hellog〜英語史ブログ / 2012-12-30

■ #1343. 英語の英米差を整理（主として発音と語彙） [ame_bre][pronunciation][stress][-ate]

　英語の英米差については ame_bre ほか，多くの記事で触れてきた．文法と綴字については「#312. 文法の英米差」 ([2010-03-05-1]) と「#244. 綴字の英米差のリスト」 ([2009-12-27-1]) で少しくまとめたが，今回は主として発音と語彙における変異について，Schmitt and Marsden (185--92) に従って一覧したい．言うまでもなく，英米差というときには，標準アメリカ英語と標準イギリス英語の変異を念頭に置いている．

1. Pronunciation

　・ Words spelled with the vowel a: /æ/ for AmE and /ɑː/ for BrE as in bath, class, last, mask, past, rather.
　・ Words spelled with -er: /əː/ for AmE and /ɑː/ for BrE as in clerk, Derby (see 「#211. spelling pronunciation」 ([2009-11-24-1]))
　・ Words ending with -ile: /(ə)l/ for AmE and /aɪl/ for BrE as in agile, docile, fertile, missile
　・ Words spelled alike but typically pronounced differently (z については「#964. z の文字の発音 (1)」 ([2011-12-17-1]) および「#965. z の文字の発音 (2)」 ([2011-12-18-1]) を参照）

Word	AmE	BrE
asthma	/ˈæzma/	/ˈæsma/
clique	/klɪk/	/kliːk/
vase	/veɪs/	/vɑːz/
schedule	/ˈskɛʤəl/	/ˈʃɛdjuːl/
leisure	/ˈliːʒəː/	/ˈlɛʒəː/
lieutenant	/luːˈtɛnənt/	/lɛfˈtɛnənt/
z (the letter)	/ziː/	/zɛd/
tomato	/tʌˈmeɪtəʊ/	/tʌˈmɑːtəʊ/

2. Word Stress

　・ Words derived from French （garage については「#1318. 言語において保守的とは何か？」 ([2012-12-05-1]) を参照)

AmE	BrE
balLET	BALlet
blaSÉ	BLAse
bufFET	BUFfet
garAGE	GARage
perFUME	PERfume
debuTANTE	DEButante
vaLET	VAlet

　・ Three- and four-syllable words

AmE	BrE
comPOSite	COMposite
subALtern	SUBaltern
arIStocrat	ARistocrat
priMARily	PRImarily

　・ Words ending in -ary, -ery, -ory and -mony

Word	AmE	BrE
military	/ˈmɪləˌtɛri/	/ˈmɪlɪtri/
arbitrary	/ˈərbəˌtrɛri/	/ˈɑːbɪtri/
cemetery	/ˈsɛməˌtɛri/	/ˈsɛmətri/
monastery	/ˈmɒnəsˌtɛri/	/ˈmɒnəstri/
mandatory	/ˈmændəˌtɔri/	/ˈmændətri/
category	/ˈkætəˌgɔri/	/ˈkætəgri/
testimony	/ˈtɛstəˌməʊni/	/ˈtɛstəməni/
matrimony	/ˈmætrəˌməʊni/	/ˈmætrɪməni/

　・ Days of the week

Word	AmE	BrE
Sunday	/ˈsʌndɛɪ/	/ˈsʌndi/
Monday	/ˈmʌndɛɪ/	/ˈmʌndi/
Tuesday	/ˈˈtuːzdɛɪ/	/ˈtjuːzdi/
Thursday	/ˈθəːzdɛɪ/	/ˈθəːzdi/
Friday	/ˈfraɪdɛɪ/	/ˈfraɪdi/
Saturday	/ˈsætəːdɛɪ/	/ˈsætəːdi/

　・ Place-names

Name	AmE	BrE
Lancaster	/ˈlæŋˌkæstər/	/ˈlæŋkəstə/
Rochester	/ˈrɒʧɛstər/	/ˈrɒʧəstə/
Worcester	/ˈwʊəsɛstər/	/ˈwʊstə/
Nottingham	/ˈnɒtɪŋˌhæm/	/ˈnɒtɪŋəm/
Birmingham	/ˈbəːmɪŋˌhæm/	/ˈbəːmɪŋəm/

　・ Verbs ending in -ate （「#1242. -ate 動詞の強勢移行」 ([2012-09-20-1]) を参照）

AmE	BrE
DICtate	dicTATE
FIXate	fixATE
ROtate	roTATE
VIbrate	vibRATE

　・ Miscellaneous word-stress differences （「#321. controversy over controversy」 ([2010-03-14-1]) を参照）

Word	AmE	BrE
advertisement	/ˈædvəːˌtaɪzmənt/	/ædˈvəːtəzmənt/
controversy	/ˈkɒntrəˌvəːsi/	/kɒnˈtrɒvəsi/
corollary	/ˈkʊrəˌlɛri/	/kɒˈrɒləri/
inquiry	/ˈɪnkwəri/	/ɪnˈkwaɪri/
laboratory	/ˈlæbrəˌtʊəri/	/ləˈbɒrətri/

3. Vocabulary （「#1331. 語彙の英米差を整理するための術語」 ([2012-12-18-1]) を参照)

　・ synonymic variables

AmE	BrE
railroad	railway
engineer	driver
conductor	guard
baggage	luggage
truck	lorry
hood (car)	bonnet
trunk (car)	boot
fender (car)	bumper
gasoline	petrol
subway	underground
counterclockwise	anticlockwise
thumbtack	drawing pin
flashlight	torch
elevator	lift
apartment	flat
mail	post
vacation	holiday
garbage can	dustbin
bar	pub
druggist	chemist
French fries	chips
potato chips	crisps
cookie	biscuit
trailer	caravan
round-trip ticket	return ticket
one-way ticket	single ticket

　・ lexical classes of variables

AmE	BrE
underwear	pants
pants	trousers
vest	waistcoat
diaper	nappy
first floor	ground floor
second floor	first floor
sidewalk	pavement
pavement	road

4. Idioms

AmE	BrE
a home away from home	a home from home
leave well enough alone	leave well alone
sweep under the rug	sweep under the carpet

5. Grammar

　・ Prepositions

AmE	BrE
on a street	in a street
fill out a form	fill in a form
check out something	chuck up on something
on the weekend	at the weekend
of two minds	in two minds
to all tastes	for all tastes

　・ Definite article

AmE	BrE
in the hospital	in hospital
in the future	in future
go to the university	go to university

　・ Schmitt, Norbert, and Richard Marsden. Why Is English Like That? Ann Arbor, Mich.: U of Michigan P, 2006.

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