hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2014-12-24

■ #2067. Weinreich による言語干渉の決定要因 [contact][borrowing][loan_word][causation]

　言語干渉の要因や尺度について，これまで以下の記事で様々に考えてきた．

　・ 「#430. 言語変化を阻害する要因」 ([2010-07-01-1])
　・ 「#902. 借用されやすい言語項目」 ([2011-10-16-1])
　・ 「#903. 借用の多い言語と少ない言語」 ([2011-10-17-1])
　・ 「#934. 借用の多い言語と少ない言語 (2)」 ([2011-11-17-1])
　・ 「#1779. 言語接触の程度と種類を予測する指標」 ([2014-03-11-1])
　・ 「#1780. 言語接触と借用の尺度」 ([2014-03-12-1])
　・ 「#1781. 言語接触の類型論」 ([2014-03-13-1])
　・ 「#1989. 機能的な観点からみる借用の尺度」 ([2014-10-07-1])
　・ 「#2011. Moravcsik による借用の制約」 ([2014-10-29-1])
　・ 「#2064. 言語と文化の借用尺度 (1)」 ([2014-12-21-1])
　・ 「#2065. 言語と文化の借用尺度 (2)」 ([2014-12-22-1])

　今回は，言語干渉を促進する・阻害する構造的・非構造的要因を一覧にしてまとめた Weinreich (64--65) による表を掲げよう．PDF版はこちら．これを眺めながら，言語変化一般と同様に言語干渉による変化も，言語内的・外的の両要因によって条件付けられている可能性が常にあることを再認識したい．関連して「#1986. 言語変化の multiple causation あるいは "synergy"」 ([2014-10-04-1]) 及び multiple causation の各記事も参照されたい．

FORM OF INTERFERENCE	EXAMPLE	STRUCTURAL		NON-STRUCTURAL
		STIMULI	RESISTANCE FACTORS	STIMULI	RESISTANCE FACTORS
All interference		Any points of difference between two systems	Stability of systems; requirements of intelligibility	Social value of source (model, primary) language; bilingual interlocutors; affective speech; individual propensity for speech mixture; etc.	Social value of recipient language; intolerance of interference; puristic attitudes toward recipient (secondary) language; loyalty to mother-tongue; unilingual interlocutors; etc.
Phonic
Under-differentiation of phonemes	/d/ and /t/ not differentiated	Absence of corresponding distinctions in primary language	Functional yield of the distinction	---	Loyalty to secondary language
Over-differentiation of phonemes	[k] and [kh] treated as separate phonemes	Presence of distinction (only) in primary language	---	---	---
Reinterpretation of relevant features	Voiceless /p/ treated as phonemically tense and only concomitantly voiceless	Different phonemic systems	Existence of appropriate holes in the pattern	---	---
Phone substitution	[r] for [R] where there is only one trill phoneme	Different pronunciations equivalent phonemes	Danger of confusion with another phoneme	Social value of primary language	Loyalty to secondary language
Integration of loanwords	English /rajs/ into Hawaiian /lɑiki/	Difference in phonemic systems; homogeneous but different type of word structure in recipient language	Potential homonymy (?)	Intolerance of recognizable loanwords; unilingualism of speaker	Social value of source language
Grammatical
Transfer of morphemes	Slovak-German in Pressburg-u; Yiddish-English job-shmob	Congruent systems, much common vocabulary, relatively unbound morphemes, greater phonemic bulk	Non-congruent systems; complicated functions of morphemes	Affectiveness of categories	Loyalty to recipient language
Transfer of grammatical relations	German-English I come soon home	Different relation patterns	Conflict with existing relations	Affectiveness of categories	Loyalty to recipient language
Change in function of "indigenous" morpheme or category	German-English how long are you here?	Greater explicitness of model (usually)	---	---	Loyalty to recipient language
Abandonment of obligatory categories	Loss of old French tense system in Creole	Very different grammatical systems	---	Makeshift language	Loyalty to recipient language
Integration of loanwords	English change into Amer. Portuguese chinjar	Homogeneous word structure in recipient language	---	Intolerance of recognizable loanwords; unilingualism of speaker	Social value of source language
Lexical
Lexical interference as such	---	Structural weak points in recipient vocabulary, need to match differentiations in source language	Existence of adequate vocabulary	Lexical inadequacy in face of innovations; oblivion of infrequent words, need for synonyms, prestige of source language, stylistic effect of mixture	Loyalty to recipient language
Outright transfer of words (rather than semantic extension)	German Telephon rather than Fernsprecher	Congenial form of word; possibility of polysemy (?)	Potential homonymy (?); uncongenial word form	Bilingualism of interlocutors	Loyalty to recipient language
Phonic adjustment of cognates	Spanish /euˈropa/ into /juˈropa/ on English model	Economy of a single form	---	---	Loyalty to recipient language
Specialized retention of an "indigenous" word after borrowing of an equivalent	French chose, retained and distinguished from cause	No confusion in semantemes	Elimination of superfluous terms	---	---

　・ Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Publications of the Linguistic Circle of New York, 1953. The Hague: Mouton, 1968.

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