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2014-03-10 Mon

#1778. Ѹ츦 to-do list [loan_word][borrowing][semantics][lexicology][typology][methodology]

ߤγ´ʸߤƤǡFischer ˤѸ츦ΥݥˤĤƤʸɤѸˤޤ᤿ˤѸäθϡ3ĤδʤƤȤ(1) morpho-etymological (or morphological), (2) lexico-semantic (or semantic), (3) socio-historical (or sociolinguistic) Ǥ롥
(1) ϡ#901. ʬ ([2011-10-15-1]) 褦ˡmodel loan ȤŪˤʤطˤ뤫ȤǤ롥Ūʴطܤ˸Τ importationʤΡʤʤ̣Τߤμѡˤ importation Ǥ롥(2) ϡѤξ׷ˤꡤ¦ΰ̣ηϤȸηϤԤ줿ݤǤ롥(3) ϡμѤɤΤ褦ʼҲŪʾΤȤ˹Ԥ줿ξԤشط餫ˤ褦ȤǤ롥3ʬϸߤ˸Ȥ⤢뤷¤θȤ߹碌ɵ椵ʤФʤʤΤʬȻפ
Fischer ϡΤʤ (3) μҲŪʴϺǤⶽ̣򤽤뤬ܤ˸븦̤ϴԤǤʤŪǤ롥δŻ뤷 Thomason and Kaufman 򻲾Ȥ⤯ɾʤ⡤Ѹ츦ˤϹ׸ʤȽҤ٤Ƥ롥

Of the three types of typologies discussed here, the third, although the most attractive because of its sociolinguistic orientation, is possibly the least useful for a study of lexical borrowing: lexis is an unreliable indicator of the precise nature of a contact situation, and the socio-historical evidence necessary to reconstruct the latter is often not available. Morphological and semantic typologies on the other hand, though seemingly more traditional, can yield a great deal of new information if an attempt is made to study a whole semantic domain and if such studies are truly comparative, comparing different text types, different source languages or different periods. (110)


Fischer (1) (2) δѸ츦ˤƴ˾ΤƤǤȻ롥츫ȡѸˤ˸ꤷ硤2ĤδȤ櫓 (1) δϡ˸椬ʤƤΤǤϤʤȻפ뤬ƳȤǤʤ㤨С̣ (semantic loan) ɽ substitution μѸˤĤƤϡѤۤɤʤˤϡimportation Ф substitution ϰ̣򰷤ΤǸˤȡ٤ȤŪʤȤͳȤƵ󤲤롥
ˤƤ⡤ѤȤˡˤ importation ǡ̤ξˤ substitution ǼΤϤʤظˤɤΤ褦ƯƤΤ¦üԡʽġˤο䡤ŪŪʸȤäҲŪװˤĤƤϸڤ뤳Ȥ뤬嵭 (1) (2) θŪʴΥץϤۤȤɤʤȤäƤ褤Fischer (100) ռ"why certain types of borrowing seem to be more frequent than others, depending on period, source language, text type, speech community or language policy, to name only the most obvious factors." ŪͤƤ롥伫Ȥ⡤Ʊͤռ򡤡#902. Ѥ䤹ܡ ([2011-10-16-1])#903. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ ([2011-10-17-1])#934. Ѥ¿Ⱦʤ (2) ([2011-11-17-1])#1619. ʤ deus Ѥ줺 God ݤ줿Τ ([2013-10-02-1]) ʤɤǼƤ
ѸˤˤƥѸͤƤߤСűѸǤ importation ¤ substitution ¿äʤषԤΤۤ¿äȤˤѸʹߤ importation ήǤ롥Fischer (101) ǿƤ褦ˡStandard High German Swiss High German ˤޥ󥹷ϼѸǤϡԤ substitution ꡤԤ importation η򼨤ꥫѸǤ substitution fall ФƥꥹѸǤ importation autumn Ȥ̣⤢롥ܸؤθμѤ⡤ˤϴˤ substitution ήäˤ importation ŪȤʤäˤäơˤäơimportation substitution Ψư뤬ˤϼҲŪװȤ̤˲餫θŪװƯƤǽΤ
Fischer (105) ϡΤ褦ʿ¿פĤȤǤȤѸˤˤȤ3Ĥ󤲤Ƥ롥

How many of all Scandinavian borrowings have replaced native terms, how many have led to semantic differentiation?
How does French compare with Scandinavian in this respect?
How many borrowings from language x are importations, how many are substitutions, and what semantic domains do they belong to?


HTOED (Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary) Ǥ줿ߡ̣μѤǤ substitution ˴ؤ븦䤹ʤäƤѸѸ츦̤Ϥ줫뤽

Fischer, Andreas. "Lexical Borrowing and the History of English: A Typology of Typologies." Language Contact in the History of English. 2nd rev. ed. Ed. Dieter Kastovsky and Arthur Mettingers. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2003. 97--115.
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.

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