hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2025-06-14

■ #5892. 制限的付加詞 (restrictive adjunct) と非制限的付加詞 (non-restrictive adjunct) [adjective][restrictive_adjunct][relative_pronoun][semantics][youtube][yurugengogakuradio][voicy][heldio][notice][terminology]

　「ゆる言語学ラジオ」の最新回「不毛な対立を避けるために，英文法を学べ！」で関係詞の制限用法と非制限用法が話題とされている．こちらを受けて，先日 heldio でも「#1474. ゆる言語学ラジオの「カタルシス英文法」で関係詞の制限用法と非制限用法が話題になっています」と題してお話しした．
　関係詞に限らず，単純な形容詞を含め，名詞を修飾する付加詞 (adjunct) には，機能的に大きく分けて2つの種類がある．制限的付加詞 (restrictive adjunct) と非制限的付加詞 (non-restrictive adjunct) だ．Jespersen (108) より，まず前者についての説明を読んでみよう．

It will be our task now to inquire into the function of adjuncts: for what purpose or purposes are adjuncts added to primary words?
   Various classes of adjuncts may here be distinguished.
   The most important of these undoubtedly is the one composed of what may be called restrictive or qualifying adjuncts: their function is to restrict the primary, to limit the number of objects to which it may be applied; in other words, to specialize or define it. Thus red in a red rose restricts the applicability of the word rose to one particular sub-class of the whole class of roses, it specializes and defines the rose of which I am speaking by excluding white and yellow roses; and so in most other instances: Napoleon the third | a new book | Icelandic peasants | a poor widow, etc.

　続けて，後者について (111--12) ．

Next we come to non-restrictive adjuncts as in my dear little Ann! As the adjuncts here are used not to tell which among several Anns I am speaking of (or to), but simply to characterize her, they may be termed ornamental ("epitheta ornantia") or from another point of view parenthetical adjuncts. Their use is generally of an emotional or even sentimental, though not always complimentary, character, while restrictive adjuncts are purely intellectual. They are very often added to proper names: Rare Ben Johnson | Beautiful Evelyn Hope is dead (Browning) | poor, hearty, honest, little Miss La Creevy (Dickens) | dear, dirty Dublin | le bon Diew. In this extremely sagacious little man, this alone defines, the other adjuncts merely describe parenthetically, but in he is an extremely sagacious man the adjunct is restrictive.

　ただし，付加詞の機能として2種類が区別されるとはいっても，それが形式的に区別されているかといえば，必ずしもそうではないことに注意が必要である．

　・ Jespersen, O. The Philosophy of Grammar. London: Allen and Unwin, 1924.

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