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2014-01-20 Mon

#1729. glottochronology ˬ [glottochronology][lexicology][family_tree][pidgin][punctuated_equilibrium][speed_of_change]

#1128. glottochronology ([2012-05-29-1]) ǡꥫθؼԡؼ Swadesh (1909--67) 󾧤ǯؤߤŪȤʤΤϡ"the fundamental everyday vocabulary of any language---as against the specialized or 'cultural' vocabulary---changes at a relatively constant rate" (452) ȤΤSwadesh ʣθĴ˴Ťΰ®٤86%ǤȤߤƤ롥ιͤˤ͡ȽФƤ뤬˼ȤƤ⡤ʤ®٤ȤΤꤦΤȤ礭꤬Ĥ롥ܸä®٤ִƤ椯Ȥ˴ؤ븶ŪˤĤơSwadesh ȤϡΤ褦˽Ҥ٤Ƥ롥

Why does the fundamental vocabulary change at a constant rate? . . . . / A language is a highly complex system of symbols serving a vital communicative function in society. The symbols are subject to change by the influence of many circumstances, yet they cannot change too fast without destroying the intelligibility of language. If the factors leading to change are great enough, they will keep the rate of change up to the maximum permitted by the communicative function of language. We have, as it were, a powerful motor kept in check by a speed regulating mechanism. . . . / While it is subject to manifold impulses toward change, language still must maintain a considerable amount of uniformity. If it is to be mutually intelligible among the members of the community, there must be a large element of agreement in its details among the individuals who make up the community. As between the oldest and the youngest generations, there are often difference of vocabulary and usage but these are never so great as to make it impossible for the two groups to understand each other. This is the circumstance which sets a maximum limit on the speed of change in language. / Acquisition of additional vocabulary may proceed at a faster rate than the replacement of old words. Replacement in culture vocabulary usually goes with the introduction of new cultural traits replacing the old ones, a process which at times may be completed in a few generations. Replacement of fundamental vocabulary must be slower because the concepts (e.g., body parts) do not change fundamentally. Change can come about by the introduction of partial synonyms which only rarely, and even then for the most part gradually, expand their area and frequency of usage to the point of replacing the earlier word. (459--60)


ϴøäִ®٤ΤȤͤ˸³뤳Ȥ˴ؤƤθŪˤϤʤäƤ뤬ʤ86%ȤۤܰͤȤΤȤ䤤ˤƤʤ褦˻פ롥ᤤ٤⤢뤬ʤ餻ФΤ餤ˤʤȤиŪʵҤˤȤɤޤȤȤ
ޤglottochronology ȤƤΤϡ²η˼褦ʡλŪϢ³Ǥ롥٤θܿβȤƤΥԥ (pidginisation) λʤɤθȡ嵭η׻ϤޤѤʤǥǤޤ褦ʸˤĤƤϴøäִΰ®٤뤳ȤǤ뤫⤷ʤ֤򼨤ƱŬѤ뤳ȤϤǤʤΤǤϤʤơԤθϡԥθ#1397. ³ʿեǥ ([2013-02-22-1]) 褦ˡˤˤƤϡޤꤵƤ⤺ä̤ΤȤǤäǽ⤤
glottochronology ϡǥǤޤ褦ʸ˴ؤ¤ˤƤϡʤȤ⵭Ū˶̣ǤꤦȻפΤ褦ʸĤɾͤϤΤǤϤʤ

Swadesh, Morris. "Lexico-Statistic Dating of Prehistoric Ethnic Contacts: With Special Reference to North American Indians and Eskimos." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96 (1952): 452--63.

Referrer (Inside): [2025-03-11-1] [2022-02-23-1]

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