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2010-06-06 Sun

#405. Second Germanic Consonant Shift [consonant][grimms_law][sgcs][germanic][german]

[2009-08-08-1]εǡˡ§ ( Grimm's Law ) ޤ켡ޥҲ ( First Germanic Consonant Shift ) ˤĤƿ줿²Τʤǥޥɤ¾θɤȶ̤ηŪʻҲѲǡޥĸˤƵ1000?400ǯȹͤƤ롥 켡Ȥ̾ΤȤȤ󼡤롥ϡޥ ( West Germanic ) ιϥޥ ( High Germanic ) 󼡥ޥҲ ( Second Germanic Consonant Shift ) ˿줿
ޥɤη ([2009-10-26-1]) ʬȤꡤWest Germanic High Germanic Low Germanic ʬ롥Second Germanic Consonant Shift ʰʲά SGCS ) High Germanic Low Germanic ȶ̤ηŪʻҲѲǡ68ΤȤ롥θ̤ϡ㤨иɸɥĸǤϥɥĸ ( High German ) ˸Ƥ뤬ѸˤϸƤʤȤˤʤ롥˱ѸȤʤäƤ Angles, Saxons, Jutes ϤκޤǤˤǤ˥ɥθϤ֥ƥϤäƤꡤѸ SGCS 뤳ȤʤäǤ롥̤θ򤹤СɥĸȸѸλҲΰϡSGCS 𤷤бطȤȤˤʤ롥
SGCS δŰ٤ϹϥɥˤäƤۤʤ뤬ɸɥĸʿŪȤ졤Ӥˤؤ褤SGCS Ǥ̵ĺ̵໤˻ءͭĺ̵ĺء̵໤ͭĺؤȤ줾۴ŪѲˡ§Ѥ۴Ŀ ( [2009-08-08-1] β) ǤСײˤ⤦ꤷΤ롥ˡ§ȰۤʤꡤƷΤ٤ƤλҲ櫓ǤϤʤѸȸɥĸбڥȤƤĤ󤲤ʤޤȤ褦

(1) ̵ĺ̵໤

/p/ > /pf/: carp/Karpfen, path/Phad, pepper/Pheffer, pound/Pfund
/p/ > /f/ <ff> 첻θǡ: deep/tief, open/offen, ship/Schiff, sleep/shlafen
/t/ > /ts/ <z>: heart/Herz, smart/Schmerz, ten/zehn, tide/Zeit, to/Zu, tongue/Zunge, town/Zaun, two/zwei
/t/ > /s/ 첻θǡ: better/besser, eat/essen, fetter/Fessel, great/gross, hate/Hass, water/Wasser, what/was
/k/ > /x/ <ch> 첻θǡ: make/machen, book/Buch

(2) ͭĺ̵ĺ

/d/ > /t/: bride/Braut, daughter/Tochter, death/Tod, dream/Traum, middle/mittel

(3) ̵໤ͭĺ

/θ/ <th> > /d/: feather/Feder, north/Nord, thanks/Danke, that/das, thick/dick

SGCS ˻˵äƤ뤿ᡤ۴ŪѲ drag chain ˤäƿʹԤȤ狼äƤ롥顤˻˵ä켡ҲޥҲܤ⤪餯 drag chain äΤǤϤʤȿ¬뤳ȤǤ롥

Brinton, Laurel J. and Leslie K. Arnovick. The English Language: A Linguistic History. Oxford: OUP, 2006. 141--42.

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