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ε#900. ([2011-10-14-1]) ˰³ϼѤʬHaugen ƤƤѤʬǤϡimportation substitution ζ̤Ȥ櫓פǤ롥ʬѤˡѸƳƤ
model: Ѹη
loan: Ѥˤ꼫夷
importation: model Ƚʬؼळ
substitution: model б뼫ηѤ뤳
Haugen (214--15) ϼѸ礭3ʬषƤ롥
(1) LOANWORDS show morphemic importation without substitution. Any morphemic importation can be further classified according to the degree of its phonemic substitution: none, partial, or complete.
(2) LOANBLENDS show morphemic substitution as well as importation. All substitution involves a certain degree of analysis by the speaker of the model that he is imitating; only such 'hybrids' as involve a discoverable foreign model are included here.
(3) LOANSHIFTS show morphemic substitution without importation. These include what are usually called 'loan translations' and 'semantic loans'; the term 'shift' is suggested because they appear in the borrowing language only as functional shifts of native morphemes.
ȡ(1) Ρʶ̣ǤΡ loanword ŵȤơѸ America ܸؤΤޤѤ줿֥ꥫפ롥κݤΤϡŪ importation ǤꡤIJŪˤۤܤΤޤ model ѤƤ (imported) Ū importation ǤϤ뤬Ū˴ܸ첽 (substituted) ȹ֥ͤ֡ (love) 롥֥פȤƼѤ줿ΤǤС塤ʬŪܸ첽ɽǤ
(2) loanblend ȤƤϡʣμѤξʤɤǡŪ importation substitution Ʊ˸֥磻 (red wine) Τ褦㤬롥ФСhybrid ȤƸڤ뤬ȤƤ hybrid ȷ̤ȤƤ hybrid ϡ̤٤ΤǤʺε[2011-10-14-1]κǽȡˡ礬Ƥ֤ñ̤ˤäơblended stem, blended derivative, blended compound ̤롥
(3) loanshift ˤϡloan_translation ѡ calque Ȥ˸ƤФƤΡ semantic loan ʰ̣ѡˤȸƤФƤΤޤޤ롥ԤǤϼθϿ˿ morph Ͽ뤳Ȥˤʤ뤬Ԥ˻äƤƱ֤Ǥ¸ߤΤǡ¾줫αƶΤϰ̣ΤߤǤȤðۤǤ롥¸ morph Ọ̇̄δϢʾˤϡϿ˰ۤʤ morph ȤΩव뤫⤷ʤ̣ζˤ¸ morph ˽°ˤ loan synonyṃγ֤ˤ̤ morph ȤΩवˤ loan homonym ȸƤФ롥loan translation ʣĶƥǥʤɤϢȤñ̤صڤ֤ȡsyntactic substitution ȸƤ٤뤳Ȥˤʤ (ex. make believe < F fair croire )
Ѥˡ importation substitution Ѥñ̤ morphology phonology ˤä (1), (2), (3) ζʬȡʤ벼̶ʬ뤳Ȥˤʤ롥դΤϡɤμμѤǤ semantics Υ٥Ǥɬ importation Ƥ뤳ȤǤ롥ְ̣ѡפʤɤνѸǤ蘆ƤϤʤʤΤϡˤ衤̣ɬѤȤȤǤ롥
Haugen ϡ˺٤̶ʬ¿νѸƳʤ顤Ѥ̤ "analysis" Ƥ椯ѤȤα빥Ǥ롥
Haugen, Einar. "The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing." Language 26 (1950): 210--31.
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