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2014-03-14 Fri

#1782. ̣ΰ̣ [semantics][semiotics]

ƤαѸǽ񤫤줿̣ζʽϡ̣ΰ̣ͤȤơѸ mean ȤưѤ͡ʸ󤲤뤳ȤǻϤޤ롥㤨СHofmann (1--2) ǤϡΤ褦ʸ󼨤롥

What did she mean by winking like that?
That nasal accent means he comes from Chicago.
How she feels means a lot to me.
Who do you mean to refer to by that?
Who do you mean by 'that guy with an earring'?
What does the word teacher mean?
What do you mean by freedom?


Crystal (187) Ǥ⡤Τ褦 mean ¿ƳƤ롥

'intend' --- I mean to visit Jane next week.
'indicate' --- A red signal means stop.
'refer to' --- What does 'telemetry' mean?
'have significance' --- What does global warming mean?
'convey' --- What does the name McGough mean to you?


Ǥϡ줾տޡؼʤɤȸɽȤǤ褦ʸǡmean ѤƤ롥ޤѸ켭 mean Ĵ٤ȡˤäƸʬ˺ۤΤΡʣθ󤲤ƤΤ̤Ǥ롥ܸΡְ̣פ⤪褽Ʊͤ˹ȤǤΤǡmean ȤۤƱ򰷤äƤȤȤ館Ƥ褤
Ogden and Richards (186--87) ϡThe Meaning of Meaning ạ̇̄ΰ̣ʤȤƸźѤƤΡˤ16ʬषƤ롥ʲ褦

A	I	An Intrinsic property.
	II	A unique unanalysable Relation to other things.
B	III	The other words annexed to a word in the Dictionary.
	IV	The Connotation of a word.
	V	An Essence.
	VI	An activity Projected into an object.
	VII	(a)	An event Intended.
		(b)	A Volition.
	VIII	The Place of anything in a system.
	IX	The Practical Consequences of a thing in our future experience.
	X	The Theoretical consequences involved in or implied by a statement.
	XI	Emotion aroused by anything.
C	XII	That which is Actually related to a sign by a chosen relation.
	XIII	(a)	The Mnemic effects of a stimulus. Associations acquired.
		(b)	Some other occurrence to which the mnemic effects of any occurrence are Appropriate.
		(c)	That which a sign is Interpreted as being of.
		(d)	What anything Suggests.
	(In the case of Symbols.)
			That to which the User of a Symbol actually refers.
	XIV	That to which the user of a symbol Ought to be referring.
	XV	That to which the user of a symbol Believes himself to be referring.
	XVI	That to which the Interpreter of a symbol
		(a)	Refers.
		(b)	Believes himself to be referring.
		(c)	Believes the User to be referring.


Ogden and Richards ζ줬ȤƺǤƤΰ̣ϡCθȾ° XIV, XV, XVI Ǥ롥XIV ϵ "Good Use" ѡˤȸƤФΤǡ˺ܤäƤ褦ʵŪʰ̣Ǥ롥Ф XV ϻѼԡüԡˤˤȤäƤλؼоݡXVI ϲԡİԡˤˤȤäƤλؼоݤǤ롥λؼоݤߤ˰ۤʤäƤˡȤջ̤ξǸ䤹Ȥ롥
ˤƤ⡤̾ʸ̮ mean ְ̣פȤѤȤ䤿ϤΤ褦ʥꥹȤΤʤΤɤΰ̣ѤƤΤʤȤ˸뤳ȤϤˤ˽ֻȽ̤ƤȤȤˤʤ롥Ogden and Richards ϡϡ̣ˤޤĤƤ뤬ष̣İʹ֤ν٤ΤǤ褦˻פƤʤʤ

Hofmann, Th. R. Realms of Meaning. Harlow: Longman, 1993.
Crystal, David. How Language Works. London: Penguin, 2005.
Ogden, C. K. and I. A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. 1923. San Diego, New York, and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.

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