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#1040. ̻ŪѲȶŪѰۡ ([2012-03-02-1]) #1025. ֤̻֤δط ([2012-02-16-1]) εǡdiachronic change ̻ŪѲˤ synchronic variation ʶŪѰۡˤɽΤδطˤĤϡξԤδطˤĤơCroft ΰո˼褦
Croft ϡʲΩ줫顤ѲȤϡߤѰۤΤΤǤƤ롥Croft ˤСѰ (variation) ˤ3ĤΥ٥뤬̤롥ޤ"First-order variation is the variation that occurs in individual occasions of language use" (71) Ǥ롥ϡƱüԤˤƤ顤̣ʸˡϻȾˤưȤ̣ǤѰۤǤ롥ˡ"Second-order variation is built on first-order variation: certain first-order variant productions take on sociolinguistic value in the speech community" (72) Ȥ̤ꡤѹ㤨 hunting vs huntin'ˤҲŪʰ̣礤ĤȤ̣ǤѰۤǤ롥Ǹϡ"Third-order variation is second-order variation that has become fixed conventions in different speech communities as these have diverged and/or entered into contact over the history of humankind" (72) Ǥ롥ϡۤʤ֡ۤʤѼ֤˸ѰۤǤꡤŪʪȤߤʤƤѰۤΤȤǤ롥
Croft ϡΤ褦3ʳζŪѰۤǰŪ˶̤ǡºݤˤϤ3٥Ϣ³ƤꡤϢ³Τä̻ѲȲ٤ȼĥ롥֤̻֤Ϣ³Τˤͻ礹Τȡ
Taking variation as a central fact of language leads to a dynamic model of synchronic language and allows for a simple integration of synchrony and diachrony in language. Language change is simply linguistic variation at a broader scope, and more specifically, linguistic variation that proceeds from first-order innovations to second-order variants to third-order divergence. (72)
Croft, William. "Evolutionary Models and Functional-Typological Theories of Language Change." Chapter 4 of The Handbook of the History of English. Ed. Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. 68--91.
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