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2010-04-01 Thu

#339. ѸˤѸǻߤޤäƤޤäΤ褦˸ͳ [historiography][emode]

[2010-03-12-1]εDZѸüԿ͸Ρֶɤեǥפ󵯤Ȥˤ⼨ѸѸ˰ܤѤ1500ǯäơ츫ȤѸˤμפʬᤷΤ褦ʰݤ롥äȤ⡤δؿä˽ѸդλǤꡤΰݤϤλж餯ʰݤȤ⵿äƤ롥ºݡǯαѸ˸ǤŻҥƥȤǽˤʤäƤطǡѸʹߤθޤޤ夬äƤƤ롥ȾȤḁ̇̄Ȥ롥
ҤΰݤɬͳʤΤǤϤʤפĤͳ򤤤ĤǤƤߤ

(1) ȤƤηѤۤɤѲ礫ʬϤؤΥեȡˤѸ˵äƤꡤӤȶѸʹߤθѲϾΤ˸ƤޤΤʤʢѸ˾Τ⤦ĤѲǤ첻ܤϡʬ˶ѸˤޤǿǤȤŦϤꤦ롥
(2) ѸˤȤ櫓ƶͿťΥɸȥե󥹸αƶϤѸ˵äƤꡤ¾θܼܿŪǤʤ褦˸롥ʢѸΥƥѤθ줫αƶɤɾ뤫ˤꡤϤꤦ롥
(3) Ѹʹߤθϡchange ( diachronic ) variation ( synchronic, geographic, sociolinguistic ) ˾Ƥ뷹롥ΤˤϡƥƥȤطʾϿƤ뤳Ȥ¿Ȥ⤢ꡤvariation ˾Ƥ䤹Ȥ𤬤롥椨ˡdiachronic ʸǤäȤƤ⡤diachronic ʴ¾δˤäŪȤȤΤ⤷ʤ
(4) Ѹ줽ΤΤŪ¸ߤȤŪʹȤ¸ߤȤǯ World Englishes Ūʹͤ˸岡ơŪʳηäѸ꤫鸽ߤޤǤĤ epoch ǤȤª¸ߤ롥

Svartvik and Leech ɤǤơΰݤΤΤǤϤʤȤȤϤäꤷ嵭ȼݤʣΤ⤢뤬ѤˤäƼ⡤"The 'End of History'?" ( 65--67 ) ʤᤫΰѤǤ롥

. . . the essential ingredients of present-day English had already been determined by 1800. Unlike previous centuries, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries brought no new influences to compare with the profound impact of Old Norse, Norman French, Latin and Greek. (65)


. . . English has moved from being a language mainly under the influence of others to a language which influences others. All around the world, as we will see in Chapter 12, English is impacting on other languages. In the worldwide commerce of vocabulary, English is now primarily a creditor language, not a debtor one. (66)


. . . the last 250 years have seen less dramatic changes in the standard language than occurred in earlier times. . . . The language has not been 'fixed', but it has been codified. (67)


Svartvik, Jan and Geoffrey Leech. English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

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