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[2010-07-14-1]ε³ԡѲˤ2ΩȤơŪװ (language-internal factors, or endogeny) ȸ쳰Ūװ (language-external factors, or exogeny) 롥20μήɸؤǤϡԤǤꡤԤǤȤߤʤƤ줬ΩηϤǤȤΤǤСѲȤϤηϤȤؤȤȤǤꡤŪ줶ʤäơѲϸŪԤȹͤʤФʤʤѲװ⡤ηϤˤ˶ᤤȤǺѤװΤۤľŪȤȤˤʤꡤŪװ̤ͥĥ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥μήɸؤθϡΤ褦ˤޤȤ롥
It is true, I think, that in what might be called the dominant tradition in historical linguistics, it has been assumed that languages change within themselves as part of their nature as languages. The 'external' agency of speaker/listeners and the influence of 'society' in language change have tended to be seen as secondary and, sometimes, as not relevant at all. (Milroy 143)
ŪװȤߤ븫ˤ⡤ȤƤθ쳰ŪװɤΤ餤뤫˴ؤơٺ롥ΰѤˤ褦ˡ"secondary" ʤΤ "not relevant" ʤΤȤMilroy (144) 4ʳǧƤ롥
1. change originates within 'language' as a phenomenon;
2. change takes place within single languages unaffected by other languages;
3. change is more satisfactorily explained internally than externally;
4. change is not necessarily triggered by speakers or through language contact. (144)
3 ΩƤΤ Lass Ǥ롥쳰ŪװǧϤ뤬ѲȤƤŪòۤ褤Ȥ Lass ήΡḺˡ§ (the principle of parsimony) 2Ѥ褦
Therefore, in the absence of evidence, an endogenous change must occur in any case, whereas borrowing is never necessary. If the (informal) probability weightings of both source-types converge for a given character, then the choice goes to endogeny. (209)
I am not trying in any way to rule out syntactic borrowing; but merely suggesting how any suspect case ought to be investigated. Above all, one should never take apparent similarity, even in cases of known contact with evidence for other borrowing, as probative until the comparative work (if it's possible) has been done. The conclusion might be that anything can be borrowed, and often is; but in a given case it's always both simpler and safer to assume that it isn't, unless the evidence is clear and overwhelming. (201)
Milroy ϸ쳰Ūװ̤ͥԤɽǤ롥Milroy ˤСˤθѲ why ϡѲȤΤϤʤʤ actuation 䤦ΤǤʤФʤʤС#1282. ꥦˤ3ΰۤʤѲθ ([2012-10-30-1]) 3ܤ䤤פʤΤȤոǤ롥ѲŪñȯŪŪŪ¦̤Ż뤹뤳Ȥˤʤ뤫顤쳰ܤܤʤȤˤʤ롥Milroy (148) ϡ쳰ŪװΤˤ뤳ȤˤäƤŪװ褯ϤƤ롥
Linguistic change is multi-causal and the etiology of a change may include social, communicative and cognitive, as well as linguistic, factors. Thus --- seemingly paradoxically --- it happens that, in order to define those aspects of change that are indeed endogenous, we need to specify much more clearly than we have to date what precisely are the exogenous factors from which they are separated, and these include the role of the speaker/listener in innovation and diffusion of innovations. (148)
ϡMilroy ΩٻơɤװפȤɸˤϡɤפ
ȴϢơ#1549. Why does language change? or Why do speakers change their language? ([2013-07-24-1]) ε 쳰 װγƵȡ
Milroy, James. "On the Role of the Speaker in Language Change." Motives for Language Change. Ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: CUP, 2003. 143--57.
Lass, Roger. Historical Linguistics and Language Change. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
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