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2014-10-02 Thu

#1984. ŪްդỌ̇̄Ѳ [semantic_change][pragmatics][implicature][polysemy][cooperative_principle][metonymy][metaphor]

#1976. ŪްդȤ¾͡ʴްա ([2014-09-24-1]) ǡۤʤδް (implicature) ΤʤǤäߤζ̤ȤʤΤϡGrice particularized conversational implicature, generalized conversational implicature, conventional implicature 3Ǥ롥δްդϡνǷ֤ȤηӤĤʤꡤ뤤ϥɲٹ礤⤯ʤ롥
ȤǡθŪʴްդỌ̇̄Ѳ¿Ȥ̩ܤ˷ӤĤƤ롥̣Ѳ¿ϡ֡ʤǤϸˤȤˤȷӤĤƤ¸θˡդääꡤŤüƤǤ롥̣ѲŪʲˤ2Ĥ (Kearns 123)

(1) Fa > Fab: Form F with sense a acquires an additional sense b
(2) Fab > Fb: Form F with senses a and b loses sense a

(1) Ϥ F ˷ӤĤ줿 a ˡ b ä(2) Ϥ F ˷ӤĤ줿 a b a (1) (2) ѵС̤Ȥ Fa Fb ؤȸܤȤˤʤ롥ä˽פʤΤϡ餷ä (1) βǤ롥ˤơF ȴϢŤ줿 a ξ b äΤ
Ǿ嵭μδްդ˻äƤ餪particularized conversational implicature Ǥϡʸ̤ΰ̣ a Ȥˡ׻ˤäƴްաʤ a Ȥϰۤʤ̣ b ƳФ롥ϲäˤñȯδްդˤ֤ȤηӤĤϼ夤ᡤ꼰 F ȼʤa > abפȤconventional implicature ϡ֤ȶӤĤްաäȤи˥ɲ줿̣Ǥ뤫顤̣ѲδϡѲλΰꤷ֡Ǥ Fab Ȥ֤б롥Ǥϡ2Ĥδ֤̣ѲưŪʲʤ (1) 꼰줿Fa > FabפβбΤϲ generalized conversational implicature Ǥ롥generalized conversational implicature ϡ̣Ѳβ1ʳ˴ؤפʼδްդȤȤˤʤ롥
ŪްդỌ̇̄ѲϤۤˤ⤢롥㤨С̣ѲŵŪʥѥǤ̲ (generalisation) ü첽 (specialisation) (cf. #473. ̣ѲŵŪʥѥ ([2010-08-13-1])) ϡĴθ§ (cooperative principle) ˴ŤްդȤ뤳ȤǤ롥Grice ƶĴθ§ȯŸ Grice (neo-Gricean) Horn ϡ̲㳰ʤü첽Ȥ R[elation]-principle ("Make your contribution necessary.") ˤäȤ (Kearns 129--31)
Kearns ϡimplicature metonymy metaphor ȤδطˤĤƤƤ롥ợѲˤ implicature ˤĤơΤ褦᤯äƤ롥

. . . if implicature is construed broadly to subsume all the inferential processes available in language use, then most, perhaps all of the major types of semantic change can be attributed to implicature. Differentiating more finely, metaphor and metonymy (which are themselves not always readily distinguishable) produce the ambiguity or polysemy pattern of added meaning, in contrast to the merger pattern, which is commonly attributed to information-strengthening generalized conversational implicature . . . . On an alternative view, implicature (narrowly construed) and metonymy are grouped together in contrast to metaphor, on the grounds that the two former mechanisms are based on sense contiguity, while metaphor is based on sense comparison or analogy. (139)


Kearns, Kate. "Implicature and Language Change" Variation and Change. Ed. Mirjam Fried et al. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2010. 123--40.

Referrer (Inside): [2019-04-07-1] [2015-04-14-1]

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