1ĤǤʤǽҲΤ٤ƤΧȤߤʤȤ§ơλҲǤޤ rhyme ʲʬʤĤޤĹ첻2첻ޤ˾ˤΤߡκǽ˶Ȥ롥ξ˹ʤСԲؤȰưƤ椯ˤꡤ̾ torment ̾ August ϡ줾 /tɔ'rment/, /ɔ'ɔgust/ ʬϤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
αΧʬϤ˽С̾ư (diatone) ¿θζѥϡConsonant Extrametricality ʻ̾줫̾줫ˤ2ȤƵҤǤ뤳Ȥˤʤ ([2011-07-10-1]) ̾ưˤ϶֤ѰۤѲϤ뤷 (ex. control (n.), retard (n.); [2012-04-23-1]) ͽۤƤϤޤʤ⾯ʤʤ (ex. discount, exploit, increase) ʬϤǽϤ⤿ʤȤΤϴñŪΤߤʤ餺̻ŪʷΤΤǤС̾ưθóȻҤǡͭʬϤȤʤ뤫⤷ʤ
Hogg, Richard and C. B. McCully. Metrical Phonology: A Coursebook. Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
Katamba, Francis. An Introduction to Phonology. New York: Longman, 1989.
#1506. The Rhenish fan ([2013-06-11-1]) εǡϥɥĸϥɥĸʬˤäƸߤ˰פʤ¤ǧλ¤ˤϡǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤ벻ˡ§ΰΧŬѤȤΤǤϤʤषȾ (wave_theory) Ȥơ줴Ȥ˳礷Ƥ椯ΰ褬ۤʤΤȤߤʤɬפ롥
The Rhenish fan ̤ؤľ˽ǤϢΰۤʤϰ1--7̾դ褦ļ˼ꡤѰۤθҲޤ6 (ich, machen, dorf, das, apfel, pfund) ˼롥ȡSecond Germanic Consonant Shift ([2010-06-06-1]) θ̤ˤĤơʲΤ褦ʳʾʬۤ뤳ȤǤRomain, p. 138 "Isoglosses between Low and High German consonant shift: /p t k/ /(p)f s x/" ˡ

1Ǥ SGCS θ̤ϥ2Ǥ ich ˴ؤƤΤ߸̤Ƥ롥3Ǥ machen ˸̤ڤӡ4Ǥ dorf ˤڤ֡³Ƥ椭Ǹ7ˤäơ6줹٤ƤҲѲФȤˤʤ롥1--7ŪľϢ³Ǥ뤳ȤפФСɽϡѲȾ˳礷Ƥ椯ͻҡʤȾɽ魯ΤǤ뤳Ȥ餫
ơ1--7ľܤɽ魯ΤǤϤʤ1ˤɽ魯ΤȤƲᤷ褦ˤơ1ˤƤ SGCS θ̤ϤޤƤʤ2ˤƤ ich ˴ؤƸ̤Ƥ롥34ˤ machen, dorf 줾ѲФơ缡7 pfund ޤ³λˤäƤ褦䤯٤Ƥθˤ SGCS λ롥βȤСɽϡ֤ȤȤ SGCS ä˥褦ˤƿʹԤóȻ (lexical diffusion) ɽ魯ΤǤ뤳Ȥ餫
ļ1--7Ȥ٥ϡŪľ¤ΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤС֤ΤȤȤ館뤳ȤǤ롥ԤȾԤϸóȻɽ路Ѳˤξδط褯ΤǤϤʤ
ˡɽϸѲȼްռ (implicational scale) ƤǤͭյǤ롥6Τ줬 SGCS Ǥ˷ФƤȤ狼äƤΤǤС뤤Ϥλˤơθ꺸¦ˤ뤹٤Ƥθ SGCS ФƤϤǤ롥ΤȤϱ¦θϺ¦θްդɽǤ롥ѲνȤ̻Ūʼȡɤθ줬 SGCS θ̤ͽ¬ǽǤȤŪʼȤߤȤͻ¤Ƥ롥
Ѳ implicational scale ˤĤƤϡ#841. yod-dropping ([2011-08-16-1]) ⻲ȡ
Romain, Suzanne. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed. Oxford: OUP, 2000.
harbinger , messenger ʻȼԡ, passenger ʾҡ, porringer ʻ滮, scavenger ٤ưʪ, wharfinger Ȼ߾ˤΤ褦ʸˤϡ2n ߤ롥message, passage, porridge ʤɤθӤФ狼̤ꡤ n 츻ŪǤ롥g ֤ n epenthesis 治ź[2011-05-06-1]ε#739. glide, prosthesis, epenthesis, paragogeפȡˤȹͤ롥
OED ˤȡmessenger ˤĤƤϡAnglo-Norman Picard ˤ n 줿֤ߤȤ顤ɬѸˤΩѲǤϤʤΥեֻαƶˤΤȹͤ뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ
ʲϡ6ˤĤ n Τʤ֤νлȡn 줿褽λOED 츻ŵȤƤޤȤΤǤ롥
| Word | First without n | First with n |
|---|---|---|
| harbinger | ?lateOE | ME |
| messenger | ?a1200 | lateME |
| passenger | 1337 | C15 |
| porringer | 1467 | 1601 |
| scavenger | ME | 1530 |
| wharfinger | 1552--53 | 1642 |
'INTRUSIVE' [n] and [ŋ]
§438. The 'intrusive' [n] in messenger, papenjay, &c. and [ŋ] in nightingale and paringale 'equal' (<paregal) is a species of consonantal glide easing the passage between the preceding vowel and the following [ʤ] or [g], and is found chiefly in adopted words; it is perhaps, as has been suggested, associated with a desire to make weightier the middle syllable so as to avoid syncope . . . . It appears to develop at various dates from the thirteenth century (nightingale) onwards. In words in which it is an established feature of StE, e.g. nightingale and messenger, it is regularly shown by the orthoepists.
<g> б벻ۤʤ뤬nightingale ˤƤ g ֤ n Ƥ¤ؤθڤ̣#797. nightingale ([2011-07-03-1]) ε㤬ޤ긫ʤȽҤ٤messenger passenger Ʊͤ˰äƤ٤ȤȤ
Dobson, E. J. English Pronunciation 1500--1700. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Oxford: OUP, 1968.
ؤڤ̣ñ scale θ츻ˤĤơOED 츻ŵˤȡOF escaleʳ̡ (cf. F écale) ѤΤǡƬü (aphetic) Ф1300ǯ ME scale ȤƽФMED scāle (n.(1)) ȡˡθʩΤ⡤Frankish *skala (cf. OHG skala) ʤɤμѤȤ졤̤ Gmc *skalō IE *(s)kel- (to cut) ؤɤ夯̣γȤȤƤϡҢ̢ڤȤ褦ʶƻOE scealu (shell) sc(i)ell (shell) ˵ PDE shale Ǵ䡤ťĴˤ shell ʳ̡ˤŪˤƱǤ롥
ƬҲˤĤƤΤ߹ͤСGmc *sk եʤɤեФ [sk] ȤƱѸäΤ scale ǤꡤűѸθФ [ʃ] ȯŸΤ shell ǤȤȤˤʤ롥
ơMED OED Ǥϡscale νФ1300ǯκȤ The Auchinleck Manuscript Guy of Warwick ȤʤäƤ롥Ȥǯ夬1ۤΩ Layamon's Brut ɤǤơᤤǤϤʤȵ˽вä
10642: Nu he stant on hulle & Auene bi-haldeð Hu ligeð i þan stræme stelene fisces mid sweorde bi-georede .. heore scalen wleoteð, swulc gold-faȝe sceldes.
ϻǰʤ鸫νä褦αʸƥȤˤƬϵ§ǤϤʤǤդǤΤΡ scalen ϸ sceldes [ʃ] ƬƧǤȤߤʤΤĤޤꡤ scalen scale ǤϤʤshell θƬҲƤȤȤˤʤ롥MED Ǥ⡤shāle (n.) (b) Brut 㤬Ƥ
Ѹ sc- ֤Ҳ [sk] ʤΤ [ʃ] ʤΤʬˤϡѲμѸ줫ݤʤɤθ츻ŪμȻƱꡤƬιθƥȤˤֻȯδط (Potestatic Substitution Set; [2011-02-20-1]ε#664. littera, figura, potestasפ) ʤɤɬפǤ롥ѸΤߤʤ餺űѸˤ⤢٤ƤϤޤ뤷 sc- ˸¤ääǤϤʤΤ
εǡ#1508. ѸˤɡβDz ([2013-06-13-1]) 夲ȿФȤ⤤ܸǵäƤΤǾҲ𤷤褦
Ūܸζ̸ȯǤϡ2Ĥͭ [g] [ŋ] ̤Ƥ§ȤԤϸƬǡԤϸ첻θˤѤ졤ۤʬۤʤ㤨С䡤ݡʤɤθǤ [g] 졤䡤ƻīʤɤθǤ [ŋ] ʹ줿ԡפʤɤʣ2ǤλϤޤꡤ֤פʤɤƬľ塤ֽޡפʤɤοθޡ֤餬פʤɤε졤֥衼ȡפʤɤμѸˤƤϡǤäƤ [g] ɸŪǤ롥ֽޡפȡֽƸפФʤɤˤ [g] [ŋ] ΩΤǡ̩ʬۼŪΩ줫 /g/ /ŋ/ ϰۤʤ벻ǤȤȤˤʤ롥
嵭ζ̤ϡߤǤڤʤɤʬǤϰҿΤȤݤƤ뤬̤ζ̸ȯȤƤ [ŋ] ѤĤĤ롥1983ǯĴǤϡüԤǯˤ [ŋ] Ψ礭ۤʤäƤ뤳ȤΤ줿ˤȡ1930ǯޤ줿üԤ [ŋ] ξüǤȤطʤˤϡ餬³ˤؽФơ[ŋ] ιԤʤƤʤܤ뵡ȤŦƤ롥
1986ǯ Hibiya ˤƱͤĴǤ⡤ [ŋ] ̻ŪʾüΤ줿80üԤ80--90% [ŋ] ݤäƤ20üԤͭΨϥ˶ᤤ (Hibiya 163) Ĵˡϡˤ͡ǯüԤȯĴ٤뤳Ȥˤ̻ŪѲŪª褦Ȥ "apparent-time" δѻǤꡤüԤĹȼҶդդѲ (age-grading) ǤȤǽӽǤʤ
ǡ"real-time" δѻɬפˤʤäƤ롥Hibiya ϡ1920ˤƤΤĤʸŪڵ並̤ˡ[ŋ] ξüʶʤ̻ŪѲǤ뤳Ȥ餫ˤˤȡʤȤ19ޤǤϡ[ŋ] ηŪѤƤȤȤơHibiya (169) ϼΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥
Kato . . . claims that speakers who were born around 1930 were the originators of the change from word-internal [-ŋ-] to [-g-]; the present investigation, however, indicates that the change began earlier. Those who were born in the 1910's and 1920's have [-g-] more frequently than the speakers from the real-time data base who were born two to three decades earlier. Therefore, the age distribution . . . represents a remarkably smooth and linear sound change in the Tokyo dialect, which is going to completion in the youngest generation of today.
[ŋ] [g] ִ뤳Ȥˤäơξʬۤ졤¾ /ŋ/ βǤȤƤϰ̤ϼ줿ȤäƤ褤ϡ#1021. ѸܸβǤμȿ ([2012-02-12-1]) #1023. ܸμȿ ([2012-02-14-1]) Ǽܸ춦̸βηϡηϤˤƶηŪѲǤꡤæDz (de-phonemicisation) βǤȤ
Hibiya, Junko. "Denasalization of the Velar Nasal in Tokyo Japanese." Towards a Social Science of Language: Papers in Honour of William Labov. Ed. G. R. Guy, C. Feagin, D. Schiffrin, and J. Baugh. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996. 161--70.
Ѹǡfinger singer ˤ ng ʬȯϰۤʤ롥Ԥ [fɪŋgə]Ԥ [sɪŋə] Ǥ롥ԤΤ褦ˡ-ing ǽ촴ղäˤ [ŋ] ΤߤȤʤդƻѲ̤ long ӵ longer [lɔŋgə] Ǥ롥äơ֤Ĺפȡ˾͡פȤǤϡƱ longer Ǥ [lɔŋgə] [lɔŋə] ȯۤʤ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥
Ťϸ -ng Ͼ [ŋg] ä岻Ǥˤ뤬14Ⱦ顤ǤɸѸ17顤[ŋŋ] ͳ [ŋ] ؤȲѲ뤲West Midlands Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool ʤɤǤϤβѲϵ餺[ŋg] ݤ줿
Τ褦¿Ǹ -ng [ŋg] [ŋ] Ѳ뤳Ȥˤäơsing [sɪŋ] sin [sɪn] ʤɤǾ (minimal pair) 뤳Ȥˤʤꡤ/ŋ/ Dz (phonemicisation)
ʤưȤƤ -ing ϡ [ɪŋg] [ɪŋ] Ѳۤˡ [ɪn] ؤȯŸѰ۷⤢äѸǤϤФ -in' ɽǡɸŪȤƤ[2013-01-26-1]ε#1370. Norwich ˤ -in(g) ʸŪѰۤĴפȡˤŪˤϹԤʤƤ19ˤݼŪ RP ǤѤƤꡤषҤȯȤߤʤƤθ塤Ū˰ҿƤäΤϡֻȯ (spelling pronunciation) αƶȹͤ롥
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
ε#1505. ˤ "mouse"-line "house"-line ([2013-06-10-1]) ǡƱ첻Ǥޤ2ĤθˤĤơ줾첻 (isogloss) פʤϡƱͤͭ̾⤦1ĸƤߤ褦ɥġ̤ή饤 (the Rhine) ڤäƤĤäƤꡤϴߤ40餤ϴߤظ褦˿ӤƤ뤿ᡤؤǤ "The Rhenish fan" ȤΤƤ롥Bloomfield (344) ˷ǺܤƤ Behaghel ϿޤǺܤ롥

ޥؤǤϡ"make" 2Ҳ [x] [k] ʬäơϥɥĸϥɥĸʬΤŪǤ롥ͤͤŪȤȤˤʤ뤬#1317. פ ([2012-12-04-1]) ˤŬäƤ롥ϡ¦Ǥ Berlin ˱ӤƤ뤬¦Ǥ Benrath ȤĮǥ饤Ϥ롥¦ "Benrath line" ȸƤФƤ롥ϡˤ Berg ʥ饤ˤ Jülich ʥ饤ˤڤʬ붭ä
Ʊ [x/k] ѰۤǤ⡤1;ñ̾ I ˤƤϰۤʤǧ롥Benrath 鲼ήؤФ餯ԤäȤˤ Ürdingen Ȥ¼̤äƥ饤Ϥ [ix/ik] ǡ "Ürdingen line" ȸƤǤ롥Benrath line ǤϤʤ Ürdingen line ϥɥĸζȤߤʤԤ⤤롥ϡʥݥ쥪θΤȥΤȤʬ붭ä
Benrath line ܤܤȡ¼פɽ魯θҲ˴ؤ [dorf/dorp] äƤ롥Ūˤϥȥ졼ΤζȤ褽פ롥ˤϡ"that" [das/dat] ˱ӤƤ롥ϤŪڤζȳͰפ롥
Benrath line Ürdingen line ˤ [x/k] Ѱۤפϡǯʸˡ (Neogrammarians) ˤ벻ˡ§ΰΧŬѤȤޤƤϤޤʤǤ롥ƱǤޤफȤäơġθפȤϸ¤ʤפͳϡġġŪҲŪʶбƤ뤫Ǥ롥 chaque mot a son histoire "every word has its own history" ([2012-10-21-1]) ǧ롥ζκǸθ "history" ˷ƻ "social" Ȥ
ʾ塤Bloomfield (343--45) ȤƼɮ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
#1231. drift ѲѤΰѤ4 ([2012-09-09-1]) εǡRitt ʸ˿줿ʸǤɸ˷Ǥ꤬ͻ뤬ɮԤ٤ϤƹŪǵǽŪǤ롥
Ritt ϡѸ Homorganic Lengthening, Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening (MEOSL), Great Vowel Shift ϤȤĹ첻2첻ޤϢưƤ첻̤Ωβʤɡ첻ˤޤĤѲ첻ζ (strengthening of vowels) Ȱ礷ФơҲ̤ΩβáҲ첻ҲξüʤɤμλҲˤޤĤѲֻҲμ岽 (weakening of consonants) Ȱ礷ľǯˤ錄Ѹ첻ˤ첻ζȻҲμ岽ħŤȤʤ顤طʤˤ븶Ū褦ȻߤΤ褦ŪĬήϤФ drift ήˤȤƸڤ졤˸ؤˤƤθưϤϺ1ĤȤʤäƤ뤬Ritt ϰճʤȤ˲Ȥ롥ϡѸĹդƤ "rhythmic isochrony" "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" (224) Ǥ롥
ΤƤ褦ˡѸˤ "rhythmic isochrony" 롥褽ȼ夤Ȥߤ˸뱤 (foot stress) γơ褽ƱĹäȯȤˤꡤ¿βޤޤ뱤ӤǤϳƲûȯ졤դ˲ʤӤǤϳƲϤäĹȯ롥ˡѸˤ "fixed lexical stress on major class lexical items" Ȥ֤֤˴ؤ붯¤ꡤϼۤΤ˼ĥɬפ롥ơ2Ĥθ§ˤꡤ֤ƱǤǤŪʰ֤ˤäĹѤ뤳ȤˤʤꡤĹûΩ˵ǽȤϸ¤ʤ֤Ȥʤ롥ä˱ѸλҲǤǤĹûΩεǽô (functional load) ϤȤ礭ʤäΤǡΩϽѸ˾üʻҲμ岽ˡ첻ǤǤĹûΩϵǽô̤礭ä˾ü뤳ȤϤʤषΩݻ礹ؤȿʲû첻Ĺ첻κΤˤ뤿ˡԤд˲Ԥĥ˸Ԥ2첻ȯãơԤȤν̤ޤä2Ĥθ§ȡüȯ첻ζפϡߤ˻٤礤ǤʥѥȤʤäƤä줬ɸФ Ritt εǽŪʲǤ롥
ѤˤĤޤޤ줿褦ʴ롥¿ε䤬⤫Ǥ롥⤽ѸǤϤʤ rhythmic isochrony ۤɤޤǤ˶ǤʤΤ¾θˤ롤뤤ۤ drift ӤȤˡƱ褦ѤΤǤεǽô̤ŪǤϤʤ¾Ū˷פˡϤΤ٥ŽƤ褦첻Ѳ̤λǤϤʤˤˡˤΤϤʤ
Ritt εϤष¿䤤Ƥ֤褦˻פ뤬οΰյϡ˿줿褦ˡdrift Ū褦ȤȤˤΤȻפϤ礤ŪˤʤΤεǡ
Ritt, Nikolaus. "How to Weaken one's Consonants, Strengthen one's Vowels and Remain English at the Same Time." Analysing Older English. Ed. David Denison, Ricardo Bermúdez-Otero, Chris McCully, and Emma Moore. Cambridge: CUP, 2012. 213--31.
#17. դ٤űѸ֤ȯ ([2009-05-15-1]) (2) Ǽ夲űѸǤŵŪ첻Ƕޤ줿̵ [f, θ, s] ͭ [v, ð, z] Ȥʤ (ex. hūsian "to house", ofer "over", sūþerne "southern") ̵ͭȤݤˤĤơ (377) ˽äơܺ٤Ҥ
βϡ٤Ȥ6ޤǤˤϳΩȤ롥벻Ķˤϡ(1) VV, (2) V/l, r, m, n/, (3) /l, r, m, n/V 3बä⼫IJˤϤޤ줿ĶǤ롥/f, θ, s/ ˺Ѥ줾θűѸǤ褦
[f] > [v]: giefan (give) ? geaf ([he] gave), heofon (heaven), ofer (over)
[θ] > [ð]: weorðan (become) ? wearð ([he] became), feþer (feather), ōþer (other), fæðm (fathom), eorðe (earth)
[s] > [z]: rīsan (rise) ? rās ([he] rose), nosu (nose), bōsm (bosom), ōsle (ouzel)
(1) (2) δĶˤĤơV ˶ʤˤϡͭβ˻ߤ뤳ȤΤƤ롥㤨С*triuwiþu > trēowþ (truth) seofoða (seventh) ϡVerner's Law ŬѤȤϰۤʤ뤳Ȥդ
βϸűѸֻˤȿǤʤ(a) δĶ <þ> /d/ Ѥ줿ꡤ(b) ľ <t> ǤϤʤ <d> ³ꡤ(c) þl > dl 뤤 þm > dm Τ褦ʲꤹ뤳Ȥ顤Ȥϵʤ
ʤűѸѸǤϡͭФƵ뤳Ȥ¿ĺǤϵʤդˡѸǤͭϡȤƤ [s] > [z] 뤰餤 ʬĺǵäƤ롥̵ˤĤƤ̤ʬۤۤʤ롥űѸѸǤĺˤȤ˱ƶ뤬ѸǤϤޤ˱ƶΤߤǤp. 376ˡ̵ͭβˤϡ̤ĬήȤȤ⤷ʤ
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
[v] ϤȤͭ첻Ǽ䤹ȤŪħ롥ͭȤŪˤϡбμ岽ˤäƤ⤢롥ƥ rīpam "bank, shore", sētam "silk", focum "hearth" θڥǤ riba, seda, fuego "fire" ƤꡤեǤ rive, soie, feu Τ褦ˤ˼岽뤤ϾüƤ (Bloomfield 374)
[v] ˸ꤹСѸǤ⡤λҲ첻ǤФкƤ롥Ѹ auger, curfew, had, head, kerchief, lady, lark, lord, poor ϡȯ [v] ޤޤƤʤ [v] äƤ[v] κ13ʹߤΤȤƤ롥
(401, 410--11) ˤС[v] κ줿ĶˤϤĤμबǧ롥Ǥ3夲褦1ܤϡa ˸³k, g, l ֤ĶǤ롥㤨Сauger hawk ʤɤǡŪ [v] Ƥ롥ԤϸűѸ nafogār ̤ꡤ nafu "nave" + gār "spear" ιǤ롥Ѹ a g ˶ޤ줿 [v] 졤 a nauger an auger ʬΤǤʰʬϤˤĤƤϡ[2009-05-03-1]ε#4. ǶܤǤѸñȯڤƤ롩פ metanalysis γƵȡˡԤϡűѸ h(e)afoc Ѹˤ [v] 줿ΤǤ롥
2ܤ d ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ hæfde "had", hēafdes "head's", hlǣfdige "lady" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
3ܤϡΤĹ첻θ֤ǡ r(C), l, m, n ֤ˤƤǤꡤűѸ lāferce "lark" 䡤ťե줫μѸ cuevrechief "kerchief", cuevrefeu "curfew", povre "poor" ʤɤˤ [v] ü
Ϣơlady lord θˤˤĤƤϡ#23. "Good evening, ladies and gentlemen!"ϴְ㤤 ([2009-05-21-1]) ȡ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
ư will û̷ won't Ȱۤʤ첻ȤˤĤƤϡ#89. one ȯ¤äȯ ([2009-07-25-1]) Ǽ夲ϡѸ桦θ첻 wol ʤɤͳ褹Ȥ롥û̷ woln't ʤɤȤʤäϤ l δĶǾṳ̈ȤƸߤޤǤ /woʊnt/ Ϥ줿
Jespersen (10.452) ˤСl n ³Ķ l üϤۤˤ⤢롥shall shan't ⤽walnut l 18ˤ̵äϿ롥ߤ l ȯϡ֤ȯˤLancashire ̾ Colne /koʊn/ ⻲ȡ
첻ѲˤĤƤϡ (262) Τ褦ʸƤ롥
PE won't ϰ̤ ME *wolnt (Pt wolde ˴ŤˤȯãȤ뤬wol [ɔ] Ǥʤ wl ʸ̮ˤ /ɪ/ > /ʊ/ ä LME *wulnt > ɔ > ɔʊ > PE wount ȯãϩäȲΤǤ
ʤBloomfield (183) ˤȡ/oʊnt/ ȯΤϡѸǤ won't don't 2ΤߤǤ롥Ȥ2줫ʤ礬뤳ȤˤäβȤȤǤ
Jespersen, Otto. A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles. Part 1. Sounds and Spellings. 1954. London: Routledge, 2007.
סزˡ١Ѹ11罤۽Ź1985ǯ
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. 1933. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 1984.
ε[2012-06-10-1]³ԡJespersen ξ䡤ǸڤƤ뤫ĤƤν¯פȤऱΤϡץ顼 (The Prague School) µ Roman Jakobson (1896--1982) Ǥ롥Jakobson ˤϡŪäͤ롥Murdock ̸Ū mama, papa Ĵ̤˴ŤơΤ褦˹ͻƤ롥
(1) Murdock 줫齸ƤƤɽ魯1072θβʬۤŪʬϤȤҲϢ³ޤΤΤ1.1%ۤɤǤꡤ첻ñȤΤΤϤۤȤɤʤäĤޤꡤξˤĤơñҲ첻Ȥ߹碌Ūä (540)
(2) ҲˤĤƤϡĴͼȤƤĺɡ碌85%ᡤĴȤƤϡȻ碌76%Ȥ櫓Ҳι⤤ĺ⤤Ƥ뤳Ȥˤʤ (540)
(3) 첻ˤĤƤϡΤʳϽФʤ첻Ū /a/ ΩäƤ뤳ȤϳΤǤ롥"the optimal consonant" "the optimal vowel" ȤȤ߹碌¿ȤϡĻθδŬäƤ (540--41)
(4) Ҳ첻Ȥ߹碌νˤĤơ㤨 /am/ ǤϤʤ /ma/ ǤΤϤʤȤΤϡǸȯǤϡĤȤ /am/ νΤۤҲβǤ̤ʤˤϡĻϻҲ첻ؤΤ錄˥ҥȤᡤ˻Ҳ첻βϢǤ椯/ma/ /pa/ ʤɤβṽ¤ϡβȿǤǤϤʤ (541)
(5) ҲȹŸҲΤȤǤϸ첻³䤹֤סˡҲҲΤȤǤ³ˤ֤Ϥϡסˡ첻κۤĴƱˤΤǤꡤ˲ǤȤƤζ̤ΩƤ뤳Ȥɬ̣ΤǤϤʤ̣ͭʲǾζ̤ϡҲˤ (541)
(6) mama, papa ʤɤƱη֤ (reduplication) ϡβǸȤƤζλʪǤϤʤ̣Τñ̤Ǥ뤳Ȥɽ魯ȤǡĻθˤäƤϵ̳ŪǤ餢 (542)
ơĤϡʤƤɽ魯줬 /m/ ϤȤɡҲȼ䤹뤯Ǥ롥͡ʡ¯פऱʤ顤Jakobson Ӯ˺ݤƸФɤ뤿ɡȼ虜ʤȤä٤Ƥ롥ʤۤɡФɤä֤ȯ褦ȤСϥߥˤʤ餶ʤ /m/ ʤɤɡŪʪƤ٤Ƥ˾ߤʤƤƤȷӤĤƤ椯ΤǤϤʤơ¸ߤ֤Ƥ/m/ [nasal] ž /p/ ʤɤλҲȷӤĤ뤳ȤˤʤΤǤϤʤ (542--44)
뤳Ȥ21Ĥϡ褯ŤȤȡ⤦1Ĥϡդꡤˤ Jakobson ŪȤȡڤ䤫
ʸ嵭2013/03/28(Thu)ؤķ˻һˤǽΰ졽ʤƤϡ֥ޥޡסƤϡ֥ѥѡפʤΤ⻲ȡ
Jakobson, Roman. "Why 'Mama' and 'Papa'?" Phonological Studies. 2nd ed. Vol. 1 of Roman Jakobson Selected Writings. The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1971. 538--45.
Jespersen, Otto. Language: Its Nature, Development, and Origin. 1922. London: Routledge, 2007.
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