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2014-10-15 Wed

#1997. Ѳ5Ĥ¦ [language_change][causation][methodology][sociolinguistics][variation]

Weinreich, Labov, and Herzog ˤ "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change" ϡҲؤδޤѲŪʸȤơθθ礭ʱƶͿƤ⤪˴줿1ͤǤꡤܥ֥Ǥϡ#1988. Ѹ츦 to-do list (2) ([2014-10-06-1])#1584. Ūװȸ쳰ŪװϤɤ餬פ (3) ([2013-08-28-1])#1282. ꥦˤ3ΰۤʤѲθ ([2012-10-30-1])#520. ˸ؤϸεȿʲθȤɤΤ褦ʴطˤ뤫 ([2010-09-29-1]) ǿƤϡ󵯤иŪ˼Ȥ٤ѲˤĤƤ5ĤάҤ롥

(1) The Constraints Problem. ѲƱꤹȤꡤʤ "to determine the set of possible changes and possible conditions for change" (183) θ¿ŪƱꤷ褦ȤƤꡤβˤ˴ؿ󤻤Ƥ롥

(2) The Transition Problem. "Between any two observed stages of a change in progress, one would normally attempt to discover the intervening stage which defines the path by which Structure A evolved into Structure B" (184) transition ȸƤФ뤳βϡA B ξ¤碌üԤΩȤƿʹԤ¾üԡʤȤ櫓ǯüԡˤȵڤ롥βˤϡ3̤ޤޤȤ롥"Change takes place (1) as a speaker learns an alternate form, (2) during the time that the two forms exist in contact within his competence, and (3) when one of the forms becomes obsolete" (184).

(3) The Embedding Problem. 칽¤ؤߤȼҲ¤ؤߤ̤롥̻ŪʸѲ (change) ϡŪʸѰ (variation) бѰۤϸŪӼҲŪޤ줿ѹ (variable) ¸ߤˤΤ롥ѹϡ칽¤ˤȤäƤҲ¤ˤȤäƤܼŪǤǤ롥Ҳ¤ؤߤˤĤƤϡΰѤ򻲾ȡ"The changing linguistic structure is itself embedded in the larger context of the speech community, in such a way that social and geographic variations are intrinsic elements of the structure" (185) ǤϸѲˤҲŪװɵ椹Τߤʤ餺ҲȸߴطʤɤμҲŪǤɤٸȿǤ뤫ʤɡˤɵ椹뤳ȤפʲȤʤ롥

(4) The Evaluation Problem. Ѳ˼Ūɾ뤫ꡥ"[T]he subjective correlates of the several layers and variables in a heterogeneous structure" (186) . ޤѲѰۤФ빥˴ؤռ̵ռʤɤ⤢롥"[T]he level of social awareness is a major property of linguistic change which must be determined directly. Subjective correlates of change are more categorical in nature than the changing patterns of behavior: their investigation deepens our understanding of the ways in which discrete categorization is imposed upon the continuous process of change" (186) .

(5) The Actuation Problem. "Why do changes in a structural feature take place in a particular language at a given time, but not in other languages with the same feature, or in the same language at other times?" (102) . ѲεŪꡥ#1466. Smith ˤѲ3ʳ3 ([2013-05-02-1]) Ǥߤ褦ˡactuation θˤ diffusion ³ᡤ The Transition Problem ؤϢʤ롥

ԤƤκˤϡ"orderly heterogeneity" θѡѸǤ variationist 󤬤롥嵭θѲ5Ĥ¦̤ϡ̻ŪʸѲȶŪʸѰۤ򥤥ǷӤĤ褦ȤԤλ̿դƤǤ롥

Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin I. Herzog. "Empirical Foundations for a Theory of Language Change." Directions for Historical Linguistics. Ed. W. P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkiel. U of Texas P, 1968. 95--188.

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