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2011-10-14 Fri

#900. [borrowing][terminology][loan_word]

ܤ (borrowing) ˤĤƤϡμѤ濴͡򰷤äƤѸˤˤƤ⡤μѻˤϹؿ⤿ơޤǤꡤ켫Τ礭ʼѸ˴ؤϡ头Ȥ뤤ϥ줴Ȥ˸󤷤ơỤ̄ŪħŪ˻Ŧꤹ뤳Ȥ¿ѤȤݤˤĤŪ˰äƤ븦ϤޤʤǡѤߤƤ Haugen ʸҲ𤷤
Haugen (210--11) ϡborrowing "Sprachmischung" (= language mixture) 뤤 "hybrid" ȸƤФȤ϶̤٤⤯Sprachmischung ϥƥ륷2κʪ褦ʲ뤬ºݤˤ2ѼԤǤäƤƱ2Ĥθ줫鼫ͳ˸ǤФȤȤϤʤξԤδ֤Ǥޤ뤷ؤ뤳ȤϤäƤ⡤äƤΤϤɤ餫Ǥ롥äơSprachmischung borrowing Ʊ뤹뤳ȤϤǤʤƱˡ켫Τ̤ˤϴѻʤ츽ݤǤ롥ޤ"hybrid language" Ȥϡ "pure language" ¸ߤ뤫Τ褦ްդ뤬"pure language" ʤΤ¸ߤʤ
Τ褦ˡSprachmischung hybrid Ȥζ̤ΤˤǡHaugen (212) borrowing 򼡤Τ褦˵ҤŤ

(1) We shall assume it as axiomatic that EVERY SPEAKER ATTEMPTS TO REPRODUCE PREVIOUSLY LEARNED LINGUISTIC PATTERNS in an effort to cope with new linguistic situations. (2) AMONG THE NEW PATTERNS WHICH HE MAY LEARN ARE THOSE OF A LANGUAGE DIFFERENT FROM HIS OWN, and these too he may attempt to reproduce. (3) If he reproduces the new linguistic patterns, NOT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE LANGUAGE IN WHICH HE LEARNED THEM, but in the context of another, he may be said to have 'borrowed' them from one language into another. The heart of our definition of borrowing is then THE ATTEMPTED REPRODUCTION IN ONE LANGUAGE OF PATTERNS PREVIOUSLY FOUND IN ANOTHER. . . The term reproduction does not imply that a mechanical imitation has taken place; on the contrary, the nature of the reproduction may differ very widely from the original . . . .


ѤεˤƤ⤦1ĽפϡѤϲǤ̤ǤϤʤȤȤǤ롥㤨СѸϼѤȤŪη̤ȤƶŪ˴ѻܤǤ롥줬Ѥ졤μѸ˴ŤƿʸԤʤ졤2Ū˿줬줿硤ο϶ŪˤϤѸΤ褦˸뤬ѤβФ櫓ǤϤʤȤդѤǤȤˤĤƤϡHaugen (213) äդ򴭵Ƥ롥

Borrowing as here defined is strictly a process and not a state, yet most of the terms used in discussing it are ordinarily descriptive of its results rather than of the process itself. . . . We are here concerned with the fact that the classifications of borrowed patterns implied in such terms as 'loanword', 'hybrid', 'loan translation', or 'semantic loan' are not organically related to the borrowing process itself. They are merely tags which various writers have applied to the observed results of borrowing.


Haugen, Einar. "The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing." Language 26 (1950): 210--31.

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