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2013-11-22 Fri

#1670. ˡưȯã V-to-I movement [generative_grammar][syntax][auxiliary_verb][lexical_diffusion][agreement][synthesis_to_analysis]

can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must Τ褦ʸѸˡưϡ̤ưȤϰۤʤä졦Ū񤤤򼨤͡ʺۤ뤬ʲˤĤ򼨤

(1) λȤʤ: *He has could understand chapter 4. (cf. He has understood chapter 4.)
(2) ʬȤʤ: *Canning understand chapter 4, . . . . (cf. Understanding chapter 4, . . . .)
(3) Ȥʤ: *He wanted to can understand. (cf. He wanted to understand.)
(4) ̤ˡư˸³ʤ: *He will can understand. (cf. He will understand.)
(5) ŪľܤˤϤȤʤ: *He can music. (cf. He understands music.)

űѸѸǤϡ嵭ʸб빽ʸϤ٤ƲǽäĤޤꡤˡưϡĤƤϰưäΤǤ롥ѸˤδפʤȤϡ(1)--(5) ˡưŪħġΡʽưˤäƻ֤ȤȤ˰ĤҤȤĽ˳줿ΤǤϤʤɤ餹٤Ƥħ쵤˳줿褦ȤȤǤ롥Ĥޤꡤθϡư줫ˡưؤȯŸƤäȤϡҤȤӤư줫ˡưؤڤؤäŪˤС16Ⱦ Sir Thomas More (1478--1535) ϡ(1)--(5) ʸȤιʸ򤹤٤ѤƤηѾԤ1ĤѤʤä (Lightfoot 29) Lightfoot ϡ16 V-to-I movement η̤ǤƤ롥
ѸѸ칽¤򤽤줾ڤǼ

a) Ѹ

b) Ѹ


Ѹι¤ꤹȡI ΰ֤ can Ƥ뤳Ȥˤꡤ(1)--(5) ʸʤǧʤΤŪ롥λʹԷ VP Ǻ뤿ˡγˤ can ˤϴͿʤɸ to ̤ˡư I 뤿ᡤcan Ȥ϶¸ǤʤI ľܤŪ뤳ȤϤǤʤѸι¤ꤹȡ̤Ƥ I ΰ֤ذư;Ϥ뤿ᡤ(1)--(5) θѸˤʸϡʸȤʤʤ
Ūʥ٥ǤѲʤʸˡѲϡġΡˡ˽ưˤĤƤϰۤʤ륿ߥ󥰤⤷ʤΤˤĤƤ (1)--(5) γƹܤҤȤޤȤˤǰ쵤ΤǤϤʤǵƤΤϡ#1406. «ȤʤäƵ®ʸˡѲ ([2013-03-03-1]) Ǽ夲Ѳ "clusters" "bumpy" ȤǤ롥"clusters" Ȥñ̤ "bumpy" Ѳ켫ΤġΡˡ˽ưˤäưۤʤ륿ߥ󥰤뤳ȤϤ뤷ϤޤäѲ˸춦ƱΤعäƤ椯Ȥ⤢롥Ĥޤꡤ "bumpy" ĥ Lightfoot θѲϡ"gradual" ĥóȻ (lexical_diffusion) ɽŪˤ̷⤹褦Ǥʤ顤ºݤˤ̷⤷ʤΤǤ롥̷⤹褦̷⤷ʤȤˤĤơľ Lightfoot (30) ΤȤФѤ褦

The change in category membership of the English modals explains the catastrophic nature of the change, not in the sense that the change spread through the population rapidly, but that phenomena changed together. The notion of change in grammars is a way of unifying disparate phenomena, taking them to be various surface manifestations of a single change at the abstract level. Tony Kroch and his associates . . . have done interesting statistical work on the spread of such changes through populations of speakers, showing that it is grammars which spread: competing grammars may coexist in individual speakers for periods of time. They have shown that the variation observed represents oscillation between two fixed points, two grammars, and not oscillation in which the phenomena vary independently of each other.


"bumpy but gradual" ϡѲλŪǻɷŪǤ롥
ʤLightfoot ƱͤʬϤƱʸˡȤߤǤ⡤principles and parameters theory ѤʬϤΤ Roberts 롥Roberts (33) ˤСѸΰ (agreement) ˤϡŪʤΤŪʤΤؤΥѥ᡼ڤؤȤƲǤȤλ16ȤƤ롥ơˡ˽ư V-to-I movement ⤽礭ڤؤΰĤˤʤȤ

[T]he choice of a morphological or a syntactic agreement system is a parameter of UG. Our central proposal in this paper is that English has historically developed from having a morphological agreement system to having a syntactic agreement system: We propose that this parametric change took place during the sixteenth century. The development of a class of modal auxiliaries was part of this change.


Lightfoot, David W. "Cuing a New Grammar." Chapter 2 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 24--44.
Roberts, I. "Agreement Parameters and the Development of English Modal Auxiliaries." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3 (1985): 21--58.

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